Search

Abstract Background A panel of 37 rabies virus isolates were collected and studied, originating mainly from the northern and central regions of Namibia, between 1980 and 2003. Results These virus isolates demonstrated a high degree of genetic similarity with respect to a 400 bp region of the nucleoprotein gene, with the virus isolates originating from kudu antelope (n = 10) sharing 97.2–100% similarity with jackal isolates, and 97–100% similarity with those isolated from domestic dogs. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these viruses were all of the canid rabies biotype of southern Africa. The viruses from kudu were closely associated with jackal isolates (n = 6), bat-eared fox isolates (n = 2) and domestic dog isolates (n = 2) at the genetic level and identical at the amino acid level, irrespective of the year of isolation. Conclusion These data suggest that jackal and kudu may form part of the same epidemiological cycle of rabies in Namibian wildlife, and might demonstrate the close-relationship between rabies virus strains that circulate within Namibia and those that circulate between Namibia and its neighbouring countries such as Botswana and South Africa.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the lives of military members and their families, with over 400,000 cases among U.S. military members since the start of the pandemic. The objective of this study is to examine and compare COVID-19 vaccination coverage of military members (active duty and Reserve/National Guard) and their family members (spouses, children, and adolescents) to that of their civilian counterparts using a large, nationally representative study., Methods: Data from March 2 to May 9, 2022, of the Household Pulse Survey were analyzed for this study (n = 207,758). COVID-19 vaccination status (≥1 dose) was assessed for military members and their spouses, civilians, and children (aged 5 to 11 and 12 to 17 years) from both military and civilian families. Differences between military members, spouses, and their children compared to civilian adults and children were assessed using chi-squared and t-tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between military status and COVID-19 vaccination after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Reasons for not getting vaccinated for adults and children from military and civilian families were assessed., Results: Compared to civilian adults and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, military members were more likely to be vaccinated (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.13). Vaccination coverage between active duty and civilian adults differed by subgroups. For example, among military members, COVID-19 vaccination coverage decreased with increasing age, from 87.5% among those aged 18 to 39 years to 56.0% among those aged ≥55 years. In contrast, among civilian adults, vaccination coverage increased with increasing age, from 78.5% among those aged 18 to 39 years to 91.2% among those aged ≥55 years. Military members were also less likely to be vaccinated than their civilian counterparts if they were Hispanic (68.5% vs. 85.2%), had a Bachelor's degree or higher (87.5% vs. 93.8%), or had $100,000 or more in annual household income (76.7% vs. 92.6%). Military members who had anxiety or depression (70.1%) were less likely to be vaccinated compared to civilian adults (84.4%). Military spouses (74.4%) were less likely to be vaccinated than civilian adults (84.7%). Children and adolescents who were homeschooled (35.1%) or had no preventive checkups in the past year (32.4%) were less likely to be vaccinated than their respective counterparts (52.5% and 54.0%, respectively). Military adults compared to civilian adults were more likely to report lack of trust in the government (47.5% vs. 35.2%) and, for children/adolescents, the belief that the vaccine is not needed (42.1% vs. 28.1%) as reasons for non-vaccination., Conclusions: Despite vaccine mandates and the high vaccination coverage found among the majority of military members, disparities exist in some subgroups. Educational interventions and increased communication from trusted leaders, such as medical providers and commanders, could increase confidence in vaccines among military families. Ensuring access to vaccines, empowering healthcare providers to recommend vaccines, and reminding parents of missed vaccinations or preventive checkups can help improve vaccination coverage. Achieving high vaccination among military members and their families is essential in protecting those in the forefront of the pandemic response and promoting the safety and security of the nation., (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2023. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Cellular immune responses mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes exert efficient control of virus replication during primary simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. However, the role that antibodies may play in the early control of virus replication remains unclear. To evaluate how antibody responses may affect virus replication during primary SIVmac infection, we depleted rhesus monkeys of B cells with anti-CD20 antibody. In normal rhesus monkeys immunized with tetanus toxoid, anti-CD20 treatment and resulting depletion of B cells inhibited the generation of antitetanus antibodies, while tetanus-specific T-cell responses were preserved. During the first 4 weeks after inoculation with SIVmac251, development of SIV-specific neutralizing antibody was delayed, and titers were significantly lower in B-cell-depleted monkeys than control-antibody-treated monkeys. Despite the lower neutralizing antibody titers, the levels of plasma SIV RNA and the linear slope of the decline seen in B-cell-depleted monkeys did not differ from that observed in monkeys treated with control antibody. However, beginning at day 28 after SIV infection, the B-cell-depleted monkeys showed a significant inverse correlation between neutralizing antibody titers and plasma virus level. These results suggest that the rapid decline of peak viremia that typically occurs during the first 3 weeks of infection was not significantly affected by SIV-specific antibodies. However, the inverse correlation between neutralizing antibodies and plasma virus level during the postacute phases of infection suggests that humoral immune responses may contribute to the control of SIV replication.

Background: Infantile spasms are a rare but devastating pediatric epilepsy that, outside the United States, is often treated with vigabatrin. The authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of vigabatrin in children with recent-onset infantile spasms., Methods: This 2-week, randomized, single-masked, multicenter study with a 3- year, open-label, dose-ranging follow-up study included patients who were younger than 2 years of age, had a diagnosed duration of infantile spasms of no more than 3 months, and had not previously been treated with adrenocorticotropic hormone, prednisone, or valproic acid. Patients were randomly assigned to receive low-dose (18-36 mg/kg/day) or high-dose (100-148 mg/kg/day) vigabatrin. Treatment responders were those who were free of infantile spasm for 7 consecutive days beginning within the first 14 days of vigabatrin therapy. Time to response to therapy was evaluated during the first 3 months, and safety was evaluated for the entire study period., Results: Overall, 32 of 142 patients who were able to be evaluated for efficacy were treatment responders (8/75 receiving low-dose vigabatrin vs 24/67 receiving high doses, p < 0.001). Response increased dramatically after approximately 2 weeks of vigabatrin therapy and continued to increase over the 3-month follow-up period. Time to response was shorter in those receiving high-dose versus low-dose vigabatrin (p = 0.04) and in those with tuberous sclerosis versus other etiologies (p < 0.001). Vigabatrin was well tolerated and safe; only nine patients discontinued therapy because of adverse events., Conclusions: These results confirm previous reports of the efficacy and safety of vigabatrin in patients with infantile spasms, particularly among those with spasms secondary to tuberous sclerosis.