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The aim of this chapter is to present an automated instrument collecting the enormous amount of information available online allowing urban planners, public administrations, tourism services suppliers, and researchers to easily understand the spatial and temporal distribution of tourist behaviors towards tourist attractions in a specific area. Geo-located photos provided by Flickr are used to identify points of interest (POIs). The developed application has been tested with data automatically retrieved and collected in L'Aquila province (Italy) during the years 2005-2018. Given the richness of information, these data are able to show how POIs changed over time and how tourists reacted to the 2009 earthquake. Results demonstrate the importance of using analytics and big data in tourism research. Moreover, by using the province of L'Aquila as pilot study, it emerges that tourist behaviors change over time and space, varying among different typologies of tourists: residents, domestic, and international visitors.

This dissertation proposes three empirical essays focusing on the importance of geographical concentrations along various dimensions in regional economics, dealing with topics regarding agglomeration spillovers, firm performance, culture and soft institutions as well as the geographical concentration of political ideologies. The first chapter aims at empirically verifying whether agglomeration spillovers affect a particular indicator of firm performance, namely firm solvency, which, in turn, determines firms’ ability to borrow. The results show that agglomeration mechanisms shape firm’s credit accessibility, along with the characteristics of the firm itself and geographical information. As highlighted by the economic literature, this has in turn implications on firm’s investment possibility and therefore on their ability to strengthen their productivity. In the second chapter, the goal is to examine empirically whether the spatial scale of the different types of agglomeration spillovers shape and/or are shaped by cultural and soft institutional discontinuities, as reflected by linguistic differences between localities. The findings of this study demonstrate that the economic geography of agglomeration spillovers is mediated and altered by linguistic discontinuities and this has not been modelled nor considered before. Finally, the third chapter proposes a new definition of spatial cohesion, based on the geographical concentration of political ideologies, and aims at empirically identifying whether there is any spatial concentration of political ideologies and verify whether these concentrations are correlated with income and income inequality. The results of this study indicate the existence of spatial concentrations of Swiss municipalities sharing the same political ideology and show that these concentrations are correlated with income and income inequality. In general, the findings of the analyses contained in this thesis contribute to the current discussion on the importance of geographical proximity, by empirically demonstrating that distance still represents an obstacle for various processes in economics, against the view that the world has become “flat”.