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This paper sets out to show the results of an experimentation of a Basque-Spanish-English trilingual didactic sequence (DS) in a Basque immersion educational context. It also seeks to explain the relevance of the seven principles of sociodidactics of languages (Dolz, 2019). The study adopts the theoretical perspective of text genres as didactic objects for the teaching and learning of the production of written and oral texts. It conceives a controlled and planned perspective of language alternation, so that it can contribute to interlinguistic transfers. An oral expository text combining Basque, Spanish and English constitutes the goal of the DS. The experimentation of the DS took place in a sociolinguistic context where Spanish is the predominant language of socialization for the students. The contrastive analysis between the initial and final texts of the DS shows an improvement of students' trilingual textual-discursive capacities. A pilot study of the teacher's didactic gestures points out the possibilities of language alternation for interlinguistic transfer. The paper highlights the relevance of the seven principles of sociodidactics: they permit to explain the functioning of the didactic system, and to develop a plurilingual didactic engineering in multilingual contexts, and specifically, in minority language revitalization contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to show how a trilingual teaching sequence delivered primarily in minority L2 Basque can foster not just development of oral presentation skills in Basque, but also in L1 Spanish and L3 English. We set out to show that such a trilingual teaching intervention, based on the principles of integrated teaching of languages and translanguaging, can effectively promote multilingual skills in the Basque educational context. The teaching sequence involved alternation between the three languages, but Basque – the minority language in this case – was the language given preference. Oral presentations produced by the 16-year-old trilingual students before and after the teaching intervention were evaluated for key elements. Our results generally showed development in students' oral presentation skills on our key criteria, not only in Basque, but also in Spanish and English. We conclude that carefully planned language alternation and an integration of languages within a genre-focused teaching sequence can offer an effective teaching approach for Basque immersion education, promoting multilingual development including the minority language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze didactic sequences (DS) for language teaching designed by primary teachers and also to propose some criteria that may guide teachers in the creation and (self-) assessment of such sequences. Our perspective on didactic sequence follows the principles proposed by its Genevan creators, that is to say, we conceive them as tools for the teaching of text genres, which are in turn considered the unit of communication. The didactic sequences studied in this paper were designed over the course of some teacher training sessions. Given the difficulties observed in the elaboration process of the sequences (difficulties to explicit the instructions for text production; vague notion of text genre, etc.), the criteria used in order to analyze the sequences are based on the principles governing the didactic sequences. It is assumed that the main difficulties derive from teachers' previous theoretical and methodological assumptions and from a dissociated conception of didactic sequences and text genres. Results show the main aspects to be highlighted in the elaboration of DS and suggest the interest of relying on some criteria that may guide teachers when designing DS. However, the indicators proposed in our work should not be considered as a closed set, but rather as a proposal to be modified and completed by future research. Up to now, these criteria confirm the importance of insisting on the theoretical and methodological basis of the DS over the course of teacher training sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to study the development of Basque L2 by Spanish L1 children who attend school in a total immersion programme where Basque is the vehicular language. Narratives based on an adult model produced at ages 5 and 8 are analysed in order to better understand the acquisition process of Basque L2 in an immersion school context. Basque L1 children who are also educated in Basque from preschool age constitute a reference group. The same subjects participate in the research at both ages, which gives a longitudinal as well as a cross-sectional approach to the study. The degree of narrative autonomy, the organisation of the narrative structure and features of nominal and verbal cohesion and some metalinguistic strategies are analysed. The results show similar skills in both groups, and the differences are not always in favour of the L1 subjects. On the whole, L2 subjects seem to reproduce the adult model more closely. This study contributes to a better understanding of L2 development in a school context, focussing on the positive effects of Basque immersion programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The review is a hybrid text genre of an expository-argumentative nature that is very appropriate for initiation into the production of academic texts in higher education, as it enables the development of some of the communicative, discursive and linguistic skills inherent to academic texts. The aim of this paper is to present an analysis of reviews written in Basque by first-year university students in order to identify some indices for improving the current teaching intervention. The analysis of the reviews has focused on three levels: general planning of the text, nominal cohesion and modalisation. The results show that although the basic components of the macro structure of the review are included, certain aspects need to be improved, such as the introduction of the topic and objective of the text reviewed and the evaluation. Other difficulties are related to aspects such as the lack of precision in the use of academic terminology when referring to the reviewed text or its author, and the use of declarative verbs in accordance with the use of this genre. On the basis of the analysis carried out, we detail some of the didactic objects to be worked on with first-year university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]