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Shielding glass materials doped with heavy metal oxides show an improvement in the effectiveness of the materials used in radiation shielding. In this work, the photon shielding parameters of six tellurite glass systems doped with several metal oxides namely, 70TeO2-10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5.0PbF2- 0.0024Er2O3- 5.0X (where X represents different doped metail oxides namely, Nb2O5, TiO2, WO3, PbO, Bi2O3, and CdO) in a broad energy spectrum, ranging from 0.015 MeV to 15 MeV, were evaluated. The shielding parameters were calculated using the online software Phy-X/PSD. The highest linear and mass attenuation coefficients recorded were obtaibed from the samples containing bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), and the lowest half-value layer and mean free path were recorded among the other samples. Furthermore, the shielding effectiveness of tellurite glass systems was compared with commercial shielding materials (RS-369, RS-253 G18, chromite, ferrite, magnetite, and barite). The optical parameters viz, dispersion energy, single-oscillator energy, molar refraction, electronic polarizability, non-linear refractive indices, n2, and third-order susceptibility were measured and reported at a different wavelength. Bi2O3 has a strong effect on enhancing the optical and shielding properties. The outcome of this study suggests the potential of using the proposed glass samples as radiation-shielding materials for a broad range of imaging and therapeutic applications.

We have investigated the spectroscopic properties of Pr3+-doped and Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped tellurite glass with the molar composition 78TeO2–10Nb2O5–5PbO–1PbF2–5Li2O–1La2O3. Analysis of the absorption data has allowed us to calculate the radiative lifetimes of 3P0 excited state of Pr3+ ions and 2F5/2 excited state of Yb3+ ions as being equal to 9.43 and 440 µs, respectively. These values appear to be much higher than those obtained from the lifetime measurements indicating the presence of various energy transfer mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by analysis of the emission spectra obtained for doped glasses under the 445 nm excitation; the visible spectra consist of only Pr3+ transitions, while the near infrared spectrum of Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped glass demonstrates a strong emission from the 2F5/2 excited state of Yb3+ ion around 1000 nm. This emission is a result of the Pr3+–Yb3+ down-conversion energy transfer and its efficiency for our Pr3+/Yb3+-codoped glass is estimated as 29 %. For potential applications, it is important to increase this efficiency and further studies are desirable, in particular, an optimal choice of Pr3+ and Yb3+ concentrations to minimize non-radiative energy transfers among the ions through cross-relaxation and energy migration processes.

A novel series of glass, consisting of B2O3, Bi2O3, TeO2, and TiO2 (BBTT) containing rare earth oxide RE2O3, where RE is La, Ce, Sm, Er, and Yb, was prepared. We investigated the structural, optical, and gamma attenuation properties of the resultant glass. The optical energy bands, the linear refractive indices, the molar refractions, the metallization criteria, and the optical basicity were all determined for the prepared glass. Furthermore, physical parameters such as the density, the molar volume, the oxygen molar volume, and the oxygen packing density of the prepared glass, were computed. Both the values of density and optical energy of the prepared glass increased in the order of La2O3, Ce2O3, Sm2O3, Er2O3, and then Yb2O3. In addition, the glass doped with Yb2O3 had the lowest refractive index, electronic polarizability, and optical basicity values compared with the other prepared glass. The structures of the prepared glass were investigated by the deconvolution of infrared spectroscopy, which determined that TeO4, TeO3, BO4, BO3, BiO6, and TiO4 units had formed. Furthermore, the structural changes in glass are related to the ratio of the intensity of TeO4/TeO3, depending on the type of rare earth. It is also clarified that the resultant glass samples are good attenuators against low-energy radiation, especially those that modified by Yb2O3, which exhibited superior shielding efficiency at energies of 622, 1170, and 1330 keV. The optical and gamma ray spectroscopy results of the prepared glass show that it is a good candidate for nonlinear optical fibers, laser solid material, and optical shielding protection.

In the optical energy gap, visible and near-IR emission of halide phosphate glasses with a composition of 40P

There is a fairly large range of waste that is partially or fully vitrified e.g.,: fly ashes, granulated slag, glass cullet. As long as they are not loose, after milling these wastes are an interesting raw material for the production of sintered ceramics. In this application, attention is usually paid to their fluxing effect during sintering, due to the high content of alkali oxides and iron oxide. The high entropy of these raw materials resulting from the large proportion of glassy phase is usually neglected. In this paper, we shown that during the sintering of glassy wastes their entropy decreases, which is mainly the result of their devitrification and previous glass transformation. Both the sintering process and the processes associated with the drop in glass entropy are exothermic. Their simultaneous coexistence causes that they can accelerate each other. The influence of high entropy of vitreous wastes on the acceleration of the sintering process was demonstrated with use of thermal studies such as DTA/TG and high temperature microscopy. The fly ash, ground cullet and their mixture were used as glassy wastes.

Novel series of fluorotellurite lithium niobate glasses with compositions TeO2–LiNbO3–BaO–BaF2–La2O3 coded as Pr3, Pr4, Pr5, Pr6, and Pr7 were fabricated using the traditional process of quenching the melt. The density of the fabricated glasses was varied from 5.1689 to 5.4088 g/cm3, while optical packing density (o.p.d) was taken values from 50.85 to 64.4 g atom l−1. The thermal features glasses were determined by using (DSC), while their optical properties were determined in ultraviolet–visible–near-IR (UV–Vis–NIR) spectral region. Results revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) has the lowest value for Pr6 glass sample otherwise the highest value in Pr3 sample. The thermal stability (ΔT) was equal to 133, 149,154,127, and 153 °C for Pr3, Pr4, Pr5. Pr6, and Pr7 glass samples, respectively. The optical energy gap (Eopt) varied from 2.81 to 3.12 eV, while the Sellmeier gap energy (ES) changed from 6.6 to 8.55 eV. Also, gamma-ray shielding competences of the fabricated glasses were evaluated in terms of their mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP). The obtained values showed that LAC was in the order of Pr7 > Pr6 > Pr3 > P4 > Pr5, while HVL arranged in the order of Pr7

This research reported on the radiation safety characteristics of doped fluorophosphate glasses with heavy rare earth lanthanide (Sm2O3) in the composition 40P2O5/30ZnO/20BaF2/3.8K2TeO3/1.2Al2O3/5.0Nb2O5/30000 ppm Sm2O3 and 40P2O5/30ZnO/20BaF2/3.8K2TeO3/1.2Al2O3/5.0Nb2O5/40000 ppm Sm2O3 in mol%. The parameters for shielding like that mass attenuation coefficient, MAC, linear attenuation coefficient, LAC, tenth value layers, TVL, half-value layers, HVL, effective atomic number, (Zeff), mean free path, MFP, electron density, Neff, electronic cross-sections, ECS, and total atomic cross-sections, ACS, were calculated between 0.015 and 15 MB of preparation glasses. The protection parameters of the current glasses are good in comparison to industrial materials used for nuclear shieldings, such as glass RS 253, ordinary concrete (OC), hematite serpenite (HS), or basalt magnet (BM). From the above mention results, the prepared glasses can be used as radiation safety materials.

Luminescent phosphate glasses having the composition 40P2O5-30ZnO-20BaF2-3.8K2TeO3-1.2Al2O3-5Nb2O5 in mol.% doped with 3 × 103 ppm and 4 × 103 ppm Sm2O3 were successfully prepared by a melt-quenching technique. The investigated glasses were characterized by x-ray diffraction, UV–visible–NIR, absorption, emission, and fluorescence lifetime analysis. The radiative properties were calculated using Judd–Ofelt (J–O) spectral intensity parameters for each of the glasses, which revealed the following trend: Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6. The J–O intensity parameters were used to evaluate the spontaneous emission properties including branching ratios, transition probabilities, and radiative lifetime. The value of the optical energy band gap was found to decrease with an increase in Sm3+ content, which is explained on the basis of structural changes. The calculated stimulated emission cross-section $$ \sigma_{\rm{SE}} , $$ at 1.62 μm of glasses studied was high, and increased from 3.81 × 10−21 cm2 to 4.38 × 10−21 cm2 with increasing Sm3+ ion concentration. The structure of the glasses was investigated by computing $$ {\hbox{Internuclear }}\,\left( {r_{\rm{i}} } \right) $$ , Polaron radius $$ \left( {r_{\rm{p}} } \right) $$ and field strength $$ \left( F \right) $$ and measurement of Raman spectra.

The object of this study is to investigate the thermal properties of fly ashes from the last, farthest dedusting zone in terms of their use as ceramic masses additives. Siliceous fly ash is valuable additive to ceramic mass, which not only reduces its plasticity, but also actively affects sintering process and shapes the properties of the final material. The finest fly ash fractions are potentially useful flux materials in ceramics; however, a significant limitation in their use is due to thermal expansion/bloating occurring during high-temperature sintering. The bloating mechanism of fly ashes was investigated in relationship to their chemical composition with the use of DTA/TG/EGA analysis as well as high-temperature microscope. Chemical and phase compositions were studied by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded. The results indicate that bloating mechanism is caused by the co-occurrence of two phenomena accompanying sintering: appearance of high amount of liquid phase and simultaneous gas release from sintered material. The dominant mechanism is the simultaneous release of sulfur (IV) oxide and oxygen as a result of the redox reaction of removing SO3 from the vitreous phase.

The synthesized glass system with a composition of (80-x) TeO2-10P2O5-10Nb2O5-xKCl mol% (where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) was successfully fabricated. The density (ρ) and molar volume (Vm) have been calculated. The investigated glasses were characterized using different analysis methods (differential thermal analysis (DTA) and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy). The radiation shielding effectiveness of the synthesized glass system was evaluated using different shielding parameters, such as mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron number (Neff). The results showed that with the increasing potassium chloride (KCl) concentration and decreasing tellurium oxide (TeO2) concentration, the density, refractive index, Urbach energy (Eu), and glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased, while the optical energy gap (Eopt) and thermal stability increased. As the KCl concentration increases, the values of MAC, LAC, and Zeff increase in the following order: TPNK5 % > TPNK10 % > TPNK15 % > TPNK20 % > TPNK25 %. Additionally, the shielding effectiveness of TPNK glass system showed good performance compared with some standard materials. The synthesized glass with a minimum KCl content has both good shielding effectiveness and good optical properties, in addition to reasonable thermal stability, which makes it suitable for shielding and optical applications.

Novel glass samples with the composition 75TeO2–5Ta2O5–15Nb2O5–5x (where x = ZnO, MgO, TiO2, or Na2O) in mole percent were prepared. The physical, optical, and gamma radiation shielding properties of the glass samples were studied over a wide energy spectrum ranging between 0.015 and 20 MeV. The glasses’ UV–vis spectra were utilized to evaluate the optical energy gap and refractive index. Glass samples had a refractive index ranging from 2.2005 to 2.0967. The results showed that the sample doped with zinc oxide (ZnO) recorded the highest density (ρglass), molar polarizability (αm), molar refraction (Rm), refractive index (n), and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ3) and the lowest optical energy gap (Eopt) among the samples under investigation. When comparing the current glass system with various standard glass shielding materials, the prepared glass system showed superior shielding performance at energies ranging between 40 and 85 keV. These findings indicate that the prepared glass systems can be used in diagnostic X-rays, especially in dental applications.

This research investigates the influence of the concentration of Sm+3 ions on the properties of a new borosilicate glass system with the composition 50B2O3– 14SiO2- 20Li2O– 15Na2O– 1.0Al2O3-x(Sm2O3), where × = 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The glasses are characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV– Vis-NIR, and photoluminescence spectra. The XRD results proved that all glasses prepared are amorphous. Moreover, it was found that the values of density (ρ), and refractive index (n), rise with increasing of Sm+3 content. Otherwise, the value of molar volume, optical energy gap, and boron-boron distance decrease by increasing Sm+3 concentration. The structure of glasses studied was investigated by computing I n t e r n u c l e a r r i , Polaron radius r p , field strength F and the deconvolution of FTIR spectra. Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to clarify the structural changes and nature of the bonds of glasses prepared. Moreover, a spectroscopic quality factor, the branching ratio (βr), and lifetime (τ) are calculated with the use of Judd-Ofelt parameters. The color chromaticity of the glasses confirmed that the emission in the white-reddish orange region under 402 nm excitation is affected by the concentration of Sm3+ ions. The results of photoluminescence emission stimulated emission cross-section, and CIE chromaticity leads to the conclusion that the glass BSLNA5 are promising candidates as laser material for light-emitting diode (LED).

A novel 40P2O5–20Na2O–10Ca(OH)2–20CaCl2–6.0ZnO–2.0BaF2–2.0TiO2 (BGBaFTi) bioglasses is prepared. The reaction of the glasses in SBF solution is characterized by XRD and SEM indicated that the carbonate hydroxyapatite has formed rapidly on the glasses. BGBaFTi bioglasses was tested for its antimicrobial activity, anti-proliferative/cytotoxicity against normal and activated splenic cells in vitro and in vivo. This results showed that BGBaFTi has antimicrobial activities against Gram negative and positive bacteria as well as fungi. We found that the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles of BGBaFTI is high than the normal powder of it. Moreover BGBaFTi (powder and nanoparticle) with cytotoxic effect on normal splenic cells was investigated. The products of activated splenic cells did not cause any changes in the structure of BGBaFTi. It did not cause any acute cytotoxicity or lysis to RBCs which was not affected by lytic products of immune cells. The bioactivity and biocompatibility of the present glasses use it a good potential candidate in the field of tissue engineering.

Incorporated titanium oxide to bioglasses with novel composition as: 40P2O5- 20Na2O- 10Ca(OH)2- 20CaCl2–8.0ZnO- 1.0TiO2 (labeled BGTi) was tested for its antimicrobial activity, anti-proliferative/cytotoxicity against normal and activated splenic cells in vitro, anticancer activity, in vivo immunologic and hypersensitivity responses, in vivo and in vitro cytotoxicity effects and in vitro effects of activated splenic cells on BGTi. These results showed that BGTi had antimicrobial activities against Gram negative and positive bacteria as well as fungi. The prepared bioglasses BGTi had no cytotoxic or proliferative effects on activated splenic cells while showed anti-proliferative/cytotoxicity against normal splenic cells. It was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. In vivo test demonstrated that BGTi is an inert material which did not stimulate the immune system or caused local reactions. The products of activated splenic cells did not cause any changes in the structure of BGTi also it did not cause any acute cytotoxicity or lysis to RBCs. TiO2 is an inert material which did not cause immune stimulation or hepatic cytotoxicity. BGTi did not affect by lytic products of immune cells hence, it can be considered as a safe and ideal material for implantation inside the body of living organisms. Finally we investigated the structure of the bioglasses BGTi by using Raman spectra.

A systematic characterization of optical and chemical properties of fluorotellurite glasses based on 70TeO2-5 M x O y -10P2O5-10ZnO-5PbF2 glasses as function of alkaline earth metals as network modifiers were studied and analysed. The Z-scan results show that all the compounds have NLO properties such as nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 ) and two photon absorption ( β ). Finally, using ( n 2 ) and ( β ) we also determined the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ 〈 3 〉 . It was found that the alkaline earth metals elements, have an influence on such NLO properties. Based on the ability of the lattice modifiers to decrease the band-gap energy while simultaneously increasing the linear refractive index of the TeO2-based glass, we investigated how these modifiers affect the non-linear refractive index.

In this paper an attempt was made to investigate the compositional, microstructural, thermal and optical properties of 40P2O5- 30ZnO- 20BaF2- 3.8K2TeO3- 1.2Al2O3- 5Nb2O5- 30,000 ppm Er2O3 (PZBKTANEr) novel glasses fabricated by the melt quench technique. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. We estimated the glass transition temperature and thermal stability against the crystallization of present glasses by using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of the differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicate that (PZBKTANEr) glasses have a high thermal stability and low tendency to crystallization.The optical absorption edge has been evaluated within the Urbach approach by using UV–vis-NIR spectroscopy. Moreover, the Judd– Ofelt parameters Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6 the oscillator strength type transition probabilities, spectroscopic quality factors, branching ratios and radiative lifetimes of several excited states of Er3+ have been evaluated. The classical Mc Cumber theory was used to evaluate the emission cross-sections for the 4I15/2 → 4I13/2 transition at a wavelength of around 1.54 μm. Gain cross-section for the Er3+ laser transition 4I15/2 → 4I13/2 was obtained. The effective emission cross section bandwidth FWHM (75.924 nm) and height stimulated emission cross-section (5.5 × 10−21 cm−2) of present glasses were reported. Hence the thermal and spectroscopic properties indicate that this glass doped with Er3+ can be used for application of the optical device. Furthermore the structure of this glass was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy.

This research investigates the influence of the concentration of Sm+ 3 ions on the features of a new borosilicate glass system with the composition 50B2O3– 14SiO2- 20Li2O– 15Na2O– 1.0Al2O3-x(Sm2O3), where x = 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm. The glasses are characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV- Vis- NIR, and photoluminescence spectra. The XRD results proved that all prepared glass has amorphous nature. Moreover, it was found that the value of density, ρ, and refractive index,n, increase with increasing of Sm+ 3 content. Otherwise, the value of molar volume, optical energy gap, and boron-boron distance decrease by increasing sm+ 3 concentration. The structure of glasses studied was investigated by computing \(Internuclear \left({r}_{i}\right)\), Polaron radius \(\left({r}_{p}\right)\), field strength \(\left(F\right)\) and the deconvolution of FTIR spectra. Judd-Ofelt theory applied to clarify the structural changes and nature of the bonds of prepared glasses. Moreover, A spectroscopic quality factor, the branching ratio (βr), and lifetime (τ) are calculated via the parameters of Judd-Ofelt. The color chromaticity of the present glasses evidenced that the emission was in the white-reddish orange region under 402nm excitation depended on the concentration of Sm3+ ions incorporated into the host glasses. From photoluminescence emission, stimulated emission cross-section, and CIE chromaticity leads to these glasses are promising for light-emitting diode (LED) as; laser material in a wide range.

BACKGROUND: Metal oxide glass composites have attracted huge interest as promising shielding materials to replace toxic, heavy, and costly conventional shielding materials. OBJECTIVE: In this work, we evaluate shielding effectiveness of four novel tellurite-based glasses samples doped with oxide metals (namely, A, B, C, and D, which are 75TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2- 0.24Er2O3 ; 70TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2 -5MgO- 0.24Er2O3; 70TeO2- 10P2O5- 10ZnO- 5PbF2- 5BaO- 0.24Er2O3 ; and 70TeO2- 10P2O5-10ZnO- 5PbF2- 5SrO; respectively) by assessing them through a wide range of ionizing radiation energies (0.015–15 MeV). METHODS: The radiation-shielding parameters including mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path, (MFP), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron number (Neff), and the transmission factor are computed in the selected range of ionizing radiation energies. Furthermore, the proposed samples were compared with the most common shielding glass materials. The optical parameters viz oscillator, dispersion energy, nonlinear refractive indices, molar, and electronic polarizability of these transparent glasses are reported at different wavelengths. RESULTS: The results show that the proposed samples have considerable effectiveness as transparent shielding glass materials at various ionizing radiation energies. They can be employed for effective radiation-protection outcomes. Sample C demonstrated slightly better shielding properties than the other samples with differences of 1.33%, 4.6%, and 4.2% for samples A, B, and D, respectively. A similar trend is observed regarding the mass attenuation coefficients. Nevertheless, sample B shows better optical properties than the other prepared glass samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the proposed novel glass samples have good shielding properties and optical characteristics, which can pave the way for their utilization as transparent radiation-shielding materials in medical and industrial applications.

In this study, the X-ray and gamma attenuation characteristics and optical properties of a synthesized tellurite–phosphate–sodium oxide glass system with a composition of (85 − x)TeO2–10P2O5–xNa2O mol% (where x = 15, 20, and 25) were evaluated. The glass systems we re fabricated by our research group using quenching melt fabrication. The shielding parameters of as-synthesized systems, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective electron density (Neff) in a wide energy range between 15 keV and 15 MeV, were estimated using well-known PHY-X/PSD software and recently developed MIKE software. Herein, the optical parameters of prepared glasses, such as molar volume (VM), oxygen molar volume (VO), oxygen packing density (OPD), molar polarizability (αm), molar refractivity (Rm), reflection loss (RL), and metallization (M), were estimated using MIKE software. Furthermore, the shielding performance of the prepared glasses was compared with that of commonly used standard glass shielding materials. The results show that the incorporation of sodium oxide into the matrix TeO2/P2O5 with an optimum concentration can yield a glass system with good shielding performance as well as good optical and physical properties, especially at low photon energy.

This work investigated the course of fly ash’s glassy phase crystallization in terms of structural and thermal changes. On the basis of XRD studies the olivine and albite phases are formed after the second step of the heat treatment. XRD/Rietveld analysis confirmed increased amount of mullite. The occurrence of crystallizing phases depends on the chemical composition of fly ash. It was observed that under the heat treatment of fly ashes with a small amount of modifying oxides a larger mullite superstructure appeared, what favors the albite rich plagioclases formation. The structural changes upon the heat treatment of fly ashes were studied by means of 27Al MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. On the basis of NMR studies it has been confirmed that aluminum ions in devitrified glassy phase occurred only in the tetrahedral positions.

Tellurite glass with composition 90TeO2-10Nb2O5-10ZnO in mol% codoped with x(Tm2O3/Dy2O3), where x = 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000 ppm were prepared by quenching melting technique. The optical density and photoluminescence properties of this glass were studied. Spectroscopic parameters such as the absorption cross section, σab(λ), emission cross section, σem(λ), effective band width, (Δλ), internal gain coefficient, gR(λ), and the chromaticity coordinates CIE of the emitted light for this glass were computed. The, ( σ e m ) , (Δλ), and σg(λ) parameters increase from 5.95 × 10−21 to 8.86 × 10−21 cm2, from 123 to 127 nm and from 4.2 to 6.3 dB/cm, respectively when increasing Tm3+/Dy3+ ions from 10,000 to 30,000 ppm in the host glass matrix. Compared the luminescence intensity and spectroscopic parameters in these glasses are greatly enhanced. From CIE results indicate that the emission color varied from blue to white can be achieved by tuning Tm3+/Dy3+ ratio under excitation at 466 nm. The present glasses are found to be a suitable candidate for solid state laser material.

We have investigated the optical and spectroscopic properties of new Er 3+ -doped fluorotellurite glasses with the basic molar composition 75%TeO 2 -10%P 2 O 5 -10%ZnO-5%PbF 2 , modified by replacing 5%TeO 2 by four various metal oxides, namely MgO, PbO, SrO and CdO. The ellipsometric data have provided a Sellmeier-type dispersion relation of the refractive index of the investigated glasses. The optical absorption edge has been described within the Urbach approach, while the absorption and fluorescence spectra have been analyzed in terms of the standard Judd–Ofelt theory along with the photoluminescence decay of the 4 I 13/2 and 4 S 3/2 levels of the Er 3+ ion. The absorption and emission spectra of the 4 I 15/2 ↔ 4 I 13/2 infrared transition have been analyzed within the McCumber theory to yield the peak emission cross-section and figure of merit (FOM) for the amplifier gain. It appears that the glass containing MgO as a modifier is characterized by the largest FOM suggesting that the fluorotellurite matrix with this oxide can be a good novel host for Er 3+ ion doping. Finally, we propose a new simple method to calculate the mean transition energy of the McCumber approach as the arithmetic average of the barycenter wavenumbers of absorption and emission spectra.

The luminescent oxide glasses with composition 50P2O5- 30ZnO- 20CdO (PZCdO pure) and 50P2O5- 30ZnO- 20CdO- 30000 ppm Tm2O3 (PZCdO:Tm) were synthesized by using melt- quenching technique. The optical energy gap and Urbach energy of these glasses were calculated by using UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. Judd– Ofelt parameters Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6, branching ratio, βR, and radiative lifetimes, τR, of Tm3+ ions doped PZCdO glasses were estimated. The spectroscopic results showed that the present glasses has the effective emission cross section bandwidth (Δλeff = 90 nm) and high stimulated emission cross-section (σem = 1.5 × 10−21 cm2). The blue up conversion emissions sharp band at 458 nm corresponding to transition 1D2 → 3F6 and weak emission band in NIR region assigned to 1G4→3H4 for the glasses PZCdO:Tm with UV- excited at 354 nm region were obtained. From result we can suggest that the present glasses can be used for blue light emitting diodes BLED chip.

The goal of the work was to investigate the crystallization process of silica–strontium–barium glass from cathode ray tube (CRT) modified by various TiO2 additions (18–23 mass%). The control thermal treatment of the parent glass with nucleating agent leads to the crystallization. The crystalline phases were determined by X-ray diffractometry. The microstructures of the heat-treated samples were studied by the SEM/EDS technique. Glass ceramic samples were obtained by the heat treatment of CRT glasses with 18 and 23 mass% of TiO2 in a gradient oven. Thermal characteristics such as the glass transition temperature T g, the temperature of non-isothermal crystallization T c, and the thermal stability parameter were determined by DTA/DSC. The linear expansion coefficients of the glasses as a function of temperature were measured. Based on the DTA results, we found that TiO2 was effective in decreasing the crystallization temperature.

Novel fluorotellurite glasses with composition 70TeO2·5MxOy·10P2O5·10ZnO·5PbF2 (mol %) containing 600 ppm Er2O3, where MxOy = (MgO, PbO, Bi2O3, Nb2O5, TiO2, BaO, WO3, SrO, CdO) have been prepared using the conventional melt-quenching method. Studies of the nonlinear optical refractive index and photoinduced piezooptics were carried out. The Mid-Infrared spectroscopy, optical transmission, photoluminescence and photoinduced changes of diagonal piezooptics and nonlinear optics refractive indices coefficient measurements were applied to determine the appropriate glass modifier to achieve the desirable optical properties and high performance. The glasses may be useful for operation by high-intensity laser pulses.

The development of new, advanced shielding materials has attracted great interest among scientists and engineers. Recently, various shielding materials have been developed, which could replace the toxic, heavy, and costly conventional shielding materials. In this paper, we present our new computational software, MIKE, to assist researchers in the process of calculating and analyzing different radiation shielding parameters, such as the linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, and half-value layer. The shielding parameter equations were coded using MATLAB. Additionally, the computational tool can be used to calculate the physical and optical properties of the selected composition, such as the average molar weight, molar volume, and molar electronic polarizability. Moreover, this tool allows the user to analyze the shielding parameters and the transmission factors for a selected material against a wide range of ionizing radiation energies. The newly developed computational software has been compared with existing radiation-shielding codes, including Phy-X/PSD and WinXcom, in addition to the available experimental data in the literature. The computed values produced using the MIKE software show good agreement with values calculated using the available competitor software programs (WinXcom, Phy-X/PSD, and the Monte Carlo method) with percentage differences of less than 0.2%. Our user-friendly computational software could help researchers evaluate whether various shielding materials meet the requirements of radiation applications, such as diagnostic and therapy applications including mammography, general radiography, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine, and high-energy photons used in radiotherapy applications.

Tellurite glass (TLZNT) with compositions 75TeO2–5Li2O–10ZnO–(10–x) Nb2O5−x Tm2O3, (doped with x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 in mol%) were prepared through the melt quenching technique. In the present work, the glass transition value slightly decreased from 351 to 347 °C otherwise thermal stability Δ T c h a n g e s f r o m 118 t o 164 °C of (TLZNT) glasses, investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of Tm3+ ions (RE) on the structure of the TLZNT glasses was studied through different techniques such as X-ray pattern diffraction and Raman/Fourier transform infrared spectra. Moreover, the ratio of the relative bridging oxygen (BO) to non-bridging oxygen (NBO) in the prepared glass network was determined. Next, the packing density of oxygen, density, molar refraction, molar volumes, metallization criterion, molar polarizability, and linear refractive index of the prepared glasses were computed. The optical energy gap, the Judd–Ofelt parameters (J–O), the radiative branching ratio ( β R ), and the radiative lifetime ( τ R ) of Tm3+ in TLZNT glasses were determined. The absorption cross section ( σ A B S ), emission cross section ( σ E M I S ) , and gain coefficient ( σ G A ) were evaluated in the range wavelength of 1500–2000 nm. The high value of σ EMIS (1.50 × 10−20 cm2) of the 3H6 → 3F4 transition of TLZNT3 glass was reported. We produced TLZNT glasses in which the addition of Tm2O3 improved the ΔT against nucleation and crystallization what is in good agreement with the decrease of the average force constant ( F - ) from 225 to 221.7 N/m with increasing Tm2O3. For the 1870 nm emission band, the emission cross section was determined to be approximately 1.5 × 10−20 cm2. Finally, the results herein will denote that the TLZNT glasses are a promising solid material for optical applications that could be excited by a commercial laser diode (LD).

Glasses were prepared by conventional melting method from 100 g batches. The influence of alumina and calcium oxide on the crystallization process of silica-strontium-barium glass from Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) were studied by means of 27 Al MAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. This made possible to determine the influence of additives, e.g. blast furnace slag and cement dust on the structural changes of glasses (changes in the spectra shapes). The introduction of waste modifiers into the glass structure leads to the breaking of Al–O–Si and Si–O–Si bonds what causes the depolymerization of the glass network. From the FTIR spectra the narrowing of the bands at 1022 and 1027 cm −1 was observed, which may indicate on the ordering of glass network. Appearance of alumina in coordination 4 was confirmed by NMR investigations. The effects of compositional variation, thermal treatment on the nature, type and stability field of crystallizing phases and microstructure formed in CaO and/or Al 2 O 3 silica-strontium-barium glasses were described using DTA/DSC method. Thermal characteristics of glasses like the transition temperature T g , the temperature for the crystallization T c , thermal stability parameter were determined. The crystalline phase was determined by the X-ray diffractometry. The microstructure of the samples was studied by SEM technique. Analysis of the local atomic interactions in the structure of glasses has been used to explain the course of the crystallization.

The goal of this work was to determine the effect of barium oxide on the structural, thermal and optical properties of the TeO 2 –BaO–Na 2 O (TBN) and TeO 2 –BaO–WO 3 (TBW) glass systems. Raman spectra allow relating the glass structure and vibration properties (i.e. vibrational frequencies and Raman intensities) with the glass composition. Raman spectra show the presence of TeO 4 and TeO 3+1 /TeO 3 units that conform with the glass matrix. Differential thermal analysis DTA, XRD measurements have been considered in term of BaO addition. The spectral dependence of ellipsometric angles of the tellurite–barium glass has been studied. The optical measurements were conducted on Woollam M2000 spectroscopic ellipsometer in spectral range of 190–1700 nm. The reflectance and transmittance measurements have been done on spectrophotometer Perkin Elmer, Lambda 900 in the range of 200–2500 nm (UV–VIS–NIR). From the transmittance spectrum, the energy gap was determined.

The basic factor limiting the use of glasses is their unsatisfactory mechanical strength. The improvement of the mechanical strength of glasses is usually obtained by applying their respective thin surface layers. The object of the research was glass coated with zirconium oxide. For the application of zirconium oxide layer, dip-coating method was used. The resulting materials were subjected to detailed examination of the microstructure (SEM), and mechanical tests (Vickers hardness and modulus of elasticity). In order to evaluate the optical characteristics, the tests were performed by UV/VIS. The thickness of the overlying layers were determined using the method of ellipsometry. The study showed that the obtained sol-gel layer of zirconium oxide (IV) on glasses influence the improvement of the mechanical properties. It has been shown that the applied layers have high adhesion to the substrate.