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Objective: Epilepsy affects over 1% of the global population. Polypodium vulgare L. has emerged in studies, suggesting its potential antiepileptic effect. This study evaluated the anticonvulsant efficacy of the hydroalcoholic extract of Polypodium vulgare L. in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced epilepsy model in rats. This research aimed to determine the optimal dosage for delaying seizure onset and reducing seizure severity. This study investigated whether the active compounds offer a viable alternative for epilepsy management, mainly through their potential interaction with GABAergic mechanisms. Methods: We randomly selected four groups of 10 and 2 groups of 8 male Wistar laboratory rats. The reference and control groups received PTZ and distilled water, respectively. In contrast, experimental groups 1 and 2 received the hydroalcoholic extract of Polypodium vulgare L. at doses of 300 and 500 mg per kg of body weight. Experimental groups 3 and 4 received 150 and 300 mg per kg dose.Chemical kindling was induced in all groups via intraperitoneal injection of PTZ. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 software. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of Polypodium vulgare L. exerted a pronounced mitigating effect on convulsions induced by PTZ administration, specifically at a dosage of 300 mg/kg of body weight. It effectively prolonged the time necessary for seizure onset. Conclusion: The administration of a 300 mg dose of the hydroalcoholic extract of Polypodium vulgare L. demonstrated superior efficacy compared with its 500 mg counterpart and both the 300 and 150 mg doses of sodium valproate in addressing PTZ-induced epilepsy. The results suggest that the hydroalcoholic extract of Polypodium vulgare L. has promise as an effective treatment for epilepsy.

Nanotechnology is a branch of the developing science which includes producing, manipulating and applying materials at smaller scales than a micron. Nanoparticles are used for many purposes in medicine and science, including cancer treatment, dental alloys, bladder catheters, drug delivery, and etc. One of the factors which is subjected to the toxicity of nanoparticles, is reproductive system and fertility, because these substances accumulate in the gonads and cause the incidence of some health problems such as inflammation of the epididymis, reduced sperm motility, sperm morphology defects and in general, infertility and defects in the reproductive system. Since fertility and its health is so important in the society, and its consequences affect the entire population, this study aimed at investigating the effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on the reproductive system. The present review article was performed by using the research articles indexed in Pubmed, Google scholar, Science direct and SID. Also the results of the search were evaluated in a systematic manner. The results show that the effect of silver and gold nanoparticles on reproductive system could vary from ineffective to the negative effects, depending on the dose, exposure duration and the sample of study.