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Objective: To study the variations in anthropometric parameters of the adult human femora including total length, shaft length, the angle anteversion and neck shaft angle in femur of Pakistani origin. Study Design: Descriptive Correlational. Setting: Department of Anatomy, Rawalpindi Medical University. Period: April, 2022 to June, 2022. Material & Methods: Eighty femora of undetermined gender and age were selected from the bone bank of Anatomy Department, Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU). Measuring tape was used to measure length and goniometer was used to measure angles. Results: Thirty five bones were of right side and 45 of the left. The total femur length was 43.75±3.01 cm and the femur shaft length were 30.21±2.54 cm. There was no significant difference between the two sides. The mean neck shaft angle was 128.79±5.05 degrees with no difference between the sides. The mean angle of anteversion was 16.43±5.14 degrees with a significantly greater angle on the right compared to the left side (p=0.028). Conclusion: In Pakistani Femur there is no significant difference in the total, shaft lengths and neck shaft angles on the right and left sides. This bilateral symmetry shows synchronization which is important for posture and movement. However, the Angle of Femoral Neck Anteversion is significantly greater on the right as compared to the left. Also, this angle is less than reported in African and more than reported in American and European population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the gender diff erences in the microbiology of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in urolithiasis patients. Methods: A descriptive comparative study was undertaken at Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan, from July 2014 to October 2014. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Renal calculi were more common in females (72.13%) than males (64.8%). Multiple site and bladder stones were more common in males. E.Coli was found to be more common in females (59.01%) in comparison to males (44.8%). Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella and mixed bacterial growth were more common in males. However, the diff erence in percentages was not statistically signifi cant. Alarmingly high rates of resistance were seen to commonly prescribed antibiotics for UTIs. Conclusion: Th e results from this study imply that the gender diff erences in the microbiology of UTIs in patients with urolithiasis are not signifi cant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine a reference range of renal artery measurements by using Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) angiography and to find association of renal artery measurements with side of artery, gender and age., Method: Two hundred and fifty study participants without renal artery disease who werepresented to Radiology Department, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi, from November, 2016 to April, 2017 were included in this study. Main renal artery measurements were taken on Multidetector computed angiography and variation with side, gender and age were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Independent sample T test, one way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation analysis were applied. P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant., Results: A significance difference (p=0.001) was seen between mean right renal artery (diameter 6.66 ± 0.39 mm; length 44.69 ± 2.48 mm) and left renal artery (diameter 6.79 ± 0.36; length 35.10 ± 2.86 mm). Females found to have smaller mean diameter and length of renal arteries than males. However, a weak negative correlation was seen between mean renal artery diameter and age (right r= -0.158, p=0.0121; left r= -0.017, p= 0.708)., Conclusion: The mean diameter and mean length were found to be significantly different between right and left main renal artery and between males and females. A significant weak negative correlation was observed between renal artery diameter and age., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest: None.