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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mineral supplementation, vitamin supplementation and deworming on humoral response against PPR vaccine in local goats. Group 1 and group 2 goats were given mineral supplementation and fat-soluble vitamin supplementation for 21 days. Group 3 goats were twice dewormed with Fenbendazole. Group 4 bucks were kept as controls. All bucks were vaccinated with the Pestivac vaccine. Antibodies detection was done using competitive ELISA from serum samples. Antigen shedding by vaccinated animals via nasal and fecal route was checked by the haemagglutination test and RT-PCR. All group 2 bucks, developed humoral protection against PPR within the 1st week. Only, 50 percent bucks of group 1 developed humoral protection against PPR after one week of vaccination. The mean percent inhibition value of competition-ELISA of group 2 was half the mean percent inhibition values of group 3 and group 4 after one week of vaccination. There was no antigen shedding through nasal or fecal route after vaccination in any animal included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a communicable disease of cloven hoofed animals, resulting in major economic losses during disease outbreaks. Like other members of the Picornaviridae FMDV has a relatively short infectious cycle; initiation of infection and dissemination, with production of infectious virions occurs in less than a week. The components of innate immunity as well as cell‐mediated and humoral immunity play a crucial role in control of FMDV. However, it has been shown in vitro using a mouse model that FMDV has evolved certain mechanisms to counteract host immune responses ensuring its survival and spread. The viral leader proteinase, L pro, deters interferon beta (IFN‐β) mRNA synthesis, thus, inhibiting host cell translation. Another viral proteinase, 3C pro, disrupts host cell transcription by cleaving histone H3. A transient lymphopenia in swine as a consequence of FMDV infection has also been observed, but the mechanism involved and viral protein(s) associated with this process are not clearly understood. In this review, we have covered the interaction of FMDV with different immune cells including lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells and their consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is causing infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rate in domestic and wild small ruminants of Pakistan with valuable economical losses. The present study was carried out to investigate risk factors of PPRV in domestic small ruminants which were present in the vicinity of wildlife parks. A total of 265 sera samples (27 wild ruminants and 238 domesticated small ruminants) from apparently healthy animals from two different wildlife parks were collected and analysed for PPRV antibodies. Also, 20 nasal swabs from domestic small ruminants showing respiratory signs were collected to check for presence of PPRV antigen. Competitive ELISA revealed highest proportions of anti-PPRV antibodies in domestic small ruminants around the Wildlife Park at Lahore (35%) as compared to Faisalabad (13%), with no existence of PPRV antibodies in tested serum of wild ruminants at these parks. Higher seropositivity was observed in females (25.6%) than in males (5.1%) and in goats (34.5%) compared to sheep (11.2%). The results of N-gene based RT-PCR highlight the absence of PPRV due to lack of current PPR outbreak in the region during study period. Even though grazing was not a significant risk factor, there is still a possibility of wildlife-livestock interactions for feed and water reservoirs, resulting in spillover of PPR to wildlife. Keeping in view the high seropositivity and risk of PPR, vaccination should be adopted to avoid circulation of PPRV among wild and domestic small ruminants (sheep and goats). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed with the objective to find out the sero-prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in animals and to evaluate the role of FMD vaccination as a control strategy for this disease. Serological analysis of randomly sampled animals (n=373; 110 from Greater Cholistan and 263 from Lesser Cholistan) using nonstructural protein ELISA indicated that 62.2% animals in the Desert had previous exposure to FMD virus. To determine the efficacy of vaccine for prevention of the disease, 7,500 cattle heads located at 131 'tobas' both in Lesser and Greater Cholistan were vaccinated using a trivalent FMD vaccine containing A, Asia-1 and O serotypes. Booster dose was administered after 30 days of primary vaccination followed by immunization after every 6 months. Blood samples were collected at day 0 and at the time of booster dose. Sera samples were analyzed for titres against all 3 serotypes using Solid Phase Competitive Blocking ELISA. At the time of vaccination (day 0), 31.8-64.5% animals showed protective titres indicating previous exposure of animals against all 3 serotypes of the virus. This protective titre further increased from 64% to 87% animals against different serotypes after primary vaccination (day 30). Field observations indicated that after booster dose, none of the vaccinated animals showed any clinical sign of the disease; whereas, FMD outbreaks were recorded in un-vaccinated animals located in the study area. In conclusion, the high quality FMD vaccine, administered following the standard operating procedures, can protect animals against this disease in Desert Production System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study is a detailed investigation on the occurrence and mortality caused by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and its possible association with carrier status in a sheep herd in Islamabad capital territory (ICT) area of Pakistan. A total of 95 animals (50 adult and 45 young) were present in the herd at the start of the outbreak and about 22 out of 45 young ones (Age= 15-30 days) were died in a period of 2 weeks. Only 10 out of 50 adult sheep showed the clinical signs of the disease but the interesting feature of outbreak was that the kids from the clinically healthy sheep also develop the disease and expired. This experience is indicative of the possible excretion of virus in the milk of dam before the onset or without the clinical signs which is pointing towards the FMD carrier status in sheep. On postmortem of the dead animals, yellow streaks were found on the heart which is indicative of FMD virus infection. Later the sampling was performed from the infected dam showing the non-structural antibodies (NSP) for FMDV. The tissue samples for the morbid animals were tested for the presence of FMD antigen by Indirect Sandwich ELISA (Is ELISA) as well as RT-PCR. The samples from the heart tissue and blood were found positive for FMD antigen with serotype Asia-1. There was a high mortality rate in young ones (22/45) but the history revealed that the disease was present in the area during previous years but the clinical ailment was not severe. So it might be the emergence of serotype "Asia-1" in the sheep population which was linked to disease severity. It is worth-mentioning that no FMD vaccination is being carried out in small ruminants especially in animals with the nomads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study psychiatric problems among those attending primary care clinics in two major cities in Punjab, Pakistan. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study. The participants attending primary care clinics in Lahore and Faisalabad in Punjab, Pakistan were interviewed from October 2015 to October 2016. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to generate diagnoses based on International Classification of Disease (ICD 10). Analysis was carried out using SPSS v.21. Results: We were able to interview 282 participants attending the two clinics. The mean age of the study population was 41.2 ±15.1 years. Majority were females (n=191, 70.9%) and were married (n=234, 83.0%). Two hundred and twenty-two participants (78.7%) had a psychiatric problem. Fifty-four (19.1%) patients described to have a positive family history of mental health problems. Almost one-third (n=93, 33.0%) had been in touch with faith or spiritual healer previously. None of the participants had been referred to a psychiatrist. There were no statistically significant gender differences, except for manic episode (p =0.001), psychotic episodes (p =0.000) and alcohol use disorders (p =0.025) which were higher in men, while anorexia nervosa (p =0.000) was higher among women. Conclusion: This study using a standardized interview found the rates of psychiatric problems to be alarmingly high in primary care in Pakistan. There is a need to further study psychiatric problems in Pakistan using both quantitative and qualitative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]