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In the dynamic landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI), two notable phenomena are becoming predominant: the exponential growth of large AI model sizes and the explosion of massive amount of data. Meanwhile, scientific research such as quantum computing and protein synthesis increasingly demand higher computing capacities. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the mechanism and functionality of human brains, uses physical artificial neurons to do computations and is drawing widespread attention. Conventional electronic computing has experienced certain difficulties, particularly concerning the latency, crosstalk, and energy consumption of digital processors. As the Moore's law approaches its terminus, there is a urgent need for alternative computing architectures that can satisfy this growing computing demand and break through the von Neumann model. Recently, the expansion of optoelectronic devices on photonic integration platforms has led to significant growth in photonic computing, where photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have enabled ultrafast artificial neural networks (ANN) with sub-nanosecond latencies, low heat dissipation, and high parallelism. Such non-von Neumann photonic computing systems hold the promise to cater to the escalating requirements of AI and scientific computing. In this review, we study recent advancements in integrated photonic neuromorphic systems, and from the perspective of materials and device engineering, we lay out the scientific and technological breakthroughs necessary to advance the state-of-the-art. In particular, we examine various technologies and devices employed in neuromorphic photonic AI accelerators, spanning from traditional optics to PICs. We evaluate the performances of different designs by energy efficiency in operations per joule (OP/J) and compute density in operations per squared millimeter per ..., Comment: Advanced Materials Accepted

Conventional design and optimization of Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers (PCSEL) usually requires expert knowledge in semiconductor physics and optimization algorithms, which is also known as the inverse design problem. However, with the trend towards automation and depersonalization of the entire integrated circuits (IC) industry, the conventional method, with the drawback of being relatively labor-intensive and sub-optimal, warrants further refinement. This technical dilemma remained until the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Bard. This paper explores the possibility of applying LLMs to machine learning-based design and optimization of PCSELs. Specifically, we utilize GPT3.5 and GPT4. By simply having conversations, GPT assisted us with writing Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation code and deep reinforcement learning code to acquire the optimized PCSEL solution, spanning from the proposition of ideas to the realization of algorithms. Given that GPT will perform better when given detailed and specific questions, we break down the PCSEL design problem into a series of sub-problems and converse with GPT by posing open-ended heuristic questions rather than definitive commands. This paper shows that LLMs, such as ChatGPT, can guide the nanophotonic design and optimization processes, on both the conceptual and technical level, and we propose new human-AI co-design strategies and show their practical implications. We achieve a significant milestone for the first step towards an automated end to end nanophotonic design and production pipeline., Comment: 14 pages