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In this article, we determine various analytical solutions for the (4 + 1) -dimensional Fokas equation, a significant model in mathematical physics with numerous applications in nonlinear dynamics. Utilizing multiple integration techniques such as the improved F-expansion technique and the Jacobi elliptic function method, we retrieve an array of solution types, including traveling waves, periodic solutions, bell-shaped waves, rational functions, and both kink and anti-kink structures. We further explore the complex nature of these solutions through their graphical representations. By applying Maple, we visualize our results in three-dimensional (3D), and two-dimensional (2D) formats to illustrate the dynamic behavior of these solutions across various parameters and initial conditions. Our findings provide deeper insights into the properties of the Fokas equation and offer a valuable reference for further studies in nonlinear wave phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of devices based on organic materials is an interesting research challenge. The performance of such devices is strongly influenced by material selection, material properties, design, and the manufacturing process. Usually, buckminsterfullerene (C60) is employed as electron transport material in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices due to its high mobility. However, considering its low solubility, there have been many attempts to replace it with more soluble non-fullerene compounds. In this study, bulk heterojunction thin films with various compositions of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a perylene diimide derivative, or C60 were prepared by matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) technique to assess the influence of C60 replacement on fabricated heterostructure properties. The investigations revealed that the optical features and the electrical parameters of the organic heterostructures based on this perylene diimide derivative used as an organic acceptor were improved. An increase in the JSC value (4.3 × 10−4 A/cm2) was obtained for the structures where the perylene diimide derivative acceptor entirely replaced C60 compared to the JSC value (7.5 × 10−8 A/cm2) for the heterostructure fabricated only with fullerene. These results are encouraging, demonstrating the potential of non-fullerene compounds as electron transport material in OPV devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flatheaded borers (FHB; Chrysobothris spp.), are woodboring-beetles that lay their eggs in the bark and cambium of deciduous trees in North America. Females often target stressed host-plants for oviposition. The reason why is unknown; however, stressed plants often suffer various induced phytochemical changes that may enhance larval infestation success depending on the stressor such as induced upregulation of defenses, reallocation of nutrients, and changes to volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. To understand attraction of FHB to specific stress-induced changes, we analyzed phytochemical changes associated with stress treatments and attractiveness maple trees to FHB. Trees were stressed by: (1) chemical stress (pelargonic acid herbicide), (2) physical stress (physically removing leaves), and (3) physical stress (removing portions of bark near the root crown). After reflush of defoliated trees, bark tissues where FHB larvae feed were analyzed for nutritional changes (carbon and nitrogen), anti-nutritive changes (polyphenols and tannins) and emissions of foliar VOCs. At the end of the growing season, trees were assessed for FHB larval presence and oviposition attempts. There were more larvae and oviposition attempts on trees stressed by herbicide application. Compared to other treatments, herbicide-stressed trees had greater nitrogen and total polyphenol concentrations. Greater nitrogen may play a role in the fitness of feeding larvae, and the greater polyphenol concentration may stimulate female oviposition in the herbicide stressed trees. Females may be able to locate the herbicide-stressed trees by using volatile cues such as increases in limonene, α-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) and hexenyl acetate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey conducted in the 1920s, prior to the chestnut blight, indicated that chestnuts and oaks were codominant canopy species in White Oak Canyon, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. A second survey in 1977 suggested that chestnuts were being replaced by tree species present before the blight, particularly oaks. In 2021, we resurveyed the 10 sites included in our 1977 survey and also recorded canopy and understory trees that grew above remnant chestnut sprouts. The canopy changed more substantially during the second interval (since 1977). Birch and maples were now more abundant. Hemlock declined, and oaks were less common in the canopy. In general, the trees considered as early to mid-successional have replaced oaks and hemlock. Chestnut sprouts have become much less common since 1977, presumably as repeated cycles of diebacks have weakened rootstocks. Those sites where chestnut sprouts have persisted until 2021 differed from neighboring sites without them. Chestnut sprouts were rare in sites with birch and hemlock; chestnut has persisted in locations with red oaks in the canopy and with few other understory competitors. This survey has been conducted over a longer time interval than previous studies that asked similar questions and our results suggest that changes to the forest composition following the loss of the American chestnut may be greater than previously recognized although the relative contribution of losing this codominant species is unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the surface morphology of maple and beech cut through by CO2 laser under different angles relative to the wood grain: 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. In the analysis, stylus measurements, stereo-microscopic images, and chemical changes were considered. Laser uncovers more wood anatomical details, with enhanced clarity, when the cutting transitions from along the grain to across the grain. This is particularly noticeable in the earlywood and is more pronounced in maple compared to beech. The first tissue of earlywood was deeply ablated by the laser, leading to a wavy anatomical pattern, which is more visible for higher angles of laser cutting in relation to the wood grain. The anatomical structure of beech was more affected by carbonization in comparison to maple and had a significantly higher core roughness, Rk. For both species, the worst surface roughness occurred when cutting at 15°. In maple, the laser caused more degradation of the polysaccharides compared to beech, and this impact was particularly noticeable parallel to the grain rather than at a 90° angle. The degradation of hemicelluloses occurred in parallel with more advanced cellulose degradation for beech compared to maple and for cutting along the grain compared to across the grain. Structural changes in lignin, such as condensation processes, were observed for both species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread empirical adoption of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) for sanitizing 3/16-inch tubing after the maple sap collection season, there remains a dearth of scientific data on its best practice and effectiveness. To address this gap, we cultivated microbial mass in tubing through continuous maple sap flow at 7 °C for 5 weeks in the lab. The tubing was sanitized with 200, 400, or 600 ppm Ca(ClO)2 and retained Ca(ClO)2 for either 10 min, 1 h, 7 days, or 6 weeks. Half of the tubing segments underwent microbial analysis, while the other half were stored for 6 weeks post-flushing of the Ca(ClO)2 to determine microbial survival/growth. The level and presence of the microbial load were determined, and the inner tubing surfaces were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The initial microbial load in the tubing was approximately 4–5 log CFU/cm2. A 10-min and 1 h contact time with 200 ppm Ca(ClO)2, and a 10-min exposure to 400 ppm Ca(ClO)2, achieved reductions of 2.4–2.8 log for Pseudomonas spp., 1.6–2.5 log for mold and yeast, and 2.3–3.3 log for psychrotrophic microorganisms. Microorganisms were recovered from the enrichment process after retaining 200 ppm Ca(ClO)2 for 6 weeks, indicating insufficient inactivation. Consequently, the data suggests the use of at least 400 ppm Ca(ClO)2 for 1 day. The SEM images supported the microbial count results, offering valuable insights for educating maple syrup producers on optimal tubing sanitation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pss exopolysaccharide (EPS) enhances the ability of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to colonize and persist on surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables. Eradicating listeria within EPS-rich biofilms is challenging due to their increased tolerance to disinfectants, desiccation, and other stressors. Recently, we discovered that extracts of maple wood, including maple sap, are a potent source of antibiofilm agents. Maple lignans, such as nortrachelogenin- 8'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and lariciresinol, were found to inhibit the formation of, and promote the dispersion of pre-formed L. monocytogenes EPS biofilms. However, the mechanism remained unknown. Here, we report that these lignans do not affect Pss EPS synthesis or degradation. Instead, they promote EPS detachment, likely by interfering with an unidentified lectin that keeps EPS attached to the cell surfaces. Furthermore, the maple lignans inhibit the activity of L. monocytogenes sortase A (SrtA) in vitro. SrtA is a transpeptidase that covalently anchors surface proteins, including the Pss-specific lectin, to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Consistent with this, deletion of the srtA gene results in Pss EPS detachment from listerial cells. We also identified several additional maple compounds, including epicatechin gallate, isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and abscisic acid, which inhibit L. monocytogenes SrtA activity in vitro and prevent biofilm formation. Molecular modelling indicates that, despite their structural diversity, these compounds preferentially bind to the SrtA active site. Since maple products are abundant and safe for consumption, our finding that they prevent biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes offers a viable source for protecting fresh produce from this foodborne pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the germination rule of Acer grosseri Pax seeds from different provenances, the germination test of Acer grosseri Pax from different provenances was carried out by temperature, storage method and storage time. The results showed that the germination rate of Acer grosseri Pax seeds was very low under 5 ℃ low temperature. With the increase of temperature, the germination rate of seeds from different provenances had significant difference; 4 ℃ low temperature wet sand storage can significantly improve the seed germination rate of Acer grosseri Pax, under the same storage conditions, there were significant differences in seed germination rate among different provenances, under different storage conditions, the germination rate of the seed was higher in Pinglu County, Shanxi Province, and lower in Taibai County, Shaanxi Province; wet sand storage at 4 ℃ for 80 days could significantly increase the seed germination rate of Acer grosseri Pax from different provences, the seed germination rate of Pinglu County of Shanxi Province, Gujiao City of Shanxi Province and Tongchuan City of Shaanxi Province were significantly different under different storage time conditions, but not at other provenances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acer truncatum Bunge, belonging to the Acer genus in the Aceraceae family, is a commonly planted afforestation species across China, Japan, Korea, Europe, and North America. Renowned for its vibrant fall colors, it holds significant ecological and ornamental value. Methods: In this study, Acer truncatum 'Lihong' was used as the research object. Starting from the callus induction of explants, the embryogenic callus of Acer truncatum 'Lihong' was obtained by systematically optimizing the medium and culture conditions. Then, the candidate gene AtrGST894 screened by transcriptome sequencing was transformed into embryogenic callus by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The genetic transformation system of Acer truncatum 'Lihong' embryogenic callus was initially established by continuously adjusting the conditions of Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection receptor materials, thus laying amaterial foundation for the study of themolecular regulation mechanismof Acer truncatum'Lihong' leaf color, and also preparing for the later molecular improvement breeding of Acer truncatum. Therefore, this study has important theoretical and practical significance. Results: The results showed that the best medium for callus induction of Acer truncatum was 1/2MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D+0.3 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; The embryogenic callus induction medium of Acer truncatum was 1/2MS+3.0mg/L 6-BA+2.0mg/L TDZ+0.5mg/L IBA+0.1mg/L GA3; The proliferation medium of embryogenic callus of Acer truncatum was WPM+1.0mg/L TDZ+0.5mg/L IBA +0.1mg/L GA3+3mg/L 6-BA+1.0mg/L KT; The infection experiment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens on the embryogenic callus of Acer truncatum showed that the best antibacterial medium was WPM+30g/L sucrose+8g/L agar+0.5g/L acid-hydrolyzed casein+0.2mg/L KT+1.0 mg/L TDZ+0.5 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L GA3 +200mmol/L carboxybenzyl+200mg/L cephalosporin, and then WPM+30g/L sucrose+8g/L agar+0.5g/L acid-hydrolyzed casein+0.2mg/L KT+1.0 mg/L TDZ +0.5 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L GA3+300mmol/L carboxybenzyl+200mg/L cephalosporin+25mg/L hygromycin. Screening medium screening, The obtained embryogenic callus browning rate, pollution rate andmortality rate were the lowest, and maintained vigorous growth. Discussion: The embryogenic callus was used as the infection material to verify that we successfully transferred the target gene into the embryogenic callus, which means that the genetic transformation system of Acer truncatum embryogenic callus was partially completed, and the infection process could be effectively inhibited. Although there was partial browning, it could continue to proliferate. Therefore, in future experiments, the focus is still to continue to verify the optimal conditions for optimizing the genetic transformation of Acer truncatum embryogenic callus and to solve the problems of difficulty in embryonic callus germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric warming refers to the difference between the increase in daytime maximum temperature and the increase in nighttime minimum temperature and has been documented in temperate regions. However, its impacts on seedling growth have been largely ignored. In this study, seedlings of a widely distributed tree species, Acer mono Maxim., were exposed to both symmetric warming (SW) and asymmetric warming scenarios (day warming [DW], night warming [NW] and diurnal asymmetric warming [DAW]). Compared to control, all warming scenarios were found to enhance belowground biomass. DW promoted the seedling growth, while NW reduced the stem biomass. DAW did not impact the total biomass relative to the control. Compared to SW, DAW advanced phenology, increased indole‐3‐acetic acid content and chlorophyll content, which enhanced total biomass and stored more NSC in the root. Future DAW would be not beneficial to the growth of A. mono seedlings by comparing with the control. This research encourages further exploration of tree growth experiments under asymmetric warming conditions, as most studies tend to underestimate the warming effects on plant growth by focusing on SW. Incorporating the responses of seedling physiology and growth to non‐uniform diurnal warming into earth system models is crucial for more accurately predicting carbon and energy balances in a warmer world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) represent an important insect group including many significant pest species, but in some cases, the distribution and ecology of many bark beetles are still not well known. Maple bark beetle Scolytus koenigi Schyverew, 1890 is one of the mentioned group of species. The following study presents i) the first data of the occurrence of S. koenigi in Bohemia, ii) the first data of the species occurrence in an urban environment (large cities – Prague and Brno), iii) the distribution of the species in the Czech Republic since its first record (in 2013), and iv) new data about the bionomy of the species (i.e. a new host tree – Acer pseudoplatanus L. and refinement of the colonized substrate range diameter). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, tree sap has been used globally for medicinal purposes, in fermented beverages, and for syrup production. Maple tree sap is notably concentrated into syrup and is valued as a natural sweetener rich in phenolic compounds and minerals compared to refined sugar. Recently, syrups from other trees like black walnut (Juglans nigra) and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) have gained popularity, yet their properties are not well understood scientifically. To address this gap, we collected sycamore, black walnut, and maple syrup samples and analyzed their physicochemical and functional properties. Our findings showed significant differences among the syrups in pH, browning intensity, and water activity (p < 0.05). Sycamore syrup had the highest total phenolic content, followed by black walnut and maple syrups. Both black walnut and sycamore syrups exhibited similar antioxidant activity, significantly higher than maple syrup (p < 0.05). High-resolution mass spectrometry identified 54 phenolic acids and 22 flavonoids in these syrups, including Acetylsalicylic acid, 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, and syringic acid, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, sycamore syrups and most black walnut syrups displayed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative microorganisms. This study offers insights into the properties and potential health benefits of these specialty tree syrups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tapping maple trees to produce maple syrup offers many benefits for producers. Since potential producers likely value some of these benefits more than others, communicators seeking to encourage more people to begin maple syrup production should use messaging that emphasizes the benefits that best resonate with potential producers. To test this strategy, known as emphasis message framing, we ran Facebook advertisements aimed at people living in Wisconsin, the fourth-leading U.S. state in annual maple syrup production, to test four message frames: building community, achieving food self-sufficiency, engaging in the lifestyle of working the land, and spending time in nature. Overall, the frame of working the land was the most effective in terms of link clicks and post reactions. However, among people ages 55+, who were more likely than younger Facebook users to engage with our advertisements, the food self-sufficiency frame received the most clicks while the nature frame received the most post reactions. In all age groups, women were more likely to click on our ads than men. These findings can be applied to future efforts to grow the number of small-scale maple syrup producers in Wisconsin and beyond. Additionally, our results underscore the importance of establishing a clear goal and segmenting audiences when designing social media campaigns. Our methods can serve as a blueprint for anyone seeking to empirically test the effectiveness of different message frames in public outreach related to agriculture or food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we determine various analytical solutions for the (4+1)-dimensional Fokas equation, a significant model in mathematical physics with numerous applications in nonlinear dynamics. Utilizing multiple integration techniques such as the improved F-expansion technique and the Jacobi elliptic function method, we retrieve an array of solution types, including traveling waves, periodic solutions, bell-shaped waves, rational functions, and both kink and anti-kink structures. We further explore the complex nature of these solutions through their graphical representations. By applying Maple, we visualize our results in three-dimensional (3D), and two-dimensional (2D) formats to illustrate the dynamic behavior of these solutions across various parameters and initial conditions. Our findings provide deeper insights into the properties of the Fokas equation and offer a valuable reference for further studies in nonlinear wave phenomena.

Urbanization has increased wealth disparity within the United States, impacting the urban landscape and species interactions. In particular, the interactions between street trees and the arthropod communities that live among them may be modified by both human population densities across urban to suburban locations, as well as income levels within these areas. We examined the effect of land use type (urban vs. suburban) and median household income on variation in leaf damage and arthropod abundance of red maples (Acer rubrum) in the District of Columbia metropolitan region. We compared these levels of leaf damage to rates observed in a nearby temperate deciduous forest. We predicted leaf damage would be positively correlated with urbanization (forested < suburban < urban) and negatively correlated with neighborhood income level (low > medium > high). Instead, we observed higher levels of leaf damage on trees in the forest environment compared to the urban and suburban areas. Leaves from urban medium and high-income areas were less likely to exhibit herbivore damage than those from suburban areas. Of the leaves with damage, those in urban high-income and suburban low-income areas exhibited the most leaf area missing. These trends may be related to specific factors associated with urbanization and income level, such as impervious surface coverage and tree coverage. This study highlights differences in biotic interactions across individual neighborhoods and the importance of including socio-economic variables when examining species interactions in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A foundational concept in ecology is the positive relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity. Epiphytes demonstrate microhabitat specialization to particular areas within a tree; thus, epiphyte communities are potentially influenced by the structural heterogeneity of host trees. We evaluated the relationship between structural features of Acer macrophyllum and epiphyte distributions and abundance in a temperate rainforest in Washington, USA. Epiphytes and structural features of three Acer macrophyllum trees were systematically surveyed using the point-intercept method from the base to the crown and on three branches for each tree. Rarefied species richness increased with structural richness. Species richness along the trunk differed significantly among types of structural features (i.e., broken branches, burls, holes, rivets, branches, and trunks); broken branches had the highest species richness and branches had the lowest, followed by trunks. Rarefied species richness increased with height and peaked at 12 m, but the relationship between structural diversity and height was not significant. The species that occurred on branches were different to those that occurred on trunks, and species composition varied significantly among trunk features. The high structural diversity in northern temperate rainforest trees influenced the fine-scale distribution of nonvascular epiphytes and may explain their coexistence in tree crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on evaluating acaricidal activity and chemical compositions of Erigeron acer root, which was identified as a promising candidate among fifteen Mongolian plant extracts tested for acaricidal activity. The acaricidal effect was evaluated against Haemaphysalis longicornis, assessed for toxicity to normal human skin fibroblast, and analyzed for its chemical constituents. The acetone extract of E. acer root showed significant activity against H. longicornis, with a lethal concentration (LC50) of 5.31 mg/mL and low toxicity, evidenced by a cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 267.00 µg/mL. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and molecular networking, thirteen natural compounds were identified, including pyrrolidines, alkaloids, fatty acids, and flavonoids, highlighting the efficacy of E. acer root extract as an effective acaricide against H. longicornis and offering insights for developing new tick control solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article discusses Sierpinski networks, which are fractal networks with certain applications in computer science, physics, and chemistry. These networks are typically used in complicated frameworks, fractals, and recursive assemblages. The results derived in this study are in mathematical and graphical format for particular classes of these networks of two distinct sorts with two invariants, K-Banhatti Sombor (KBSO) and Dharwad, along with their reduced forms. These results can facilitate the formation, scalability, and introduction of novel interconnection network topologies, chemical compounds, and VLSI processor circuits. The mathematical expressions employed in this research offer modeling insights and design guidelines to computer engineers. The derived simulation results demonstrate the optimal ranges for a certain network. The optimization assistant tool deployed in this work provides a single maximized value representing the maximum optimized network. These ranges can be put into service to dynamically establish a network according to the requirements of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSooty bark disease is an invasive disease causing significant mortality of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in Europe, where it is emerging due to increasing drought and heat events. The causal agent, Cryptostroma corticale (Ellis & Everh.) P. H. Greg. & S. Waller, is a fungus endemic to the Great Lake region in eastern Canada, where it does not appear to cause disease within its natural host range (e.g. sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marshall). Sooty bark disease was reported causing mortality on sycamore maple and additional species within Washington State beginning in 2017. In summer 2022, sooty bark disease was found on a sycamore maple near Vancouver, representing the first report of the disease and causal agent within the province of British Columbia (BC). In this study, we identify the causal agent of sooty bark disease by morphological and molecular methods and confirm its pathogenicity in a controlled growth chamber experiment fulfilling Koch’s postulates on sycamore maple. Cryptostroma corticale has so far been found in BC on sycamore maple, Norway maple (A. platanoides L.) and bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum Pursh). Sooty bark disease has been previously shown to increase in severity and occurrence under drought and warm conditions; we anticipate rising sooty bark disease cases as BC experiences increasingly frequent and extreme summer droughts and heat events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty years ago, Butcher (Butcher Math. Soc. 3, 185–201 1963) characterized a natural tabulation of the order conditions for Runge–Kutta methods of order p as an isomorphism from the set of rooted trees having up to p nodes and provided examples of explicit and implicit methods of several orders. Within a few years, Fehlberg (Fehlberg 1968) derived pairs of explicit methods of successive orders that could be implemented efficiently by using the difference of each pair of estimates to control the local error. Unfortunately, Fehlberg's pairs were deficient for quadrature problems. Subsequently, this author (Verner SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 15, 772–790 1978, Verner SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 16, 857–875 1979) derived parametric families of explicit Runge–Kutta pairs of increasing orders 6 to 9 that avoided this problem altogether. These, and most known explicit methods, have been derived by exploiting certain "simplifying conditions" suggested by Butcher (Butcher Math. Soc. 3, 185–201 1963, Butcher 1987 [pp. 194 f.]) that imposed constraints on subsets of the coefficients and thereby simplified the solution of the order conditions for moderate to high-order methods. "RK-Test-21", a MAPLE program developed recently by Butcher (Butcher 2021), was applied to derive known 13-stage pairs of orders 7 and 8. Unexpectedly, results of this application revealed the existence of some previously unknown pairs—i.e., some with the correct orders that satisfied most, but not all, of the previously known simplifying conditions. This present study develops formulas for directly computing exact coefficients of these new pairs together with others lying within this new parametric family of (13,7-8) pairs. While the best of these new pairs falls short of the best of pairs already known, the properties discovered might be utilized to precisely characterize recently reported higher-order methods found using other approaches by Khashin (Khashin 2009) and Zhang (Zhang 2019) and possibly lead to finding other Runge–Kutta and related yet unknown methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have recently introduced MAPLE (MAximum Parsimonious Likelihood Estimation), a new pandemic-scale phylogenetic inference method exclusively designed for genomic epidemiology. In response to the need for enhancing MAPLE's performance and scalability, here we present two key components: (i) CMAPLE software, a highly optimized C++ reimplementation of MAPLE with many new features and advancements, and (ii) CMAPLE library, a suite of application programming interfaces to facilitate the integration of the CMAPLE algorithm into existing phylogenetic inference packages. Notably, we have successfully integrated CMAPLE into the widely used IQ-TREE 2 software, enabling its rapid adoption in the scientific community. These advancements serve as a vital step toward better preparedness for future pandemics, offering researchers powerful tools for large-scale pathogen genomic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of a single species, recalcitrant understory vegetation layer can limit tree regeneration and, in the long term, modify the composition of forests. Few studies have investigated how recalcitrant vegetation influences competition for water resources although the formation of a dense understory is likely to modify the forest water balance. In eastern North American hardwood forests, the development of a dense understory layer of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) has been observed in stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), a phenomenon that shares many characteristics associated with recalcitrant vegetation. Given that water availability is generally negatively correlated with stand density, we hypothesized that the formation of a dense understory beech layer increased competition for water resources, thus leading to reduced water use by sugar maple trees in beech‐dominated stands. Using thermal dissipation sensors, we measured sap flux density (Fd) of two sugar maple trees at three beech‐dominated sites and three control sites. During the growing season, Fd of sugar maple trees was significantly larger at beech‐dominated sites compared to control sites, indicating a greater rate of water use by sugar maples in stands with a dense understory beech layer. We provide two hypotheses to explain our results at the tree scale: (i) reduced cover by forest floor vegetation could limit transpiration by this layer, thus allowing increased water availability to supply transpiration by overstory trees, or (ii) increased tree transpiration rate could be a mechanism to satisfy nutrient requirements in beech‐dominated stands often associated with lower soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of soil compaction on the seedlings of two species of deciduous (Acer velutinum and Alnus subcordata) and evergreen trees (Pinus eldarica and Pinus nigra) in terms of above- and below-ground morphology in a greenhouse. Six soil compaction levels were applied: the lowest intensity (control), very low, low, moderate, heavy, and very heavy. The results showed that there were different effects according to the species. These effects were on lateral root length, stem diameter, leaf dry biomass, SSL (specific stem length), SRL (specific root length), LMR (leaf mass ratio), RMR (root mass ratio), SMR (stem mass ratio), and R/S (root-to-shoot ratio). The results showed that soil penetration resistance (SPR) had a significant effect on seedling variables such as lateral root length, stem diameter, leaf dry biomass, and SRL (p < 0.05). A. velutinum seedlings have the highest values of growth variables compared to three other species, followed by A. subcordata seedlings. The two evergreen species, Pinus eldarica and Pinus nigra, have the lowest values of these growth variables. It is worth noting that we found that deciduous species had enhanced growth up to a moderate compaction level (1.3 MPa), while the growth decreased at an SPR that was higher than this value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acer truncatum Bunge is an economic, ecological, oil, and medicinal tree, and its kernel oil is rich in nervonic acid. It is crucial to explore the transcriptional expression patterns of genes affecting fatty acid synthesis to improve the quality of Acer truncatum oil. Results: This study used the seeds from high fatty acid strain YQC and those from low fatty acid strain Y38 as the test materials. Specifically, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of Y38 seeds and YQC to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at two time points (seeds 30 days after the blooming period and 90 days after the blooming period). Compared with YQC_1 (YQC seeds at 30 days after the blooming period), a total of 3,618 DEGs were identified, including 2,333 up-regulated and 1,285 downregulated DEGs in Y38_1 (Y38 seeds at 30 days after blooming period). In the Y38_2 (Y38 seeds at 90 days after the blooming period) versus YQC_2 (YQC seeds at 90 days after the blooming period) comparison group, 9,340 genes were differentially expressed, including 5,422 up-regulated and 3,918 down-regulated genes. The number of DEGs in Y38 compared to YQC was significantly higher in the late stages of seed development. Gene functional enrichment analyses showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. And two fatty acid synthesis-related genes and seven nervonic acid synthesis-related genes were validated by qRT-PCR. Conclusions: This study provides a basis for further research on biosynthesizing fatty acids and nervonic acidnervonic acids in A. truncatum seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiZrTaAg alloy is a remarkable material with exceptional properties, making it a unique choice among various industrial applications. In the present study, two types of bioactive coatings using MAPLE were obtained on a TiZrTaAg substrate. The base coating consisted in a mixture of chitosan and bioglass in which zinc oxide and graphene oxide were added. The samples were characterized in-depth through a varied choice of methods to provide a more complete picture of the two types of bioactive coating. The analysis included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ellipsometry, and micro-Raman. The Vickers hardness test was used to determine the hardness of the films and the penetration depth. Film adhesion forces were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The corrosion rate was highlighted by polarization curves and by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The performed tests revealed that the composite coatings improve the properties of the TiZrTaAg alloy, making them feasible for future use as scaffold materials or in implantology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model is presented for magnetohydrodynamic viscous incompressible flow of an electrically conducting Newtonian polymeric fluid from a moving permeable horizontal stretching sheet with variable magnetic field, momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The emerging nonlinear ordinary differential boundary value problem is solved numerically by the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order numerical method in Maple symbolic software. The effects of the governing parameters on the dimensionless stream function, dimensionless flow velocity and the dimensionless temperature have been investigated, displayed graphically and discussed. It is found that greater momentum slip and magnetic field parameters reduce the dimensionless velocity. It is further observed that higher values of Prandtl number, thermal slip, and conductionradiation parameter (weaker radiation contribution) reduce the dimensionless temperature whilst stronger magnetic field increases the temperature due to the supplementary work expended in dragging the polymer against the action of the magnetic field which is dissipated as heat. Comparisons of numerical results with previous published results show an excellent agreement. The study finds applications in electro-conductive polymer (ECP) processing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized that anthocyanins act as a sugar-buffer and an alternative electron sink during leaf senescence to prevent sugar-mediated early senescence and photoinhibition. To elucidate the role of anthocyanin, we monitored seasonal changes in photosynthetic traits, sugar, starch and N contents, pigment composition, and gene expression profiles in leaves exposed to substantially different light conditions within a canopy of an adult fullmoon maple (Acer japonicum) tree. Enhancement of starch amylolysis accompanied by cessation of starch synthesis occurred in the same manner independent of light conditions. Leaf sugar contents increased, but reached upper limits in the late stage of leaf senescence, even though leaf anthocyanins further increased after complete depletion of starch. Sun-exposed leaves maintained higher energy consumption via electron flow than shade-grown leaves during leaf N resorption. Thus, anthocyanins accumulated in sun-exposed leaves might have a regulative role as a sugar-buffer, retarding leaf senescence, and an indirect photoprotective role as an alternative sink for electron consumption to compensate declines in other metabolic processes such as starch and protein synthesis. In this context, anthocyanins may be key substrates protecting both outer-canopy leaves (against photoinhibition) and inner-canopy leaves (via shading by outer-canopy leaves) from high light stress during N resorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of numerical-analytical modeling using Maple 18 of the strong buckling of a uniform console with a symmetrical cross-section is presented. The range of plastic deformations in a materials with conditional yield strength (CYS) is studied. Standard profiles and sections made of low-carbon steel, titanium, polyethylene etc. were investigated. Were found and compared with the proper Eulerian values the critical loads of Fcr, N, the shape of buckled console y(z). The quasi-identity of the latter is established for the same slope pf = dy/dz near the free console end. The method can be applied in robotics, structural mechanics, medical prosthetics, etc. where the materials been used with relatively high Young's modulus and low the CYS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From four-function calculators to calculators (or computers) with Computer Algebra System (CAS) software, Mathematics computing technology has advanced. With just a few button pushes, CASs can solve a wide range of mathematical problems, which is a true quantum leap in technology. The implications of having software in the classroom that can, for example, expand and factorize algebraic expressions, solve equations, differentiate functions, and find antiderivatives are causing the mathematical community to engage in a heated debate about whether this is one of the most exciting or frightening developments in the history of education. It was only a matter of time before Artificial Intelligence entered the field of Science. This is now also the case with Mathematics, one of the dominant, perhaps the most basic, but also the most "difficult" of the sciences. The human mind, for better or for worse, has its limits. As we see in every manifestation of our lives, in this case, technology is being enlisted to help humanity take the next step, whether it has to do with automation and practical matters, or with knowledge and exploration. Creating a model that is understandable to humans is the primary objective of Artificial Intelligence. Additionally, concepts and methods from numerous mathematical fields can be used to prepare these models. In this paper, we will examine the use of AI in CASs and explore some ways to optimize them. The documentation sheets are the data source that we used to examine their characteristics. The research results reveal that there are many tips that we can follow to accelerate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptostroma corticale is the causal agent of sooty bark disease, which was first described in the middle of the last century and has developed in recent years to a relevant threat for Acer spp. trees in Central Europe. Triggered by extreme heat and drought, this tree disease is becoming more and more important in the course of climate change. Acer pseudoplatanus is a particularly affected tree species, but the disease has also been observed on other Acer spp., and there is some indication that there are suitable hosts outside the Acer genus. In literature, Aesculus hippocastanum was mentioned twice to be a host, however, without any proof or details. With this study, we verify the assumption that A. hippocastanum is a host of C. corticale by morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on a case in Germany. Furthermore, we provide microscope pictures of microtome sections of the specimens, showing the spore production of C. corticale on A. hippocastanum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To construct the microemulsion delivery system (ME) loading ATSO and NA and study their physicochemical characteristics to enhance their stability and water solubility. By plotting ternary phase diagrams, the composition and proportions of the MEs were determined. The physicochemical characteristics and stability of MEs were evaluated by mean diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), pH, electrical conductivity, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rheological behaviour measurement, and phase inversion temperature (PIT). The MEs was composed with EL-40 as a surfactant and specifically with the addition of ethanol as a cosurfactant in NA-loaded ME. The mean diameters of ATSO-loaded ME and NA-loaded ME were 39.65 ± 0.24 nm and 32.90 ± 2.65 nm, and PDI were 0.49 ± 0.01 and 0.28 ± 0.14, respectively. The TEM confirmed the spherical and smooth morphology of MEs. The rheological results indicated that MEs are dilatant fluids with the advantages of low viscosity, high fluidity, and tolerance to temperature fluctuations. The mean diameter and PDI of MEs showed no significant change after storage at 25 °C for 28 days and centrifugation. The prepared microemulsions could expand the application prospects of ATSO and NA products in cosmetics, medicine, foods and other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botryosphaeriales species are important pathogens that have worldwide distribution. In this study, 23 Botryosphaeriales strains were isolated from 13 host species during a dieback disease survey in Beijing, China. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, six Botryosphaeriales species were identified, including two new species named Dothiorella hortiarborum sp. nov. and Phaeobotryon fraxini sp. nov., and four new host records: Aplosporella ginkgonis from Cotinus coggygria var. cinereus, A. javeedii from Acer miyabei, Acer truncatum, Forsythia suspensa, Lagerstroemia indica, Sambucus williamsii, Syringa vulgaris, Ulmus pumila, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, A. yanqingensis from Acer truncatum, and Do. acericola from Forsythia suspensa, Ginkgo biloba, and Syringa oblata. This study enriches the species diversity associated with tree dieback in Beijing, China, and contributes to the further study of the taxonomy of this order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree growth is a key mechanism driving carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. Environmental conditions are important regulators of tree growth that can vary considerably between nearby urban and rural forests. For example, trees growing in cities often experience hotter and drier conditions than their rural counterparts while also being exposed to higher levels of light, pollution, and nutrient inputs. However, the extent to which these intrinsic differences in the growing conditions of trees in urban versus rural forests influence tree growth response to climate is not well known. In this study, we tested for differences in the climate sensitivity of tree growth between urban and rural forests along a latitudinal transect in the eastern United States that included Boston, Massachusetts, New York City, New York, and Baltimore, Maryland. Using dendrochronology analyses of tree cores from 55 white oak trees (Quercus alba), 55 red maple trees (Acer rubrum), and 41 red oak trees (Quercus rubra) we investigated the impacts of heat stress and water stress on the radial growth of individual trees. Across our three‐city study, we found that tree growth was more closely correlated with climate stress in the cooler climate cities of Boston and New York than in Baltimore. Furthermore, heat stress was a significant hindrance to tree growth in higher latitudes while the impacts of water stress appeared to be more evenly distributed across latitudes. We also found that the growth of oak trees, but not red maple trees, in the urban sites of Boston and New York City was more adversely impacted by heat stress than their rural counterparts, but we did not see these urban–rural differences in Maryland. Trees provide a wide range of important ecosystem services and increasing tree canopy cover was typically an important component of urban sustainability strategies. In light of our findings that urbanization can influence how tree growth responds to a warming climate, we suggest that municipalities consider these interactions when developing their tree‐planting palettes and when estimating the capacity of urban forests to contribute to broader sustainability goals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests play a crucial role providing ecosystem services to humans, yet many aspects of forest dynamics remain unknown. One key area is how climate change might impact reproduction of tree species. While most studies have focused on predicting tree growth, understanding how reproduction may change will be vital to forecasting future forest communities. Of particular interest is the relationship between annual growth and reproductive output, which has often been hypothesized as a trade‐off between allocating resources to growth or to reproduction. Two proposed pathways of this trade‐off, resource accumulation, that is, storage of resources over time, and resource allocation, that is, same year allocation of resources to reproduction, have been widely explored in relation to masting events. It has also been proposed that there is no internal trade‐off between the two functions, but rather there exists one or more climate variables that are intrinsically linked to both, that is, the weather hypothesis. In this study, we use 15 years of dendrochronological data and seed rain collections from forest stands at two latitudes to determine whether one or more of these strategies are taking place in two commonly occurring tree species: red maple, Acer rubrum; and sugar maple, Acer saccharum. We found evidence of a trade‐off in both species. We also found a combination of strategies was the norm, and there appeared to be evidence to also support the weather hypothesis. However, in both species, the strategy which dictated the trade‐off switched between the northern and southern regions, indicating a degree of plasticity that could be beneficial under changing environmental conditions. By identifying the ways in which growth and reproduction are connected and how these connections vary between different populations, we can gain insights into how trees allocate resources in response to changing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees growing in urban environments are often impacted by maintenance or construction work involving the cutting of roots. Tree protection zones have been proposed to avoid critical damage to the tree. However, despite incorporating quantitative information, they heavily rely on expert judgement that remains to be validated. In a study conducted across six parks in Quebec City, Canada, two commonly found tree species, Acer platanoides L. and Tilia cordata Mill., presumed to be different in terms of vulnerability to root damage, were subjected to a range of trenching treatments. The trees were between 23 and 40 cm diameter at breast height (DBH). A safety factor was calculated relating the turning moment the tree can withstand to the turning moment imposed by high winds likely to occur. The safety factor against uprooting was assessed for each tree before and after root trenching using a non-destructive pulling approach. The effects of tree species, distance to the trench, and their combined interaction were tested on tree stability. The relationship between tree stability and soil texture, tree characteristics, and the number of damaged roots were also tested. Safety factors were initially variable, ranging from 0.5 to 4.5. T. cordata safety factors were lower than those of A. platanoides and influenced by soil texture. Trenching treatments had no effect on the safety factor, even when two perpendicular trenches were dug at 1 m from the stem. No index of the amount of root damaged was significantly related to the safety factor. Root trenching treatments that encroached closer to the tree trunk than the recommended tree protection zones did not affect the stability of both species. Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that other ecophysiological processes might still be influenced, and long-term monitoring is crucial. Both should be taken into account when determining these zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pss exopolysaccharide (EPS) enhances the ability of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to colonize and persist on surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables. Eradicating listeria within EPS-rich biofilms is challenging due to their increased tolerance to disinfectants, desiccation, and other stressors. Recently, we discovered that extracts of maple wood, including maple sap, are a potent source of antibiofilm agents. Maple lignans, such as nortrachelogenin-8’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and lariciresinol, were found to inhibit the formation of, and promote the dispersion of pre-formed L. monocytogenes EPS biofilms. However, the mechanism remained unknown. Here, we report that these lignans do not affect Pss EPS synthesis or degradation. Instead, they promote EPS detachment, likely by interfering with an unidentified lectin that keeps EPS attached to the cell surfaces. Furthermore, the maple lignans inhibit the activity of L. monocytogenes sortase A (SrtA) in vitro. SrtA is a transpeptidase that covalently anchors surface proteins, including the Pss-specific lectin, to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Consistent with this, deletion of the srtA gene results in Pss EPS detachment from listerial cells. We also identified several additional maple compounds, including epicatechin gallate, isoscopoletin, scopoletin, and abscisic acid, which inhibit L. monocytogenes SrtA activity in vitro and prevent biofilm formation. Molecular modelling indicates that, despite their structural diversity, these compounds preferentially bind to the SrtA active site. Since maple products are abundant and safe for consumption, our finding that they prevent biofilm formation in L. monocytogenes offers a viable source for protecting fresh produce from this foodborne pathogen.

Introduction. One of the main tasks of the theory of oscillations of building structures is the determination of the fundamental frequency of natural oscillations. Analytical solutions are rare here and, as a rule, are based on approximate estimates of the first frequency from above (Rayleigh’s method) or from below (Dunkerley’s estimate). Most often, the problem of natural oscillations is solved numerically by the finite element method using specialized packages. In this paper, the task is to derive analytical estimates of the dependence of the first oscillation frequency of a lattice truss on the number of panels, the geometric characteristics of the structure, and the parameters of the elastic properties of the material.Materials and methods. A flat statically determinable lattice is supported by its base on struts. The angular support is a fixed joint. Calculation of forces in structural elements is performed by cutting out nodes using standard operators of the Maple symbolic mathematics system. The rigidity of the truss is found by the Maxwell – Mohr formula. The mass of the truss is distributed uniformly over its nodes. Mass oscillations occur vertically. By generalizing a series of solutions for trusses with a successively increasing order to an arbitrary number of panels, the desired formulas are derived by induction.Results. A case of kinematic variability of the proposed truss scheme was noticed. Formulas for the first frequency are obtained by the Dunkerley and Rayleigh method. The two analytical solutions are compared with the numerical solution obtained for the entire frequency spectrum. Spectral constants and resonant safety regions were discovered in the spectra of a family of regular trusses.Conclusions. The two-sided method for estimating the first frequency is applicable to solving problems on regular constructions, where the final formula includes the order of regularity as a parameter. For the construction under consideration, the error of the Rayleigh method is comparable to the error of the Dunkerley method.

Background: Acer is a taxonomically intractable and speciose genus that contains over 150 species. It is challenging to distinguish Acer species only by morphological method due to their abundant variations. Plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences are recommended as powerful next-generation DNA barcodes for species discrimination. However, their efficacies were still poorly studied. The current study will evaluate the application of plastome and nrDNA in species identification and perform phylogenetic analyses for Acer. Result: Based on a collection of 83 individuals representing 55 species (c. 55% of Chinese species) from 13 sections, our barcoding analyses demonstrated that plastomes exhibited the highest (90.47%) species discriminatory power among all plastid DNA markers, such as the standard plastid barcodes matK + rbcL + trnH-psbA (61.90%) and ycf1 (76.19%). And the nrDNA (80.95%) revealed higher species resolution than ITS (71.43%). Acer plastomes show abundant interspecific variations, however, species identification failure may be due to the incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and chloroplast capture resulting from hybridization. We found that the usage of nrDNA contributed to identifying those species that were unidentified by plastomes, implying its capability to some extent to mitigate the impact of hybridization and ILS on species discrimination. However, combining plastome and nrDNA is not recommended given the cytonuclear conflict caused by potential hybridization. Our phylogenetic analysis covering 19 sections (95% sections of Acer) and 128 species (over 80% species of this genus) revealed pervasive inter- and intra-section cytonuclear discordances, hinting that hybridization has played an important role in the evolution of Acer. Conclusion: Plastomes and nrDNA can significantly improve the species resolution in Acer. Our phylogenetic analysis uncovered the scope and depth of cytonuclear conflict in Acer, providing important insights into its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in leaf architecture can be used as an indicator of the substrate toxicity level as well as the potential of a given plant species in the phytoremediation of polluted areas, e.g., mining sludge. In this work, we demonstrated, for the first time, the nature and scale of alterations in leaf architecture at the tissue and cellular levels occurring in Norway maple growing on mining sludge originating from a copper mine in Lubin (Poland). The substrate differs from other mine wastes, e.g., calamine or serpentine soils, due to an extremely high level of arsenic (As). Alterations in leaf anatomy predominantly included the following: (1) a significant increase in upper epidermis thickness; (2) a significant decrease in palisade parenchyma width; (3) more compact leaf tissue organization; (4) the occurrence of two to three cell layers in palisade parenchyma in contrast to one in the control; (5) a significantly smaller size of cells building palisade parenchyma. At the cellular level, the alterations included mainly the occurrence of local cell wall thickenings—predominantly in the upper and lower epidermis—and the symptoms of accelerated leaf senescence. Nevertheless, many chloroplasts showed almost intact chloroplast ultrastructure. Modifications in leaf anatomy could be a symptom of alterations in morphogenesis but may also be related to plant adaptation to water deficit stress. The occurrence of local cell wall thickenings can be considered as a symptom of a defence strategy involved in the enlargement of apoplast volume for toxic elements (TE) sequestration and the alleviation of oxidative stress. Importantly, the ultrastructure of leaf cells was not markedly disturbed. The results suggested that Norway maple may have good phytoremediation potential. However, the general shape of the plant, the significantly smaller size of leaves, and accelerated senescence indicated the high toxicity of the mining sludge used in this experiment. Hence, the phytoremediation of such a substrate, specifically including use of Norway maple, should be preceded by some amendments—which are highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glued laminated timber made from hardwood is a sustainable structural product that is currently gaining momentum due to climatic changes and afforestation policy. Diversities in hardwood species have led to a lack of a complete standard for the production of glued laminated timber from hardwood in Europe. This paper addresses hardwood species available in Croatian forests, namely Carpinus Betulus L. (European hornbeam), Quercus Cerris L. (Turkey oak), and Acer Campestre L. (Maple), in terms of their suitability for the production of glued laminated timber. The suitability is assessed by a multi‐criteria analysis with seven criteria. Visual and physical properties include density, the occurrence of knots, and grain deviation in lamellas. Mechanical properties include the bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and shear strength of glue lines. In order to obtain physical and mechanical properties, corresponding experimental research has been carried out. Production costs have been evaluated in collaboration with the manufacturer. Results indicate a very high potential of European hornbeam and Turkey oak for the production of glued laminated timber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated shoot nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations, stem wound closure, and radial growth of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees in a novel ice storm experiment in which five storm treatments (0, 6.4, 12.7, and 19.1 mm of radial ice accretion in 1 year and 12.7 mm of ice in two consecutive years) were applied within a mature northern hardwood forest. We tested for changes in physiology at two levels: (1) associated with plot-level ice treatments and (2) with crown damage classes of individual trees. Few differences in NSC or wound closure associated with treatment were found. Growth decreased for red maple in the medium and high treatments and sugar maple in the high treatment but no other treatments. Changes in physiology were more evident when assessed using crown damage classes. Two NSC components were elevated in sugar and red maples with high (≥50%) crown damage. Wound closure was less for red maples with high damage, and separation among damage classes was even greater for sugar maple. Red maples with moderate (<50%) and high crown damage showed gradually declining growth, whereas sugar maples with high damage showed ∼80% reduction in growth the first year after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verticillium dahliae Kleb., the causal agent of Verticillium wilts, is a devastating plant disease affecting many plant species. Fungus V. dahliae was detected in a partially artificially established Acer pseudoplatanus L. forest stand in central Slovenia. This finding incited further study about the risk of different sources of V. dahliae isolates for maples in forests and the pathogenicity of three V. dahliae isolates of different origins was tested on saplings of A. pseudoplatanus, A. platanoides L., and A. campestre L. The inoculated saplings exhibited disease symptoms, i.e., leaf necrosis and wilting. At the end of the pathogenicity test, typical xylem browning was visible on the cross-sections, and the pathogen was successfully re-isolated. The isolates showed significant differences in their pathogenicity to specific maple hosts, with the agricultural isolate (originated from bell pepper) being the most aggressive on all three maple species. The disease severity index (DSI) and relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC), as well as the success of re-isolation, indicate that A. platanoides is the most susceptible to inoculation with V. dahliae. In addition, significant differences in sapling biomass were observed between treated and control plants. These results suggest that maples in forest stands are threatened by V. dahliae, and biosecurity measures should be considered and implemented in forest management to reduce the transmission and potential spread of the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causative agent of sooty bark disease, Cryptostroma corticale, has, for some years, caused increased damage to maples (Acer spp.) in Germany and throughout Europe. It has been stated that this pathogen can occur latently in Acer. In this study, the composition of endophytic fungi of woody stem tissues of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) saplings were analysed in order to investigate whether C. corticale is present in young, visually healthy maple trees from natural regeneration. The most abundant taxa of the 30 isolated endophytes were Diaporthe cf. rudis and Petrakia irregularis. An association of five fungal species (Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Coniochaeta velutina, Gibellulopsis catenata, Neocucurbitaria quercina, Tangerinosporium thalitricola) with A. pseudoplatanus was reported for the first time. Cryptostroma corticale was not present in the juvenile sycamore stems. Furthermore, its pathogenicity was studied in comparison to other pathogens associated with A. pseudoplatanus, namely Diplodia mutila, Dothiorella sp., Nectria cinnabarina, Neonectria coccinea, Neonectria punicea and Stegonsporium pyriforme. The longest necroses were induced by C. corticale followed by N. coccinea. In a trial with a C. corticale spore suspension sprayed directly on stem bark, the fungus could be re-isolated from woody tissue, however necroses were evoked only when the bark was wounded prior to infection. The results from the experiments presented here function as additional evidence for the ability of C. corticale to establish endophytically within the host and, in particular, for the ability of the fungus to establish a successful infection/entrance through intact bark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheminformatics combines chemistry, computing, and mathematics to research and improve cancer drugs. Cheminformatics deals with graph theory and its tools. A graph invariant is a number that can only be computed via a graph. Atoms are the vertices and bonds are the edges in chemical graph theory's representation of compounds as graphs. Many topological indices have been devised to identify the physical characteristics of chemical substances. In this study, we calculated the melting point, boiling point, stable properties, surface tension, and cohesion of chemical structures of newly prepared anticancer drugs to topological invariants, K-Banhatti Sombor (KBSO) invariants, Dharwad invariants, and second-order anti-harmonic invariants (QCI). The discovery of the complex physical and chemical behavior of these chemical compounds in the human body is supported by computational studies, which are highly valued. In addition, it aids students in comprehending how these chemical structures are put together and enhanced through enhanced chemical and physical capabilities. The results of these derivations are used to model chemical structures and other network structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]