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Genomic tools have shown promising results in maximizing breeding outcomes, but their impact has not yet been explored. This study aimed to outline the effect of the individual haplotypes of each component of the casein complex (αS1, β, αS2, and κ-casein) on zoometric/linear appraisal breeding values. A discriminant canonical analysis was performed to study the relationship between the predicted breeding value for 17 zoometric/linear appraisal traits and the aforementioned casein gene haplotypic sequences. The analysis considered a total of 41,323 zoometric/linear appraisal records from 22,727 primiparous does, 17,111 multiparous does, and 1,485 bucks registered in the Murciano-Grandina goat breed herdbook. Results suggest that, although a lack of significant differences (p > 0.05) was reported across the predictive breeding values of zoometric/linear appraisal traits for αS1, αS2, and κ casein, significant differences were found for β casein (p

This research reports the implementation of an evaluation instrument of the slope concept in high school students. The design of this study was based on four dimensions: Skills, Properties, Uses and Representations (SPUR model; Thompson & Kaur, 2011) and on three conceptualizations: constant ratio, behavior indicator and trigonometric conception. This work adopts a qualitative approach to analyze the students' productions and a quantitative approach when obtaining the percentages of the student's responses. The general objective of the work is to evaluate the effect produced by a group of tasks designed with the SPUR model on the slope concept in high school students. The results show that students have traditional conceptualizations of the slope as a constant ratio and trigonometric conception. However, these conceptualizations emphasize more procedural aspects than conceptual ones. This finding could partially explain why students can solve certain tasks of procedural nature but not conceptual tasks that usually require a multifaceted view of the slope.

This study investigates the microdiscrimination that female students experience on their journey through higher education. Using qualitative methodology we interpret, analyse and categorize gender microinequities. The results show that female students are aware of the social naturalization of gender roles, but they in no way adopt them. Few participants go beyond condemning the fact that stereotypes are deeply rooted in the family and society. They do not generally perceive that the legal, political and economic systems are also structured in such a way as to hinder equal opportunities. Political and institutional measures, therefore, need to be applied to draw attention to the inequalities generated on a macrostructural level by the patriarchal system.

A case study of domestic abuse is presented from the perspective of the socio-structural basis of gender violence. The research analyzes gender violence based on the accounts of a group of 30 women who have suffered abuse and have filed reports at the Judicial Unit for victims of domestic violence in the city of Cuenca (Ecuador). Survivors agreed to express their voices and experiences voluntarily and in a natural context. The results demonstrate, on one hand, the enormous weight of social pressure and stereotypes, with the resulting fear, guilt, and sense of helplessness. On the other hand, the guarantees of safety and assistance from the institutions that should protect them have not always been within reach, nor have they been sufficient.

Abstract Aim The objective of this study is to report the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) outliers that fall outside the screening guidelines of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) in our country. Methods A retrospective review of 503 records of newborns evaluated in our institution between January 2011 and March 2017. We analyzed the data by subgroups based on gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW) and stage, focusing on the outliers that don’t meet the criteria of the screening AAO guidelines (GA ≤ 30 weeks, BW ≤ 1500 g). Results Of the 503 records, 352 had some degree of ROP, 91.76% being bilateral, and 26.2% require treatment. The mean GA at delivery was 30.56 ± 2.33 weeks, and the mean BW was 1287.90 ± 338.52 g. For the current AAO/AAP ROP screening, 19.9% were outliers, of which (57%) had ROP diagnosis and (38%) required treatment. Conclusions ROP diagnosis in newborns of BW > 1500 g or GA > 30 weeks is not uncommon in Mexico, and it is important to take this into account to adjust the selection criteria on each population to reach all the infants at risk.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to carry out the economic evaluation, in term of a cost-minimization analysis that considers healthcare costs and indirect costs, of robot-assisted hysterectomy (RAH) compared with conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy (CLH) in female adults scheduled for total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions. Methods Cost-minimization analysis based on an analytic observational study of prospective cohorts with a five-year time horizon. Eligible participants were all female adults scheduled for total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions at tertiary hospital. The economic evaluation was conducted from a Spanish National Health Service and societal perspective, including healthcare costs and indirect costs. The costs are expressed in Euros from the year 2015. Results One hundred sixty nine patients were analyzed, 68 in the RAH group and 101 in the CLH group. Average cost for the RAH group was €8982.42 compared to €8015.14 for the CLH group (incremental cost €967.27; p = 0.054). Healthcare cost is the most important component of total cost and represents 86.4% for the RAH group and 82.3% for the CLH group. The difference of €1169 (p = 0.01) in the average healthcare cost is mainly due to the cost of purchasing and maintaining the equipment (difference of €1206.39 in favor of RAH; p

Este artículo presenta la importancia, el papel y la influencia que ejerce la fuerza de trabajo dentro de la cadena productiva del mango en sus procesos cuando esta incluye el eslabón de recuperación, buscando que este sea beneficiado a través de programas de incentivos por parte de entidades públicas o privadas, permitiendo una alternativa de oferta de trabajo para la población. Es así como la influencia que ejerce la fuerza de trabajo puede ser el punto más fuerte o, por el contrario, el eslabón más débil y vulnerable en el desarrollo óptimo de la cadena productiva, por lo que su estudio resulta indispensable a la hora de evaluar la puesta en marcha de este eslabón y los tipos de incentivos y las cantidades necesarias para generar el impacto esperado. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se tomó como referencia el caso de la región del Tequendama - El Colegio. A partir del uso y aplicación de modelos de simulación desde la dinámica de sistemas, se realizó el estudio del comportamiento de las variables que participan en el proceso, validando la influencia que ejerce la fuerza de trabajo sobre este eslabón frente a los incentivos que puedan recibir y el impacto ambiental generado. Finalmente, se concluye que los incentivos contemplados en forma de beneficios tributarios o montos específicos de dinero para los productores o para las industrias son viables en el margen legal y gubernamental dentro de la cadena, tendrían un aporte significativo al impacto ambiental en el sistema de producción y contribuirían a las políticas legales y sociales de la comunidad al generar nuevos empleos.

The analysis of drugs of abuse in hair and other biological matrices of forensic interest requires great selectivity and sensitivity. This has been traditionally achieved through target analysis, using one or more analytical methods that include different preanalytical stages, and more complex procedures followed by toxicological laboratories. There is no exception with 2C-series drugs, such as 2C-B, a new psychoactive substance (NPS), which use has emerged and significantly increased, year by year, in the last decades. Continuously new analytical methods are required to selectively detect and identify these new marketed substances at very low concentrations. In this case report, one former case of a polydrug consumer (charged of a crime against public health in Spain) was reanalyzed in hair matrix. In this reanalysis, 2C-B has been positively detected and identified using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The most selective analytical UHPLC-HRMS/MS method alongside a universal and simpler pretreatment methodology has opened up more possibilities for the detection of substances of different chemical structure and optimization of different HRMS/MS detection approaches allowing the identification of 2-CB in the hair of a real forensic case.

The phonics dimension is essential for early literacy development and is a fundamental aspect of cognitive expansion. For this reason, phonological awareness has become a topic of great importance in education due to its significant impact on the development of reading and writing, basic learning skills. This study offers a theoretical review of a corpus of recent studies that reveal the contribution of technological resources to the development of phonological awareness in pre-school, with the intention of pointing out trends and research possibilities in this field. From a sample of 137 articles published in the last 15 years, and after a critical and systemic analysis carried out in different phases, 22 articles have been selected whose content focuses on pre-school and first year primary school children, in which ICT has been applied. The holistic analysis demonstrates the positive effect of these technologies on the development of phonological awareness. It is concluded that there is a direct relationship between phonological awareness and literacy in pre-school education, as well as the need for more rigorous research to obtain more precise results.

Academic integrity is part of the process that explains the communication of information in an ethical manner. Although the prevalence of dishonest acts at university has been noted, it is an aim of the educational system to analyse what motivates them from an age prior to their incorporation into university studies. The aim of this work is to collect the visual-narrative representation of academic plagiarism made by secondary school and university students, as well as to analyse their perception of it and discover the keys that explain this malpractice. A participatory study was carried out, in which two high school students took on the role of co-researchers in training. Information is collected from 178 students from three schools in Spain and Portugal through participatory photography or Photovoice. It is analysed with Maxqda22 software in two stages: (1) deductive analysis of the narratives, identifying categories and thematic codes, in a participatory way with the trainee researchers; and (2) inductive analysis of images and metaphorical expressions. The results allow us to outline three representations of the action of copying: as a punishable act, as a picaresque act and as a quick and easy opportunity for the student. This classification reveals the issues that dominate the discourse of the participants, suggesting the effects and causes that aggravate the commission of plagiarism: the simplicity of the process and the possibility of not being detected.

The increased prevalence and significant negative consequences associated with cyberbullying justify the need for empirical research that helps provide a deeper understanding of the problem. The objective of this study was to identify the existence of different cyberbullying profiles (according to degree of cybervictimization and cyberaggression of students) and whether these profiles vary with regard to anxiety, depression, and stress. The sample consisted of 1,185 students aged 12 to 18 (M = 14.01; DT = 2.36). A latent class analysis and ANOVA were carried out. The data showed four profiles: not-involved (low scores for cybervictimization and cyberaggression), cybervictims (moderately high scores for cybervictimization and low scores for cyberaggression), cyberbullies (low scores for cybervictimization and moderately high scores for cyberaggression), and cybervictims-cyberbullies (high scores for cybervictimization and cyberaggression). Statistically significant differences in anxiety, depression, and stress were found between the profiles. The group of cybervictims and cybervictims-cyberbullies presented higher anxiety than the not-involved group and cyberbullies. The cybervictims-cyberbullies group showed higher depression and stress levels than the other groups, and the cyberbully group showed a higher level of depression than the not-involved group.

Host organisms can acquire new functional traits through symbiosis. Seed-transmitted Epichloë fungal endophytes are known to protect host plants against herbivores and increase tolerance to abiotic stresses by alkaloids and antioxidants, respectively (currencies of mutualism). Whereas, alkaloids are fungal products with demonstrated effects at plant vegetative stage, few studies have focused on alkaloids in seeds. We assessed the occurrence of fungal alkaloids and determined their concentrations in seeds of two host grasses, Festuca rubra and Lolium multiflorum. Then, we sought for a relationship with the antioxidants tocochromanols and glutathione, which are involved in the control of oxidative stress. Different alkaloids were detected depending on the species and plant genotype. Most notably, loline alkaloids were not detected in F. rubra seeds, whereas ergovaline and peramine were absent in L. multiflorum. In F. rubra, ergovaline concentration was dependent on the maternal line in interaction with the production year, diminishing in seeds after 1 year of storage. The exposure of L. multiflorum plants to ozone had no effect on the seed concentration of lolines. There was a significant positive relationship between the concentrations of ergovaline and tocochromanols in both species, and between ergovaline concentration and EGSSG/2GSH (glutathione half-cell reduction potential) in RAB maternal line of F. rubra. These results suggest that alkaloid and antioxidants have a close association in seeds of host grasses, and that the alkaloid bioactivity could be related with the antioxidant capacity to control stress. This has important implications for the ecology of partner species, thus supporting its consideration for further research.

Background: Infections caused by Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are associated with biofilm formation. C. albicans–S. aureus interactions are synergistic due to the significant increase in mixed biofilms and improved resistance to vancomycin of S. aureus. C. glabrata and S. aureus both are nosocomial pathogens that cause opportunistic infections in similar host niches. However, there is scarce information concerning the interaction between these last microorganisms.Results: The relationship between C. glabrata and S. aureus was evaluated by estimating the viability of both microorganisms in co-culture of planktonic cells and in single and mixed biofilms. An antagonistic behavior of S. aureus and their cell-free bacterial supernatant (CFBS) toward C. glabrata, both in planktonic form and in biofilms, was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed yeast cells surrounded by bacteria, alterations in intracytoplasmic membranes, and non-viable blastoconidia with intact cell walls. Concomitantly, S. aureus cells remained viable and unaltered. The antagonistic activity of S. aureus toward C. glabrata was not due to cell-to-cell contact but the presence of CFBS, which causes a significant decrement in yeast viability and the formation of numerous lipid droplets (LDs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, as well as nuclear alterations, and DNA fragmentation indicating the induction of an apoptotic mechanism.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the S. aureus CFBS causes cell death in C. glabrata by an apoptotic mechanism.

Es un hecho constatado que el liderazgo de los directores de los centros educativos es una de las claves del cambio. Su impacto, bien sea de carácter directo o indirecto, ha sido evidenciado en la mejora de los resultados académicos del alumnado, la contribución al desarrollo profesional del equipo docente y la creación y cultivo de comunidades de aprendizaje. Este estudio pretende reconocer cuáles son los motivos que conducen a los directores a acceder al cargo, así como el carácter de su decisión. Para ello, se ha seleccionado de forma intencionada, y con la ayuda de tres inspectores de la Conselleria de Educación, Ciencia y Deporte, a 100 directores de centros de Educación Infantil y Primaria, y Educación Secundaria de la provincia de Alicante. Para la recogida de datos se diseñó una entrevista con preguntas de carácter abierto. Los datos fueron procesados con el programa de análisis cualitativo AQUAD 7. A partir del mismo, se reconoce que la decisión de acceder al cargo es principalmente de carácter individual y que está condicionada fundamentalmente por motivaciones personales. Sin embargo, tales intenciones responden más a una visión institucional y social, que individualista. En relación al perfil de los directores, se aprecia un cariz más social de la decisión de acceso al cargo en las mujeres y los veteranos docentes. Estos datos nos llevan a la conclusión de que conviene prestar atención a las razones que conducen a los directores a acceder al cargo para, desde su reconocimiento, alentar una decisión que cada día menos docentes están dispuestos a tomar.

Background: Many studies show a positive link between student achievement and family participation in school. Family participation in school can also benefit the whole educational community, contributing to a shared community responsibility for education. Despite this, in many schools, family participation can be incidental or superficial. There are also different understandings of the role of families in schools, with the term 'family participation' being ambiguous and complex. Purpose: This study aims to analyse how family participation in school is understood in one region of Spain. It explores different forms of family participation by giving voice to a range of different groups involved in students' education -- not just families and teachers. The questions guiding the study are as follows: 1) What role does communication play in family participation in schools?; 2) What are the actions taken by different stakeholders when participating?; 3) How do families approach their rights and duties when participating in school?; 4) What are the barriers to family participation?; and 5) what are the actions for improvement that favour a participatory culture? Method: A qualitative, participatory methodology was used, drawing on data collected through semi-structured interviews, both group and individual, with 44 multi-stakeholder participants. A thematic content analysis was carried out using Maxqda22, a qualitative data-analysis programme. A deductive system that generated categories was combined with an inductive system that generated codes. Findings: The key factor to achieving participation was effective communication. Sometimes, this was initiated by the school towards the family, and at other times, at the request of the family. In either case, the key to success lay in the design of communicative strategies that went beyond the transmission of information about urgent events occurring at school. Suggested solutions for improving family-school interaction included trusting in families, and training them, or providing them with the necessary tools to approach their participation. Conclusions: Participation varies in its nature and occurs when there is a shared school-family project in which attitude and communication play an important role. Barriers to participation include ideological differences, and a lack of genuine awareness of the importance of the role that families can play in school. The main proposal to promote family participation is to find ways to overcome individualism through shared projects.

This article deals with the study of natural sciences in non-compulsory secondary education from the end of the nineteenth century until the educational reform in 1970. We begin with a critical review of the ways in which the secondary education curriculum and textbooks of this period conveyed established knowledge about natural sciences. We then examine the evolution of natural sciences textbooks and successive editions thereof produced by different publishers in terms of their design, structure, content, and context, methods which are complemented by information concerning authorship and commercial viability. We conclude by arguing that, since textbook publishers did not undertake substantial innovations between 1970 and the mid-1980s, traditional nineteenth century natural sciences school knowledge prevailed into the 1990s.

The study aims to clarify the relation between maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security during the first two years of life. A systematic search has been carried out in six databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Psychology and Behavioural) between January 2010 and February 2023. The terms used for the search were mother-infant interaction, infant attachment, and maternal sensitivity. In total, ten studies were selected in which mother-infant dyads from the general population participated. Eight studies showed favourable results to the positive relation between both constructs and two studies did not. The main findings from this review indicate a positive association between both concepts in most studies, independently of the assessment instrument used or the moment of evaluation. These results allow us to understand the importance of fostering sensitive behaviours in mothers to optimize child development and facilitate the formation of secure attachments.

In present work the presence of several Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in ambient air samples from the city of Madrid (Spain) was evaluated, discriminating between gas phase (FG) and suspended particulate matter (MPS). High-volume active samplers (HVS) equipped with polyurethane foam and glass microfiber filters were used to collect samples. The major pollutants were polychlorinated biphenyls (104.6 ± 86.6 pg/Nm3, mean ± standard deviation), following in decreasing order by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (20.4 ± 11.6 pg/Nm3), dechlorane plus (0.8 ± 0.5 pg/Nm3) and finally by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (0.3 ± 0.1 pg/Nm3). The results, in agreement with those obtained in other cities, not only confirm the presence of POPs in the air of Madrid, but show significant differences in terms of fractionation (major presence in gas phase or in particulate phase) between different compounds and congeners evaluated.

En el presente trabajo se evaluó la presencia de algunos Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes (COP) en muestras de aire de la ciudad de Madrid (España), discriminando entre la fase gas (FG) y la materia particulada en suspensión (MPS). Para ello se utilizaron captadores activos de alto volumen (CAV) equipados con espumas de poliuretano y filtros de microfibra de vidrio. Los policlorobifenilos resultaron los contaminantes mayoritarios (104.6 ± 86.6 pg/Nm3, media ± desviación estándar), seguidos de polibromodifenil éteres (20.4 ± 11.6 pg/Nm3), declorane plus (0.8 ± 0.5 pg/Nm3) y finalmente policlorodibenzo-p-dioxinas y policlorodibenzofuranos (0.3 ± 0.1 pg/Nm3). Los resultados, en concordancia con los obtenidos en otras ciudades, no sólo confirman la presencia de COP en el aire de Madrid, sino que evidencian diferencias importantes en cuanto al fraccionamiento (presencia mayoritaria en la fase gas o en la fase particulada) entre los distintos analitos y congéneres evaluados.

Objectives: To evaluate compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the food and drink vending machine sector in primary schools in Madrid, Spain. Methods: Cross-sectional study of the prevalence of vending machines in 558 primary schools in 2008. Using the directory of all registered primary schools in Madrid, we identified the presence of machines by telephone interviews and evaluated compliance with the agreement by visiting the schools and assessing accessibility, type of publicity, the products offered and knowledge of the agreement. Results: The prevalence of schools with vending machines was 5.8%. None of the schools reported knowledge of the agreement or of its nutritional guidelines, and most machines were accessible to primary school pupils (79.3%) and packed with high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense foods (58.6%). Conclusions: Compliance with the self-regulation agreement of the vending machines sector was low. Stricter regulation should receive priority in the battle against the obesity epidemic.

Abstract Certain species of the Pooideae subfamily develop stress tolerance and herbivory resistance through symbiosis with vertically transmitted, asexual fungi. This symbiosis is specific, and genetic factors modulate the compatibility between partners. Although gene flow is clearly a fitness trait in allogamous grasses, because it injects hybrid vigor and raw material for evolution, it could reduce compatibility and thus mutualism effectiveness. To explore the importance of host genetic background in modulating the performance of symbiosis, Lolium multiflorum plants, infected and noninfected with Neotyphodium occultans, were crossed with genetically distant plants of isolines (susceptible and resistant to diclofop‐methyl herbicide) bred from two cultivars and exposed to stress. The endophyte improved seedling survival in genotypes susceptible to herbicide, while it had a negative effect on one of the genetically resistant crosses. Mutualism provided resistance to herbivory independently of the host genotype, but this effect vanished under stress. While no endophyte effect was observed on host reproductive success, it was increased by interpopulation plant crosses. Neither gene flow nor herbicide had an important impact on endophyte transmission. Host fitness improvements attributable to gene flow do not appear to result in direct conflict with mutualism while this seems to be an important mechanism for the ecological and contemporary evolution of the symbiotum.

The former presence of sawfishes (Pristis spp) is confirmed for the southern Caribbean Sea from the coasts of Colombia and Venezuela, based on review of eleven rostral saws exhibited in businesses, museums and private collections, as well as bibliographic references, photographs and surveys to detect sightings or captures in both countries. We determined that Pristis pristis and Pristis pectinata were present in the southern Caribbean coasts of Colombia and Venezuela, but that they are now probably locally extinct.

Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the pure-pursuit path tracking method has been widely employed for planned navigation of nonholonomic ground vehicles. In this paper, we investigate the application of this technique for reactive tracking of paths that are implicitly defined by perceived environmental features. Goal points are obtained through an efficient interpretation of range data from an onboard 2D laser scanner to follow persons, corridors, and walls. Moreover, this formulation allows that a robotic mission can be composed of a combination of different types of path segments. These techniques have been successfully tested in the tracked mobile robot Auriga-α in an indoor environment.