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Introduction: Spain is the European leader in overweight (O-W), partly to the social and environmental changes of the last decades. The objective of the work was to study the modifiable risk factors that lead to O-W. Material and methods: A self-designed questionnaire with factors related to childhood obesity was produced, and was administered to the parents of adolescents who were attending first year of high school in four centres in Health Area V in Murcia. Weight, height, abdominal circumference and Waist-Height Index (WHI) of the students were measured, and classified as overweight-obesity. A reduction technique was applied, generating factors that grouped the items according to subject, as well as a multivalent technique to assess the dependency relationship between the variables, and the SB-OI. Results: Of the 421 students included, 28% and 35% had excess weight and abdominal obesity, respectively. The factor analysis grouped the items into 4 factors: diet, physical activity, technologies, and environment, with a subsection about body perception. The structural equation model presented an R2 of 0.440. The highest relationship was obtained with the environment factor (t 2.89), and perception (t 14.61), followed by the use of technologies. A direct relationship was also revealed regarding diet and physical activity, although not significant. Conclusions: Family perception and the social-school environment have an important influence on the development of the O-W. Health education interventions involving parents and teachers are probably the smartest and most cost-effective strategies. Resumen: Introducción: España se sitúa a la cabeza europea en exceso de peso (EP) debido en parte a los cambios sociales y ambientales de las últimas décadas. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar los factores de riesgo modificables que condicionan el EP. Material y métodos: Se autodiseñó una encuesta con los factores relacionados con la obesidad infantil y se administró a los padres de adolescentes que cursaban primero de secundaria en cuatro centros del Área V de Salud de Murcia. Se objetivó peso, talla, perímetro abdominal e Índice Cintura-Talla (ICT) de los alumnos y se clasificaron en sobrepeso-obesidad. Se aplicó técnica de reducción de dimensiones, generando factores que agruparon los ítems según materia y se realizó técnica multivalente para valorar la relación de dependencia entre las variables y el exceso de peso. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 421 alumnos, 28% y 35% con exceso de peso y obesidad abdominal, respectivamente El análisis factorial agrupó los ítems en 4 factores: alimentación, actividad física, tecnologías y entorno, existiendo un subapartado de percepción corporal. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales presentó un R2 de 0.440. Se obtuvo la mayor relación con el factor entorno (t 2.89), y percepción (t 14.61), seguido del uso de tecnologías. Además reveló una relación directa respecto a la alimentación y la actividad física, aunque no significativa. Conclusiones: La percepción familiar y el ambiente social-escolar influyen de forma importante en el desarrollo del EP. Las intervenciones de educación para la salud con inclusión de padres y profesores probablemente sean las estrategias más inteligentes y rentables.

Resumen: Introducción: España se sitúa a la cabeza europea en exceso de peso (EP) debido en parte a los cambios sociales y ambientales de las últimas décadas. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar los factores de riesgo modificables que condicionan el EP. Material y métodos: Se autodiseñó una encuesta con los factores relacionados con la obesidad infantil, y se administró a los padres de adolescentes que cursaban primero de secundaria en 4 centros del Área V de Salud de Murcia. Se objetivó el peso, talla, perímetro abdominal e índice cintura-talla (ICT) de los alumnos, y se clasificaron en sobrepeso-obesidad. Se aplicó la técnica de reducción de dimensiones, generando factores que agruparon los ítems según materia, y se realizó una técnica multivalente para valorar la relación de dependencia entre las variables y el EP. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 421 alumnos, el 28 y el 35% con EP y obesidad abdominal, respectivamente. El análisis factorial agrupó los ítems en 4 factores: alimentación, actividad física, tecnologías y entorno, existiendo un subapartado de percepción corporal. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales presentó un R2 de 0,440. Se obtuvo la mayor relación con el factor entorno (t 2,89) y percepción (t 14,61), seguido del uso de tecnologías. Además, reveló una relación directa respecto a la alimentación y la actividad física, aunque no significativa. Conclusiones: La percepción familiar y el ambiente social-escolar influyen de forma importante en el desarrollo del EP. Las intervenciones de educación para la salud con inclusión de padres y profesores probablemente sean las estrategias más inteligentes y rentables. Abstract: Introduction: Spain is the European leader in over weight (O-W), partly to the social and environmental changes of the last decades. The objective of the work was to study the modifiable risk factors that lead to O-W. Material and methods: A self-designed questionnaire with factors related to childhood obesity was produced, and was administered to the parents of adolescents who were attending first year of high school in four centres in Health Area V in Murcia. Weight, height, abdominal circumference and Waist-Height Index (WHI) of the students were measured, and classified as overweight-obesity. A reduction technique was applied, generating factors that grouped the items according to subject, as well as a multivalent technique to assess the dependency relationship between the variables, and the SB-OI. Results: Of the 421 students included, 28 and 35% had excess weight and abdominal obesity, respectively. The factor analysis grouped the items into 4 factors: diet, physical activity, technologies, and environment, with a subsection about body perception. The structural equation model presented an R2 of 0.440. The highest relationship was obtained with the environment factor (t 2.89), and perception (t 14.61), followed by the use of technologies. A direct relationship was also revealed regarding diet and physical activity, although not significant. Conclusions: Family perception and the social-school environment have an important influence on the development of the O-W. Health education interventions involving parents and teachers are probably the smartest and most cost-effective strategies.

BACKGROUND The number of overweight children is increasing at an alarming rate. This issue requires effective action plans, as childhood obesity has become a problem in which addressing environmental factors is decisive. In addition, significant differences have been shown in lifestyle habits that determine overweight based on sex. Therefore, this study aimed to examine these risk factors according to sex. METHODS The sample included first-year high school students from Murcia, Spain. Information was collected through the "Questionnaire on Healthy Habits in Adolescents," validated for this age range, and the weight, height, and waist circumference of the participants were obtained. Data were analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling to determine which modifiable risk factors promote the appearance of excess weight and in what magnitude. RESULTS A total of 421 students participated in the study. 40.6% of overweight patients were detected according to their body mass index. No differences were found between the sexes and weights. The environment and the use of new technologies that do not involve sitting were significant only in girls (p

Childhood obesity presents alarming numbers in our country, being even higher in the population of immigrant origin. The main objective was to analyse the excess weight numbers both in native adolescents and in those children of immigrants and to determine the ethnic influence on lifestyle habits that could condition these differences in weight overload.Adolescents from 1st year of Obligatory Secondary Education (E.S.O.) participated; somatometry was determined and classified according to BMI (with WHO references) and parental origin. Parents completed the survey on healthy habits (ENHASA). An analysis of variance was performed for each of the 4 dimensions of the questionnaire.A total of 416 adolescents participated (12.8±0.62 years). Excess weight was detected in 41.2% of the participants, with significant differences between groups (p 0.018): 36.7% in Spanish, 42.9% in North Africa and 58.2% in South America. The ANOVA analysis showed differences in the section "physical activity" (p 0.003), highlighting the maximum disparity in the performance of extracurricular sports activities, with a lower score in both non-native groups.We found significant differences according to ethnic origin in the number of overweight children and the amount of physical activity they do; South American adolescents are the most sedentary. We must design interventions that guarantee the access of all adolescents to sports activities to prevent the development of obesity.

In Spain, childhood obesity is worrying, and its development might be influenced by the family setting. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of excess weight among adolescents, evaluate family variables that could affect it, and determine parents' body perception.Cross-sectional study; students from five secondary schools in health area V of the Region of Murcia were included. Students' anthropometric measurements were recorded and a survey was administered to parents, including variables such as weight, height, exercise, level of education, family structure, and body perception. The analysis was done using contingency tables and the association with Somers' D measures.Four hundred and twenty one students participated (age: 12.8 ± 0.6 years old); 21.1 % were overweight and 19.5 %, obese. There was an association between parent and child excess weight (Somers' D with a p value0.05). If both parents had a sedentary lifestyle, their children would exercise less. The higher the level of parental education, the lower the rate of childhood overweight (p0.05). Overweightobesity among children was higher in separated or single-parent families. In total, 32 % of parents misperceived their children's excess weight and 53 %, their own.In this sample, the prevalence of excess weight was 40.6 %. Parents' nutritional status, level of education, and family structure were associated with childhood obesity. Mothers had a greater influence on the development of their children's overweight. Parents underestimated obesity.es preocupante y el entorno familiar puede influir en su desarrollo. Los objetivos fueron determinar la prevalencia de exceso de peso en adolescentes, evaluar variables familiares que pudieran condicionarla y determinar la percepción corporal de los padres. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal; se incluyeron alumnos de cinco centros de secundaria del Área V de Murcia. Se registró antropometría de los alumnos y se administró una encuesta a los padres con variables de peso, talla, ejercicio, estudios, tipo de familia y percepción corporal. Se realizó el análisis mediante tablas de contingencia y asociación con d de Somers. Resultados. Participaron 421 alumnos (edad: 12,8 ± 0,6 años); el 21,1 % tenían sobrepeso, y el 19,5 %, obesidad. Existió asociación entre padres e hijos con sobrecarga ponderal (d de Somers con p0,05). Si ambos padres eran sedentarios, sus hijos realizaban menos ejercicio. A mayor nivel de estudios parental, menor tasa de sobrepeso infantil (p0,05). El sobrepeso-obesidad en los hijos fue mayor en familias separadas o monoparentales. El 32 % de los padres no percibía el exceso de peso de sus hijos ni el 53 % en sí mismos. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de exceso de peso en esta muestra fue del 40,6 %. El estado nutricional de los padres, el nivel de estudios y el tipo de familia se asociaron con la obesidad infantil. Influyó en mayor medida la figura materna. Existió una infraconsideración de la obesidad por parte de los padres.

Introduction: Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in children is a symptom that frequently leads to a visit to the paediatrician, which affects family life and occasionally requires the need to perform diagnostic studies (DS). The objective was to carry out a qualitative, quantitative, and economic analysis on the tests requested. Material and methods: An observational, prospective and multicentre study was conducted that included children between 4–15 years old affected by CAP. The difference between organic and functional disorders was taken into account. The following variables were collected: history, warning signs and symptoms, DS, and the cost of these. Results: The study included 235 children with CAP (Age; mean 9.7 ± 2.7 SD). The large majority (79%) were functional disorders and 21% organic disorders. Almost half of the patients had some warning sign or symptom, but urinary symptoms were only associated with organic disorders. The abdominal ultrasound, faecal parasites, breath test, and endoscopy were the most associated with organic disorders. There was a difference between the costs of the DS according to each centre. The total economic cost was 52,490.80 euros, with 195 euros per patient for functional disorders and 306 euros for organic disorders. Conclusion: Signs and symptoms of alarm in CAP were very frequent, but had low discriminative capacity. The abdominal ultrasound and faecal parasites are innocuous DS, and could be useful as a first level study. The endoscopy and the breath test were the most discriminative of organic disease. The economic cost of DS arising from the diagnosis of exclusion in CAP was high. Resumen: Introducción: El dolor abdominal crónico (DAC) en la infancia es un motivo de consulta frecuente que afecta a la vida familiar y en ocasiones precisa realización de pruebas complementarias. El objetivo fue realizar el análisis cualitativo, cuantitativo y económico de las pruebas que se solicitan. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico, incluyendo pacientes entre 4-15 años con DAC. Se diferenciaron dos grupos: orgánico y funcional. Se recogieron las siguientes variables: clínicas, pruebas complementarias y su coste. Resultados: Se incluyeron 235 niños con DAC (edad media 9,7 ± 2,7 años). Un 79% resultaron trastornos funcionales y un 21% orgánicos. Casi la mitad de los pacientes presentaba algún tipo de síntoma o signo de alarma, pero sólo la clínica miccional se asoció con organicidad. La ecografía abdominal, estudio de parásitos en heces, test de hidrógeno espirado y gastroscopia, son las que más se asociaron con patología orgánica. Existía una diferencia apreciable entre el coste de las pruebas según cada centro. El gasto económico total fue de 52.490,8 euros, siendo 195 euros por paciente para los funcionales y 306 euros para los orgánicos. Conclusiones: Los síntomas y signos de alarma en el DAC son frecuentes, pero poco específicos. La ecografía abdominal y el estudio de parásitos podrían ser pruebas útiles de primer nivel por su inocuidad para diferenciar TO de TDAF. La gastroscopia y el test de hidrógeno espirado fueron las pruebas más discriminativas de organicidad. El coste económico invertido en pruebas para la orientación diagnóstica del DAC de origen funcional es elevado.