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BackgroundIron is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms, and as such, iron deficiency is the top leading cause of anaemia. Iron supplements have been shown to be detrimental to the gut microbiome and the intestinal epithelium, triggering dysbiosis and an impaired gut barrier. However, a comprehensive analysis of these two aspects have not been performed during IDA. This study aims to delve further into the analysis of the gut microbiome in an animal model of IDA and to relate microbial changes to the biological processes occurring in the colonic epithelium, with a special focus on the gut barrier. This in-depth analysis might mean a step forward minimising the negative impact of iron supplements on intestinal health during IDA.MethodsIDA was experimentally induced in an animal model through the use of an iron deficient diet. Shotgun sequencing was used to gain insight into alterations of the gut microbiome in the most affected intestinal region during IDA, the colon. Histological analyses, mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), qPCR and immunofluorescence were used to study transcriptionally deregulated processes in the colonic epithelium. Determinations of lipopolysaccharide and bacteria-specific immunoglobulins were performed to assess microbial translocation.ResultsMicrobial metabolism in the colon shifted towards an increased production of certain amino acids, short chain fatty acids and nucleotides, withClostridiumspecies being enriched during IDA. Structural alterations of the colonic epithelium were shown by histological analysis. RNA-Seq revealed a downregulation of extracellular matrix-associated genes and proteins and an overall underdeveloped epithelium. Increased levels of serum LPS in the anaemic animals and an increased immune response against IDA dysbiotic bacteria support an impairment in the integrity of the gut barrier.ConclusionsIDA negatively impacts the gut microbiome and the intestinal barrier, triggering an increased microbial translocation. This study emphasizes the deterioration of gut health during IDA and the fact that it should be addressed when treating the disease.

Introduction: it is known that diet plays a key role in body composition and affects energy balance. However, scarce information is available in the scientific literature about the influence of food and specific nutrients such us dairy products, a basic food group and an important source of nutrients in the diet. Objective: the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of fermented dairy products (goat or cow milk) on body composition and appetite regulation in adult animals. Material and methods: twenty adult male Wistar albino rats were fed fermented goat or cow milk-based diets for 30 days. The evolution of body composition and plasma concentrations of adipokines (leptine and adiponectine), intermediary metabolism regulating hormones (ghrelin, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone, triyodotironine, thyroxine), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were analyzed. Results: body weight and body fat percentage were lower (p0.001) in rats fed fermented goat milk versus those fed fermented cow milk, whereas lean mass percentage was higher (p0.01). Plasma thyroid hormone and insulin concentrations did not show significant differences between diets. The fermented goat milk-based diet decreased ghrelin and adiponectin levels (p0.001), and increased leptine and NEFA concentrations (p0.001). Conclusion: fermented goat milk consumption decreases adiposity and body weight in adult rats by increasing energy expenditure, lipolysis, and satiety sensation.Introducción: es conocido que la dieta juega un papel clave en la composición corporal y afecta al balance energético; sin embargo, la información es limitada acerca de la influencia de alimentos y nutrientes específicos como es el caso de los productos lácteos, un grupo básico de alimentos y una importante fuente de nutrientes en la dieta. Objetivos: evaluar la influencia del consumo de leche fermentada de cabra o vaca sobre la composición corporal y la regulación del apetito en animales adultos. Material y métodos: se han utilizado 20 ratas Wistar macho adultas, alimentadas durante 30 días con dietas basadas en leche fermentada de vaca o de cabra. Se analizaron la evolución de la composición corporal y las concentraciones plasmáticas de adipoquinas (leptina y adiponectina), hormonas reguladoras del metabolismo intermediario (grelina, insulina, hormona estimulante de la glándula tiroides, triyodotironina y tiroxina) y ácidos grasos no esterificados (AGNE). Resultados: el peso y el porcentaje de grasa corporal fueron menores (p0,001) y la masa magra fue mayor (p0,01) en los animales alimentados con la dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra. No se registraron diferencias entre dietas para las concentraciones plasmáticas de hormonas tiroideas y de insulina. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de grelina y adiponectina disminuyeron (p0,001), y las de leptina y AGNE aumentaron (p0,001) con la dieta basada en leche fermentada de cabra. Conclusión: el consumo habitual de leche fermentada de cabra disminuye la adiposidad y el peso corporal en las ratas adultas al incrementar el gasto energético, la lipólisis y la sensación de saciedad.

malnutrition is one of the complications that appears most frequently in oncological patients and causes serious consequences such as loss of lean mass.to know which nutritional screening method is most useful in predicting the loss of lean mass in cancer patients.a descriptive study was carried out evaluating three methods of nutritional screening, Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), Malnutrition Universal Screening (MUST) and Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002), in oncological patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment. Each method was analyzed by ROC curves with AUC calculation.loss of lean mass is present in 48.73% of the patients. Of them, 29.44% present a loss of lean mass between 0-2%; 10.66% of patients, between 2-5%; and 8.13% of patients present a loss of lean mass5%. The results show that when taking a loss of lean mass5% as a cut-off point, the MST method has a higher AUC than the one presented by the MUST and the NRS-2002 (0.596, CI: 0.444-0.747), with significant statistics (p = 0.041). In addition, it presents high sensitivity and positive and negative predictive value.MST is a more valid nutritional screening method than MUST and NRS-2002 to predict the loss of lean mass5% in oncological patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment. Its routine use is recommended in patients under radiotherapy treatment.INTRODUCCIÓN: la desnutrición es una de las complicaciones que aparecen con mayor frecuencia en el paciente oncológico y provoca graves consecuencias como la pérdida de masa magra. OBJETIVO: conocer qué método de cribado nutricional es más útil en la predicción de la pérdida de masa magra en pacientes oncológicos. MÉTODOS: se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el que se evalúan el método de cribado nutricional Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), el Malnutrition Universal Screening (MUST) y el Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a tratamiento de radioterapia. Se analizó cada método mediante curvas ROC con cálculo AUC. RESULTADOS: el 48,73% de los pacientes presentan pérdida de masa magra. De ellos, el 29,44% presenta una pérdida de masa magra entre 0-2%; el 10,66%, entre el 2-5%; y el 8,13% presenta una pérdida de masa magra5%. Los resultados muestran que cuando se toma como punto de corte la pérdida de masa magra5%, el método MST presenta un AUC superior al presentado por el MUST y el NRS-2002 (0,596; IC: 0,444-0,747) y con significación estadística (p = 0,041). Además, presenta una alta sensibilidad y valor predictivo positivo y negativo. CONCLUSIONES: el MST es un método de cribado nutricional más válido que el MUST y el NRS-2002 para predecir la pérdida de masa magra 5% en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a tratamiento radioterápico. Se recomienda su uso rutinario en todos los pacientes que acuden a tratamiento de radioterapia.

The university stage involves a series of emotional, physiological and environmental changes that will determine consumer patterns that, in many cases, will be maintained and will affect their health. The aim of this study is to analyze the lifestyle (alcohol and tobacco consumption, and levels of physical activity) of female students at the University of Granada. Several authors have noted that the student population is particularly vulnerable to develop risk customs and habits, since the period of university studies is often the time when students take first responsibility for determining their own styles and customs, which in many cases will be maintained throughout its entire life.This is a cross / descriptive and analytical study in which 55 students participated in two age groups (18-24 and 25-31 years). A lifestyle-questionnaire was applied to evaluate the type and frequency of alcohol consumption, number of cigarettes smoked daily and physical activity levels (sedentary, light, moderate and severe).Alcohol consumption is higher in the older group, and preferably drinks beer and wine; however the younger group shows a pattern of consumption centered on the weekends being preferably consumed distilled beverages. A third of the population smokes with an increase in the number of cigarettes as age increases. There is a positive correlation between snuff and alcohol. A direct positive correlation between tobacco and alcohol was observed. The 88.9% of lesser age group and 52.7% of higher age group show a sedentary-low physical activity.The need to sensitize the college female population on the benefits of no-consumption of alcohol and snuff, and regular physical exercise is suggested. It would also be advisable to develop protocols of educational intervention in universities promoting healthy living habits.Objetivo: La etapa universitaria conlleva una serie de cambios emocionales, fisiológicos y ambientales que van a determinar unas costumbres y hábitos de riesgoque en muchos casos serán mantenidos a lo largo de la vida y repercutirán en su estado de salud. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el estilo de vida (consumo de alcohol, tabaco y niveles de actividad física) de mujeres estudiantes de la Universidad de Granada. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal/descriptivo y analítico en el que han participado 55 estudiantes de dos grupos de edad (18-24 y 25-31años). Se aplicó un cuestionario de estilo de vida evaluando el tipo de alcohol y frecuencia de consumo, cantidad de cigarrillos consumidos diariamente y niveles de actividad física (sedentaria, ligera, moderada e intensa). Resultados: El consumo de alcohol es mayor en el grupo de mayor edad, y con preferencia beben cerveza/vino, sin embargo el grupo más joven muestra un patrón de consumo centrado en los fines de semana siendo las bebidas destiladas las consumidas preferentemente. Una tercera parte de la población fuma con un incremento en el número de cigarros conforme aumenta la edad. Existe una correlación positiva entre tabaco y alcohol. El 88.9% del grupo de menor edad y el 52.7% del grupo de mayor edad tienen una actividad física sedentaria-ligera. Conclusión: Se sugiere la necesidad de concienciar a la población femenina universitaria sobre los beneficios del abandono del consumo de alcohol y tabaco y la práctica regular de ejercicio físico. Además, sería aconsejable desarrollar protocolos de intervención educativa en el ámbito universitario potenciando los hábitos de vida saludables.