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En 1993, el Estado estableció el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, en el que se introdujeron los diferentes mecanismos legales para promover la calidad en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud en el país. A partir de allí, se implantaron diferentes decretos. En la actualidad, el Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad en Salud (SOGCS) se encuentra reglamentado en el Decreto 780 de 2016, Decreto Único Reglamentario del Sector Salud. El SOGCS está integrado por cuatro componentes principales: el Sistema Único de Habilitación (SUH), la Auditoría para el Mejoramiento de la Calidad, el Sistema Único de Acreditación (SUA) y el Sistema de Información para la Calidad en Salud, para dirigir y evaluar el desempeño de estas instituciones en términos de calidad y satisfacción social; además, se adoptó el Manual de Inscripción de Prestadores y Habilitación de Servicios de Salud, el cual contiene las condiciones mínimas que deben cumplir los servicios de salud ofertados y prestados en el país, para brindar seguridad a los usuarios en el proceso de la atención en salud. Dicho manual tiene por objeto definir las condiciones de verificación para la habilitación, como la capacidad técnico-administrativa, suficiencia patrimonial y financiera, y la capacidad tecnológica y científica. En este artículo se revisarán algunos conceptos generales del Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de Calidad en Salud, así como los estándares y criterios de habilitación para laboratorios clínicos.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was originally identified in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Current evidence indicates that the COVID-19-causing virus is transmitted person-to-person through direct contact and droplets. Objective: To estimate Sars-CoV-2 virus infection rate in hospital employees according to their job responsibilities. Materials and methods: Retrospective cohort study to detect Sars-CoV-2 infection in hospital employees, carried out between February 2020 and October 2021. The Kaplan Meier procedure was carried out to estimate the virus infection rate based on variables such as gender, age and job description. Results: There was a difference in infection rate between young and older adult age groups (Log Rank=18.6 gl=1 p=

COVID-19 affects the population unequally with a higher impact on aged and immunosuppressed people. Hence, we assessed the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune compromised patients (older adults and oncohematologic patients), compared with healthy counterparts. While the acquired humoral and cellular memory did not predict subsequent infection 18 months after full immunization, spectral and computational cytometry revealed several subsets within the CD8+T-cells, B-cells, NK cells, monocytes and CD45RA+CCR7-Tγδ cells differentially expressed in further infected and non-infected individuals not just following immunization, but also prior to that. Of note, up to 7 subsets were found within the CD45RA+CCR7-Tγδ population with some of them being expanded and other decreased in subsequently infected individuals. Moreover, some of these subsets also predicted COVID-induced hospitalization in oncohematologic patients. Therefore, we hereby have identified several cellular subsets that, even before vaccination, strongly related to COVID-19 vulnerability as opposed to the acquisition of cellular and/or humoral memory following vaccination with SARS-CoV- 2 mRNA vaccines.SUMMARYAn in depth and unbiased spectral cytometry characterization of the immune system before and after COVID-19 vaccination can predict not just subsequent PCR-confirmed infection, but also COVID-induced hospitalization in immune compromised patients.

The objective of this prospective study was to assess oral health-related quality of life (OHR-QoL) in patients with periodontitis and nonsurgical periodontal treatment. A prospective, longitudinal case series study was carried out at the University Dental Clinic of the Morales Meseguer Hospital in Murcia. Eighty periodontal patients with periodontitis, aged 22 to 72 years, were included in this study. The Spanish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14sp) questionnaire was used on two occasions: at the first visit and one month after completing the nonsurgical periodontal treatment. Clinical measurements of probing depth, plaque index and bleeding on probing were performed at baseline and after periodontal therapy. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and analysis of variance. We found statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the pre- and post-treatment in all the dimensions studied except disability. Similarly, statistically significant differences were also found according to the degree or stage of the disease. However, these differences were not observed with respect to the extent of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease has a negative impact on the OHRQoL of periodontal patients, especially in severe stages (III–IV). Basic periodontal treatment can improve the OHRQoL of periodontal patients one month after treatment.

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID19 pandemic, possesses eleven accessory proteins encoded in its genome. Their roles during infection are still not completely understood. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both WNT5A and IL11 were significantly up-regulated in A549 cells expressing individual accessory proteins ORF6, ORF8, ORF9b or ORF9c from SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1 isolate). IL11 signaling-related genes were also differentially expressed. Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that both WNT5A and IL11 were involved in pulmonary fibrosis idiopathic disease. Functional assays confirmed their association with profibrotic cell responses. Subsequently, data comparison with lung cell lines infected with SARS-CoV-2 or lung biopsies from patients with COVID19 evidenced altered gene expression that matched those obtained in this study. Our results show ORF6, ORF8, ORF9b and ORF9c involvement in inflammatory and profibrotic responses. Thus, these accessory proteins could be targeted by new therapies against COVID19 disease.

Objetivo: Identificar las conductas promotoras de salud de personas que padecen diabetes mellitus II en tiempos de pandemia. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 12 personas mayores de edad, con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus 2, residentes en la ciudad de Armenia- Quindío, quienes asistieron a controles de su patología por lo menos tres veces cada año, entre 2020 y 2021. La técnica de muestreo utilizada fue por saturación de categorías. Resultados: A partir del discurso de los participantes que padecen diabetes mellitus, se describen las conductas promotoras de salud, las cuales se agruparon en las siguientes categorías: Conductas y conocimientos adquiridos; efectos originados por las conductas; y, barreras para generar conductas promotoras de salud en tiempos de pandemia. De la información, emergió la categoría denominada “Necesidades de cuidado a la salud mental”. Conclusiones: Es necesario repensar las prácticas de cuidado, de atención y de educación en salud a las personas que padecen diabetes. Por tanto, es importante realizar un abordaje holístico que garantice una atención integral de la salud y una educación emancipadora; es decir, que el conocimiento y las conductas adquiridas sean capaces de transformar la realidad vivida por cada persona.

Se presentan los momentos metodológicos de un estado del arte sobre la salud mental en los pueblos indígenas de Colombia, con el propósito de realizar un aporte en la fundamentación de nuevas investigaciones y el desarrollo de estrategias de intervención basadas en la evidencia documental. También, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de contar con la perspectiva y la participación de investigadores indígenas en estos estudios y se reconoce la importancia de incorporar los saberes de los pueblos indígenas para la conceptualización acertada del fenómeno de estudio como la salud mental. Se presentan los retos y limitaciones de esta investigación y se sugiere que el enfoque y el procedimiento descritos pueden ser de utilidad en otros estudios relacionados con comunidades indígenas.

The pandemic has exposed the costs of job and income losses. Emergency cash transfers can mitigate the worst immediate effects on people who lack access to safety nets. This research note provides estimates for a potential Temporary Basic Income (TBI) for poor and near-poor people across 132 developing countries, as well as the minimum cost of income support sufficient to mitigate the pandemic-induced poverty increase. The total monthly cost of the TBI ranges 0.27–0.63% of developing countries’ combined GDP, depending on the choice: (i) top-ups on each country’s average incomes up to a vulnerability threshold; (ii) transfers based on each country’s median standard of living; or (iii) uniform transfers. This note argues that some form of TBI is within reach and can inform a larger conversation about how to build comprehensive social protection systems that make the poor and near-poor more resilient to economic downturns in the future.

We conducted two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the impact of government-guaranteed loans offered by the Chilean and Colombian governments. The public funds of these programs greatly expanded following the start of the Covid-19 pandemic and offered loans to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises to mitigate the negative impact of the shock. Through a collaboration with private banks, we launched two experiments which offered loans to a sub-set of the 10,072 Chilean and 3,079 Colombian small businesses that took part in our experiments. Most of these firms had previously applied for a loan during the pandemic--but prior to the RCTs--but were rejected by banks due to their risk analysis of the firms. With take-up rates of 27% and 29%, respectively, we find that Covid-19 loans had a significant positive impact on the total liquidity that treated MSMEs could access: total liquidity with the formal banking system increased by 15.7% (statistically significant at the 1% level). The results of our RCTs will inform Latin American governments concerning their strategies to support MSMEs via government-backed loan programs and will shape similar public policies in the future.

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a large negative external shock to the global economy. Businesses worldwide were affected by economic, health, and mobility restrictions that impacted consumers ability to access goods and services and firms profitability and survival rates. In this paper, we study the economic performance of Latin American MSMEs during the pandemic using disaggregated and high-frequency administrative banking deposits and income data from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru. We observe a sharp short-term decline in firm earnings due to the implementation of lockdowns during the second half of March 2020. We show this decline had a heterogeneous impact by economic sector, firm size, and transaction type (in-person vs. online). Focusing on financial technology adoption by studying the migration from in-person to online banking transactions, we find that MSMEs managed to recover revenues to pre-pandemic levels in early 2021 thanks to an increased share of online transactions and that industries facing higher physical exposure to the public (e.g., retailers) experienced a more considerable decline and a slower recovery.

Pollinators are declining worldwide as a result of land anthropization. However, several species have shown to be not affected or even benefited, since their responses depend on their functional traits that modulate their adaptability to particular environmental conditions. Pollinator responses may have important consequences on the structure of interaction networks, as the interacting species are sensitive to their counterparts. Despite the great importance that mangrove ecosystems have for human welfare, little is known about what is happening with pollinators' diversity and their interactions with mangrove species. This study investigates landscape effects on pollinator functional composition and their interactions with four dominant mangrove species in the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Pollinators of mangrove species Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle were classified according to different functional traits and plant-pollinator interaction networks were created, with the aim to explore general patterns and to evaluate the effects of mangrove patch size and the surrounding land uses on pollinator functional composition and plant-pollinator interactions. Pollinator communities were mainly represented by wasps, flies, and bees, with the predominance of small and medium-sized predators, saprophagous, florivorous, no-social, and no-nesting species. Plant-pollinator interactions demonstrated a trend to niche differentiation in C. erectus and R. mangle, high number of interactions and pollinator species, as well as high values of interaction diversity and interaction evenness. Mangrove patch size decreased the richness of ground nesting wasps whereas increased network specialization, and urban size decreased the richness of predators, large-sized species, and ground-nesting wasps.

Encounters between flowers and invertebrates are key events for the functioning of tropical forests. Assessing the structure of networks composed by the interactions between those partners enables a better understanding of ecosystem functioning and the effects of environmental factors over ecological processes. Gathering such data is, however, costly and time-consuming, especially in the highly diverse tropics. We aimed to provide a comprehensive repository of the available flower-invertebrate interactions information for the Atlantic Forest, a South American tropical forest domain. Data were obtained from published works and "grey literature", such as theses and dissertations, as well as self-reports by co-authors. The data set has ~18 thousand interaction records forming 482 networks, each containing from 1 to 1,061 interaction links. Each network was sampled for about 200 hours or less, with few exceptions. A total of 641 plant genera within 136 different families and 39 orders were reported, with the most abundant and rich families being Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. Invertebrates interacting with these plants were all arthropods from 10 orders, 129 families and 581 genera, comprising 2,419 morphotypes (including 988 named species). Hymenoptera was the most abundant and diverse order with at least six times more records than the second-ranked order (Lepidoptera). The complete data set shows Hymenoptera interacting with all plant orders, also depicting Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera as important nodes. Among plants, Asterales and Fabales had the highest number of interactions. The best sampled environment was forest (~8,000 records), followed by pastures and crops. Savanna, grasslands and urban environments (among others) were also reported, indicating a wide range of approaches dedicated to collect flower-invertebrate data in the Atlantic Forest domain. Nevertheless, most reported data were from forest understory or lower strata, indicating a knowledge gap about flower-invertebrate interactions at the canopy. Also, access to remote regions is still a limitation, generating sampling bias across the geographical range of the Atlantic Forest. Future studies in these continuous and hard to access forested areas shall bring important new information regarding the interactions between flowers and invertebrates at the Atlantic Forest. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set. Please cite this data paper if the data are used in publications and teaching events.

La enfermedad de Parkinson es la segunda patología neurodegenerativa más recurrente, progresiva y crónica que perjudica a pacientes y cuidadores. Es fundamental describir la calidad de vida en pacientes y cuidadores posterior a la terapia de rehabilitación cognitiva. Por ello se elaboró un artículo de revisión mediante una búsqueda en bases de datos, PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, empleando artículos originales, ensayos clínicos, de revisión, entre otros, publicados en los últimos cinco años en español e inglés. El deterioro cognitivo en los pacientes de forma prematura conlleva a mayor riesgo de demencia, que se manifiesta con repercusión en las actividades de la vida diaria, como en la calidad de vida pacientecuidador. Mientras más avanzado se encuentre el estadio de la enfermedad, los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo generan mayor dependencia de sus cuidadores, empeorando la calidad de vida de ambos. La terapia de rehabilitación cognitiva pretende mejorar la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson y sus cuidadores; actualmente se describen terapias de rehabilitación cognitiva basada en ejercicio físico. Al fortalecer la cognición mediante terapias de rehabilitación basadas en actividad física, el paciente presenta mayor independencia, lo cual disminuye la carga del cuidador, generandomayor empatía entre ambos.

Background: The nutritional status of incident patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been associated with survival outcomes. Bioimpedanciometry (BCM) enables to establish a nutritional diagnosis, the volume status, and correlates these findings with survival (1). Methods: Retrospective multicenter historical cohort study. Results: In this study, which included 420 incident patients on peritoneal dialysis with a 5-year follow-up, a cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) of 28.8% was found; being higher in the diabetic population at 36.8%. In regard to the nutritional status in this population, it was found that approximately 44% had altered nutritional status; 34% were found to be in sarcopenia, 6.7% sarcopenic obesity; and 2.8% in obesity (p < 0.001). In the survival analysis, a lower probability of survival was found in patients with overhydration (OH) greater than 3 liters (pConclusion: In incident patients on peritoneal dialysis, sarcopenic obesity, sarcopenia, overhydration status determined by BCM, and having a diagnosis of diabetes are related to a lower probability of survival; MACE outcomes are more frequent in the diabetic population.

Los contratos inteligentes han ganado más terreno en las industrias en sus procesos debido a la confiabilidad de la tecnología Blockchain o cadena de bloques, dado que brinda la seguridad en las transacciones; todo esto conlleva un desafío y es el cómo se certifica el proceso y a su vez brindar confiabilidad, para ello debe pasar por procesos o estándares de calidad que actualmente son de alta competencia dado a que es una tecnología innovadora y nueva en el mercado. Sin duda alguna el termino de calidad hace referencia a lo que permite caracterizar o valorar ya sea un producto o servicio, desde esta perspectiva la calidad sea vuelto undesafío para las industrias y se han conformado grupos focales en cómo lograr que los productos lleguen a los estándares que se requiere paraque el producto o servicio cuente con el mínimo viable para su aprobación. De esta manera la calidad no solo les compete a las industrias sino también a las instituciones de educación que es donde segesta o se formula los lineamientos de calidad. A partir de lo anterior se considera que, si la gestión del conocimiento entre las instituciones deeducación y la industria trabajan en mejorar la calidad en la certificación inteligente apoyándose en la tecnología Blockchain, se pueden mejorar los procesos y cumplir con estándares donde se logre ser más competitivos a nivel nacional e internacional.

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the present COVID-19 pandemic, possesses eleven accessory proteins encoded in its genome, and some have been implicated in facilitating infection and pathogenesis through their interaction with cellular components. Among these proteins, accessory protein ORF7a and ORF7b functions are poorly understood. In this study, A549 cells were transduced to express ORF7a and ORF7b, respectively, to explore more in depth the role of each accessory protein in the pathological manifestation leading to COVID-19. Bioinformatic analysis and integration of transcriptome results identified defined canonical pathways and functional groupings revealing that after expression of ORF7a or ORF7b, the lung cells are potentially altered to create conditions more favorable for SARS-CoV-2, by inhibiting the IFN-I response, increasing proinflammatory cytokines release, and altering cell metabolic activity and adhesion. Based on these results, it is reasonable to suggest that ORF7a and ORF7b could be targeted by new therapies or used as future biomarkers during this pandemic., This research work was funded by: Junta de Andalucía and the European Commission – NextGenerationEU (Regulation EU 2020/2094), through CSIC's Global Health Platform (PTI Salud Global)

Es un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y retrospectivo, EUM tipo prescripción – indicación, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar la utilización de antimicrobianos de uso restringido (ATMR) en pacientes internados en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) en los servicios: Medicina interna, UCI, pediatría UCI y pediatría general en el año 2017, a través de la determinación de la prevalencia de prescripción de ATMR, el promedio de ATMR prescritos y porcentaje de prescripción en combinación por paciente, el porcentaje de prescripción con base clínica o de laboratorio no específicos y con base microbiológica, y los ATMR y diagnósticos presentados en mayor frecuencia. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron 2 fichas: ATMR-S (ATMR por servicio) y ATMR-P (ATMR por paciente) a un total de 418 pacientes hospitalizados considerando 27 ATMR. Se obtuvo una prevalencia de prescripción de ATMR de 41 %; en promedio se prescribió 2 ATMR por paciente y 56 % de ellos recibieron terapia combinada; 51 % de las prescripciones fueron con base en exámenes microbiológicos y 49 % con base única en exámenes clínicos o de laboratorio no específicos; el diagnóstico más frecuente fue sespsis respiratoria presentado en el 34 % de los pacientes, seguido por infección del tracto urinario (ITU) 14 %; los ATMR más prescritos fueron: Meropenem, vancomicina, ceftriaxona e imipenem + cilastatina con 21 , 19 , 13 y 12 % respectivamente.

espanolObjetivo: revisar algunos aspectos y caracteristicas positivas del uso de la robotica en ambientes educativos y describir algunas de las caracteristicas de los lenguajes de programacion utilizados en su implementacion. Metodologia: se explica como un ambiente de desarrollo implementado mediante el uso de algunas caracteristicas de computacion en la nube, puede ser usado para aplicar robotica en escuelas, colegios y universidades. El entorno de programacion combina la programacion grafica utilizando notacion de procesos de trabajo (BPM) y programacion textual. Resultados: se demostro que se puede hacer una transicion gradual de lenguajes visuales a lenguajes de programacion textuales, asi como las ventajas de aprender estandares que permiten el potenciar el aprendizaje de habilidades en el modelado de procesos. Conclusiones: se comprobo la capacidad que tienen los entornos de programacion disenados con propositos educativos para trabajar la robotica en un ambiente cloud computing, reduciendo la brecha que permite pasar de una programacion grafica a una programacion textual usando multiples dispositivos roboticos, en un unico escenario de desarrollo. EnglishObjective: This work seeks to review some positive aspects and characteristics of using robotics in academic environments and to describe some features of programming languages used in robotics implementation. Methodology: This work explains how a development environment implemented through cloud computing features can be used to teach robotics at K-12 and college levels. The programming environment combines visual programming using Business Process Management (BPM) notation and text-based programming. Results: The obtained results reveal that a gradual transition from visual languages to text-based programming languages is feasible and present the advantages of teaching standards aimed at developing process modeling skills. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the potential exhibited by educational programming environments for teaching robotics in a cloud computing environment, thus reducing the gap between visual programming and text-based programming using multiple robotic devices within the same development scenario.

Background. The incidence of breast cancer in young women in Latin America is about 20%, and in Colombia, it is around 10% to 24%. Its aggressive behavior is likely due to advance stages at diagnosis and a major frequency of triple negative and Her2-positive subtypes. Objective. This study describes the overall survival (OS) of women ≤40 years old with infiltrating breast cancer that underwent breast surgery between 2007-2016 at the Institute de Cancerologia Las Americas auna (Medellin-Colombia). Materials and methods: This is a retrospective observational study. We performed a survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared the survival curves using the Log-Rank test. We calculated OS from the date of diagnosis of breast cancer to the date of the last clinic visit or date of death. We compared our results to those reported by other countries in the literature. Results. Of 4059 women who underwent breast surgery, 390 (9.6%) were ≤40 years-old, and 365 patients met inclusion criteria. At diagnosis 67 patients (18.3%) were stage I, 152 (41.6%) stage II, 140 (38.3%) stage III and 6 (1.6%) stage IV. According to the molecular intrinsic subtypes 87 (24.1%) were Luminal A, 152 (42.1%) Luminal B Her2-negative, 72 (19.9%) Luminal B Her2-positive, 17 (4.7%) Her2-enriched and 33 (9.1%) Triple Negative. Loco-regional relapse was seen in 34 patients (9.3%) and 132 (36.2%) developed systemic disease. The median OS time was 60 months (range: 8-142 months), with an OS of 81.3% (IC95%: 76.3-85.4). Patients who had Triple Negative disease had the lowest 5-year OS (67.7%, IC95%: 48-81.3). Conclusions. Patient characteristics differ from what is reported in other countries, in the higher percentage of patients with Luminal B and Her2-positive tumors and the lower proportion of Triple Negative tumors. The OS according to the cancer staging and the molecular subtypes was similar to other countries.

espanolEste articulo presenta los resultados de un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo de corte exploratorio realizado en los paises de Colombia y Ecuador para evaluar el grado de competencia mediatica de 146 periodistas de las ciudades de Medellin (Colombia) y Loja (Ecuador). Se aplico un cuestionario autoadministrado, estructurado con nueve preguntas sociodemograficas, cuatro sobre las generalidades del nivel de competencia mediatica y 24 evaluativas distribuidas en las seis dimensiones de este tipo de competencia con sus respectivos indicadores. Los resultados generales de baja y mediana competencia obtenidos por este grupo de profesionales demanda de intervenciones prioritarias desde trabajos locales, regionales e internacionales que movilicen cooperacion cientifica, academica y politica para mejorar el desempeno de una poblacion que deberia liderar la formacion general de la ciudadania en competencias mediaticas. EnglishThis article presents the results of a descriptive quantitative exploratory study conducted in the countries of Colombia and Ecuador to assess the degree of media competence of 146 journa-lists from the cities of Medellin (Colombia) and Loja (Ecuador). A self-administered questionnaire was applied, structured with nine sociodemographic questions, four on the generalities of the level of media competence and 24 evaluative distributed in the six dimensions of this type of competition with their respective indicators. The general results of low and medium-level competition obtained by this group of professionals demand priority interventions from local, regional and international works that mobilize scientific, academic and political cooperation to improve the performance of a population that should lead the general formation of the citizenship in media competitions.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender el concepto de salud mental desde la perspectiva de los pueblos indígenas de Colombia. Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, de tipo histórico hermenéutico a través de entrevistas a una muestra intencional estratificada de 10 líderes con experiencia en el tema de salud indígena. Luego de transcritas, se realizó el análisis de las entrevistas con herramientas de la teoría fundada. Los hallazgos se centraron en cuatro categorías analíticas: perspectivas de la salud mental, elementos, escenarios y retos. Se encontró que algunos indígenas no asumen la salud mental como un concepto propio. Entre los restantes, algunos lo asumen desde una perspectiva occidental morbicéntrica y los demás desde una perspectiva ancestral holística. Se describen elementos positivos (buen vivir, espiritualidad, armonía con la madre tierra) y negativos (aculturación, discriminación, violencia, desobediencia). Los escenarios de la salud mental que mencionaron los participantes son el territorio y el sistema de salud, en particular el Sistema Indígena de Salud Propio e Intercultural- SISPI. Los retos incluyen la necesidad de generar más investigaciones en este tema, el avance en la consolidación del SISPI y el fortalecimiento de los saberes ancestrales.

The nursing homes represented high-risk settings for SARS-CoV-2 infection, both for residents and for the employees. The COVID-19 impact on long-term care facilities (LTCFs) is evaluated, measured through the employees sick leave (SL). The pandemic evolution in the general population aged between 16 and 65 years was analyzed together with the sick leave to assess the latter as a complementary indicator of the SARS-CoV-2 surveillance.A descriptive study of all sick leave processes due to COVID-19 recorded between February 15261.892 SL processes were recorded. The close contact sick leave/infection sick leave median ratio in nursing homes was 1.8 (Interquartile range, ICR: 1.1-3.3), with values lower than 1 at certain periods. The infection sick leaves were higher in number and ratio and prior to the cases recorded in RENAVE. The sick leave ratio ranged between 81.679/100.000 occupied in nursing homes with medical care and 4.895/100.000 in other residential facilities.The results confirmed the dramatic impact of COVID-19 in nursing homes and the inequalities characterizing this impact. They also confirmed the potential use of sick leave as an alternative source for epidemiological and public health surveillance, especially now, when the transition of the COVID-19 surveillance to a system not including universal individual surveillance is being discussed.Los centros sociosanitarios representaron entornos de alto riesgo de contagio por SARS-CoV-2, tanto para los residentes como para las personas trabajadoras. Se evaluó el impacto en términos de incapacidad temporal (IT) por COVID-19 en las personas que trabajan en centros sociosanitarios y se comparó con la evolución de la pandemia en la población general de 16 a 65 años, para valorar la utilidad de la IT como indicador complementario de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de todos los procesos de incapacidad temporal por COVID-19 registrados entre el 15 de febrero de 2020 y el 1 de mayo de 2021 en establecimientos residenciales. Se obtuvieron las ratios de incapacidad temporal por contacto estrecho /incapacidad temporal por infección, las tasas de incapacidad temporal por 100.000 afiliados/ocupados y se compararon con la incidencia acumulada de casos COVID-19 notificados a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE).Se registraron 261.892 procesos de incapacidad temporal. La mediana de la ratio de incapacidad temporal por contacto estrecho /incapacidad temporal por infección en residencias fue de 1,8 (Rango intercuartílico, RIC: 1,1-3,3), con valores menores a 1 en periodos. Las IT por infección fueron superiores en número, tasa y anteriores en el tiempo a los casos registrados en RENAVE. Por tipo de residencia, la tasa de incapacidad temporal osciló entre 81.679/100.000 ocupados en asistencia en establecimientos residenciales con cuidados sanitaros y 4.895/100.000 en otros establecimientos residenciales.Los resultados confirmaron el enorme impacto que tuvo la COVID-19 en los centros sociosanitarios y la desigualdad que ha caracterizado este impacto. Apoyan también la posible utilización de la incapacidad temporal como fuente de información alternativa para la vigilancia epidemiológica y de salud pública, lo cual resulta de especial interés en este momento en el que se está planteando una transición en la vigilancia del COVID-19 hacia un sistema que ya no incluya una vigilancia individualizada universal.

Con el aumento en la expectativa de vida de la población colombiana se prevee un incremento en las enfermedades crónicas que afectan a las personas mayores. Tradicionalmente la osteoporosis a pesar de tener una alta prevalencia en Colombia (33%), es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada y poco tratada, esto representa que su complicación, la fractura por fragilidad, se presente de manera frecuente ocasionando costos directos e indirectos al sistema de salud que no han sido totalmente identificados. En los últimos años y desde la política pública, se vienen implementando los modelos MIAS o MAITE (Modelo de atención integral territorial) y sus rutas de atención que buscan integrar los agentes del sistema para identificar estas enfermedades precozmente, con el fin de promover estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico, tratamiento y rehabilitación en beneficio de los pacientes y sus comunidades. Este trabajo propone apalancarse en estas estrategias de política pública para reconocer la osteoporosis, reducir el impacto de sus complicaciones en la salud y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores, al igual que la carga económica para los sistemas de salud. Plantea seis estrategias para lograr este propósito: 1. La osteoporosis debe ser enmarcada como una prioridad de salud pública. 2. Se deben fortalecer los sistemas de información epidemiológica de la osteoporosis. 3. Lograr mejoramiento del diagnóstico por medio de la adopción de FRAX y tecnologías como la densitometría ósea en los modelos de evaluación del riesgo. 4. Para promover la equidad en salud se debe garantizar el acceso efectivo a medios diagnósticos y a tratamientos para la osteoporosis en todas las redes de atención. 5. Fortalecer la autogestión y el entendimiento de la enfermedad por los pacientes 6. Fortalecimiento del recurso humano en salud en gestión del conocimiento y la innovación para la prestación de los servicios.

Thalia geniculata L. (Zingiberales, Marantaceae) has inflorescences with two simultaneously opening, hermaphroditic, single-day flowers, which form a pseudanthium. The species has an irreversibly explosive pollination mechanism. In one population of T. geniculata we verified that in 98.5% of the pseudanthia, only one flower from each pair set fruit. We assessed whether this fruit-set pattern could be linked to pollinator behavior, testing if pollinators only visit one flower in each pseudanthium, which would decrease visitation probability of the other flower in the pseudanthium. In the morning, less flowers were visited than in the afternoon, and we observed higher pollinator activity in the afternoon. In the morning, most of the visited pseudanthia had only one flower visited, while in the afternoon most pseudanthia had both flowers visited, the opposite of what we predicted. We concluded that single fruit set in the pseudanthia is not caused by pollinator behavior. It might be caused by pollen limitation during pollinator visits or even resource limitation to support two fruits per pseudanthia.

Background: Small regional airports provide the necessary assistance to enable mobility in isolated areas where access is critical and costly due to poor road infrastructure and geographic constraints. Colombia’s air transportation industry has grown astonishingly quickly and dynamically over the past fifteen years. This period was coincident with the establishment and continued implementation of a public policy intended exclusively for the aviation industry and airports. However, there are currently no methods available to measure the efficiency of airports in Colombia, especially small regional airports. Methods: The research presented in this article aims to evaluate the technical efficiency of small regional airports in Colombia, using data envelopment analysis. This efficiency is achieved by considering the minimum infrastructure required to provide services and the administrative forms or properties that provide appropriate levels of this. Results: The study’s input and output data are identified, a non-parametric data envelopment analysis methodology is used, and the findings are assessed. Conclusions: The factors directly identified in the research affect the airport administration and, in the options, are available to help citizens transport optimally.