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The need to improve current wastewater treatments to ensure a clean and sustainable water supply is an unquestionable contemporary challenge. It is therefore essential to facilitate knowledge transfer between research institutions and the industry by developing novel technologies to a proof-of-concept stage, demonstrating both treatment efficiency and compliance with environmental criteria. This study has combined process modelling for the design of an electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process (eAOP) to remove carbamazepine (CBZ) from wastewater with the identification of the environmental impacts associated with its operation. A comprehensive set of scenarios considering several reactor designs and operating conditions provides the assessment framework to identify the influence of different process variables on the environmental profile of the pilot-scale eAOP. The most sustainable treatment corresponds to the operation of a standardised modular reactor in batch mode, especially when the wastewater has a low concentration of scavengers, such as other ions, organics or pollutants. Nevertheless, in all scenarios evaluated, the main environmental hotspot was attributed to the electrical energy consumed by the auxiliary pumps rather than the electrochemical reactor itself. In comparison to other AOPs, our system showed considerably lower impacts in the global warming potential (GWP) category, with a minimum of 7.6 kg CO2 eq per g CBZ removed for the most promising scenario. This demonstrates the implementation potential of eAOPs as well as the importance of data from scaled-up experiments, where optimisation should focus on mitigating the impacts of energy-intensive pieces of equipment. ispartof: Chemical Engineering Journal vol:455 status: Published online

The bioeconomy is positioned as a sustainable pathway to address the climate crisis and decrease the consumption of fossil resources. Life cycle methodologies are recognised as useful tools for assessing sustainability issues of production and consumption patterns. Nevertheless, the Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology is less explored despite its potential, although it is true that social sustainability assessment in promoting bioeconomy strategies requires more attention. This study describes the state of the art of the S-LCA methodology under the bioeconomy framework, critically analysing the main procedural and practical issues of its implementation, and the eventual specificities, as well as providing some of the challenges for future studies. This review highlights methodological weaknesses that require further research, related to the definition of system boundaries and cut-off criteria, the method of impact assessment, and the selection of societal issues and stakeholders, as well as uncertainty, among others. In addition, particularities of the bioeconomy in the life perspective were noted, such as multifunctionality and allocation issues of bio-based products, as well as the strong interest in biofuel production systems. Therefore, more efforts are desirable to address the diversity of challenges towards the progress of the S-LCA method in line with other life cycle approaches (environmental and economic). However, the updated S-LCA Guidelines represent a useful and valuable starting point on the way towards a comprehensive (i.e., diverse social concerns) and standardised social assessment under a life cycle perspective This research has been supported by the project Enhancing diversity in Mediterranean cereal farming systems (CerealMed) project funded by PRIMA Programme and FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation–Spanish National Research Agency (PCI2020-111978). R.R.L., S.G.G. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups (GRC)_ED431C-2021/37, co-funded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU) SI

Looking for renewable energy sources is one of the main targets in the transition to low-carbon economies. Bioenergy appears as an alternative with great potential, but firstly, it requires addressing all aspects that can limit its environmental viability. Stillage has been identified as an environmental concern of the bioethanol production. Thus, eco-friendly strategies for valorizing this resource should be pursued. In this work, three strategies such as composting (non-energy valorization), one-stage anaerobic digestion (with the aim of biogas production), and dark fermentation followed by anaerobic digestion (scheme under development to produce biohydrogen and biogas) were evaluated under a life-cycle perspective; and through process modeling based on literature data. The aim is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of dark fermentation for the management of apple stillage. To do this, a cradle-to-gate and attributional framework were followed, considering impact and damage perspectives. Results showed a very significant environmental load (around 99%) of composting compared to the selected energy recovery schemes, considering the added value of compost and the associated emissions versus those of biofuels. Otherwise, small differences were found between single-stage anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation (up to 16%), mainly, due to changes in chemical consumption and organic matter degradation efficiency The authors would like to express their gratitude the by HP-NANOBIO project (PID2019-111163RB-I00), granted by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. R.R.L. and S.G.G. would like to thanks to the project Transition to sustainable agri-food sector bundling life cycle assessment and ecosystem services approaches (ALISE) funded by the Spanish National Research Agency (TED2021-130309B-I00). S.E, R.R.L, S.G.G., M.T.M and GF belong to CRETUS and the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C-2021/37). S. Estévez also thanks to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference PRE2020-092074). D. Hernández acknowledges funding from FONDECYT, Chile (project Nº 11200398) SI

Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) presents a wide range of biotechnological applications. This study targets the use of by-products from bioethanol synthesis to produce UPO by Agrocybe aegerita. Solid-state and submerged fermentations (SSF and SmF) were evaluated, achieving the highest titers of UPO and laccase in SmF using vinasse as nutrients source. Optimized UPO production of 331 U/L was achieved in 50% (v:v) vinasse with an inoculum grown for 14 days. These conditions were scaled-up to a 4 L reactor, achieving a UPO activity of 265 U/L. Fungal proteome expression was analyzed before and after UPO activity appeared by shotgun mass spectrometry proteomics. Laccase, dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyP), lectins and proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and control were detected (in addition to UPO). Interestingly, the metabolism of complex sugars and nitrogen sources had a different activity at the beginning and end of the submerged fermentation S.G., A.T. and G.E. thank their grants (BES-2017-081677, FJC2019-041664-I and RYC2018-024846-I, respectively) funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” and “ESF Investing in your future”. Authors would like to thank the use of USC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics facilities and Bioetanol Galicia S.A. for the supply of the substrates used in the fermentations. The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups (GRC)_ ED431C-2021/37. The program is co-funded by FEDER (UE) SI

The immediate need to build resilient food systems with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and protection of water resources is a global challenge. To address this, the EAT-Lancet Commission described the global reference diet with principles of nutritional quality and environmental sustainability. With this in mind, the carbon and water footprints of the current Spanish dietary pattern have been compared with the EAT-Lancet global dietary recommendations, taking into account deviations in food intake. To provide additional context, differences between the average Spanish dietary pattern and dietary guidelines applied in other countries in Europe (Italy, the Netherlands and the Mediterranean region) and America have also been analyzed and discussed from a sustainability approach. We found that the EAT-Lancet diet requires less water resources (3056 L·person−1·day−1) and lower level of GHG emissions (2.13 kgCO2eq·person−1·day−1) in comparison with the Spanish dietary pattern (3732 L·person−1·day−1 and 3.62 kgCO2eq·person−1·day−1, respectively). Starch-based products and oils and fats were identified as largest contributors to both environmental indicators in the EAT-Lancet diet. On the other hand, meat and dairy were the environmental hotspots in the Spanish dietary pattern. Comparison with other food-based dietary patterns also raises environmental concerns about the high meat consumption in Spain. Overall, this analysis suggests that reducing the consumption of beef meat and dairy to a level in line with the global environmental targets set by the EAT-Lancet Commission would ensure a shift in Spanish dietary habits towards more environmentally sustainable food consumption patterns C.C.-F. would like to thank the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference FPU 19/06648). C.C-F, S.G.-G., G.F. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C 2017/29) and to the Cross-disciplinary Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS Research Center, ED431E 2018/01). All these programs are co-funded by FEDER (EU) SI

The effects of climate change and water scarcity on food security in Latin America and the prevalence of metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Chilean citizens are considered two significant challenges. The 2020 Sustainable Development Goals Report shows that an increasing number of people are suffering from food insecurity, and the growing stress on the environment associated with food production and resource exploitation. Therefore, the evaluation and monitoring of nutritional habits must be addressed because of their central role in meeting healthy and sustainable food goals. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impacts (carbon and water footprint), nutritional quality and cost of diets of different socio-economic subgroups in Chile, mapping environmental hotspots and food insecurity. It was found that higher income was associated with higher environmental burdens related to food choices and higher dietary costs. Carbon and water footprints ranged from 2.42 to 4.74 kg CO2eq·person−1·day−1 and 1683–3110 L·person−1·day−1 for the first and fifth quintile, respectively. Chilean residents in the highest socio-economic quintile consumed more meat and fewer starch-based products than those in the lowest quintile. Meat was the main contributor to the carbon (56%–59%) and water (40%–43%) footprints and the determining factor in the differences between income quintiles. Although current diets in Chile do not meet nutritional recommendations, diet quality also increased with socioeconomic status. These findings could serve as a reference to implement public policies in Chile, ensuring healthy eating and food security in the context of climate change and water scarcity This research has been supported by the project Enhancing diversity in Mediterranean cereal farming systems (CerealMed) project funded by PRIMA Program and FEDER/Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PCI2020-111978). C.C.-F. would like to express her gratitude to the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference FPU 19/06648). C.C–F, R.R-L, S.G.-G., G.F. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C 2017/29) and to the Cross-disciplinary Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS Research Center, ED431E 2018/01). All these programs are co-funded by FEDER (EU) SI

The current energy and environmental crisis, linked to increasing industrialisation, has progressively driven the adoption of solutions focused on circular life cycle thinking, such as waste management with resource recovery and decarbonization of technologies. In this context, this study was built to quantify the environmental performance of a two-stage wastewater treatment process (dark fermentation with anaerobic digestion) in which three feedstocks (sugar beet molasses, cheese whey and wine vinasses mixed with wastewater treatment plant sludge) from the food industry were valorized as hydrogen. In this regard, several environmental profiles were created using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology with two system boundaries (cradle-to-gate and gate-to-gate) and two methods (ReCiPe Midpoint and Endpoint). Furthermore, this research was synergistically complemented with an energy analysis including indicators and input-output flow balances to provide a win-win solution for food waste utilization. The results have taken different directions depending on the methodological assumptions considered but, in general terms, the sugar beet molasses scenario can be claimed in all cases as the energetically sustainable process with the best environmental profile. With an energy surplus of 155%, the cradle-to-gate scenario recorded the best environmental impact in 4/8 midpoint categories and an overall reduction of 67% and 94% (excluding co-products) for the ReCiPe damage single score compared to the wine vinasses and wastewater treatment plant sludge and cheese whey scenarios, respectively. In this sense, the viability and competitiveness of these two scenarios is compromised by the lack of energy self-sufficiency (there is a 53% deficiency in the wine vinasses and wastewater treatment sludge scenario) and the lack of climate-neutral outcomes (a result of 5510 mPt/Nm3 H2 shows that the cheese whey scenario is far from being a zero-emission process) This research was funded by HP-NANOBIO Project (PID2019-111163RB-I00). The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC) ED431C-2021/37, to CRETUS (Interdisciplinary Centre for Research in Environmental Technologies) and to the department of chemical engineering of the University of Santiago de Compostela. S. Estévez thanks to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference PRE 2020-092074). J.J. Conde acknowledges Xunta de Galicia financial support through a postdoctoral fellowship (Grant reference ED481B-2021/015). C.I. Camacho would also like to express her gratitude to CRETUS for her research initiation summer scholarship SI

Bio-based adhesives offer a sustainable alternative to formaldehyde-based adhesives, which is the most common product applied in wood-based panel manufacturing. Despite the undeniable interest in lignin as a bulk chemical for the synthesis of bio-based adhesives, the main problem is its low reactivity. Therefore, it is crucial to study techniques to increase their reactivity, such as demethylation. One of the parameters to monitor the success of the demethylation is the methanol concentration measured in the reaction medium and complementing these results with the use of non-quantitative analyses such as FT-IR, MALDI-ToF and SEC. In order to maximize the action of the enzyme, a preliminary screening was performed with laccases with different redox potentials, which were added to organosolv lignin in the form of purified enzymes and cocktails. Trametes versicolor laccase was selected as the best candidate for the demethylation of organosolv lignin, with a methanol released concentration of 107 mg/L. Based on these results, parameters affecting both enzyme action and enzyme-substrate interaction were evaluated. Optimal working conditions were strongly defined by the use of surfactants that enhanced lignin solubility (Tween-80) and mediators that favored enzyme catalysis to participate directly in the enzyme catalytic cycle (HBT). However, it was also observed that factors such as pH, temperature and aeration have a direct impact on the enzymatic demethylation of lignin. Considering the operational variables that allowed better demethylation values, the amount of methanol released increased to 363 mg/L, which means an improvement of 239 %. These results were also supported by the increase in molecular weight observed in the SEC analysis and the reduction of the intensity of the FT-IR bands related to the methyl/methoxyl groups SI

Moving toward a bioeconomy system is fundamental to climate change mitigation, nevertheless, the biotechnological routes should guarantee an environmental sustainability. Isobutene, a precursor in several industrial applications, is one of those chemicals that the environmental effects of its bio-based production have been scarcely explored. This study aims to assess the environmental performance of two biorefinery systems: the first one focuses only on the production of isobutene (I) and the second one on the co-production with lignin (I + L), both from the valorisation of wheat straw. The Life Cycle Assessment methodology is used to determine the environmental impacts considering mid-point and end-point categories. Biorefineries report 0.65 and 1.32 kg CO2-eq per kg of biomass processed for I and I + L system, respectively. The most affected endpoint damage category corresponds to Human Health, regardless of the scenarios. Moreover, the pre-treatment stage constitutes the main hotspot of both systems considering midpoint and endpoint perspectives This research has been supported by the project Enhancing diversity in Mediterranean cereal farming systems (CerealMed) project funded by PRIMA Programme and FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation - Spanish National Research Agency (PCI2020 - 111978) and by a project granted by Xunta de Galicia (project ref. ED431 F 2016/001). The authors are members of the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC)_ED431C-2021/37 and CRETUS Strategic Partnership (ED431E2018/01), co-funded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU) SI

Crop rotation represents a potentially sustainable strategy to address environmental problems of intensive agricultural practices, such as soil degradation, biodiversity reduction, and greenhouse gas emissions. This manuscript assesses the environmental and economic implications of introducing lupin cultivation into winter wheat-based rotation systems under an organic regime in Galicia, Spain. Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used to determine the environmental impacts of three rotation systems over a six-year period: lupin → wheat → rapeseed (OA1), lupin → potato → wheat (OA2), and lupin → wheat → rapeseed ‖ maize (OA3). For a robust assessment, three functional units were applied: land management (ha), economic indicator (gross margin in euros) and protein content (1 kg of protein-corrected grain). Moreover, the environmental profiles were compared with rotation systems without lupin crop in a conventional regime. In terms of Global Warming, impacts of about 2214, 3119 and 766 kg CO2eq·ha−1 were obtained for OA1, OA2 and OA3, respectively. Moreover, OA1 is the best rotation in terms of land and protein. Meanwhile, OA2 rotation is the best choice in the economic function, as it obtained the highest level of gross margin (5708 €·ha−1). Furthermore, with the exception of acidification, organic systems are less impactful than conventional systems. Ammonia emissions from the use of manure are the reason for these higher impacts. Organic rotations OA1 and OA2 have about 6 % or 15 % less gross margin than their conventional counterparts, respectively, however, an increase of 28 % was obtained for rotation OA3. This study helps decision-makers to implement environmentally and economically viable strategies This research has been supported by the project Enhancing diversity in Mediterranean cereal farming systems (CerealMed) funded by PRIMA Programme and FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation–Spanish National Research Agency (PCI2020-111978) and by FEDER 2019/058A project in collaboration with Panaderia da Cunha. R.R.L., S.G.G. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups (GRC)_ED431C-2021/37, co-funded by Xunta de Galicia and FEDER (EU) SI

The definition of the term gastronomy encompasses both the knowledge of food and its handling, preparation and consumption. Beyond a sense of cultural identity and tradition, gastronomy also represents a pole of tourist attraction. This is the case of Galicia, a region in north-western Spain. Within this framework, local dishes, which include distinctive elements of the Atlantic diet, have gained popularity. This research delves into the sustainability of 60 Galician recipes by performing a hierarchical cluster analysis to study their carbon footprint, the energy return on investment ratio and cost. The life cycle assessment methodology was followed to account for the carbon footprint and the energy return on investment ratio of the recipes. The scope was bounded to the cradle-to-fork phases through the life cycle: production of the ingredients, transport, and meal preparation. The functional unit selected was one serving of a Galician meal. The results suggest that the recipes could be classified into three main groups according to the presence of a greater or lesser amount of animal-based products. Cluster 1 comprises 10 meat recipes. Cluster 2 encompasses 31 recipes rich in fish with some vegetables and moderate consumption of red meat and dairy products. Cluster 3 includes 22 vegetable-based recipes. The higher the portion of animal products in the recipes (mainly red meat), the higher the costs and carbon footprint and the lower the energy return on investment ratio. Conversely, plant-based recipes tend to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and increase cost competitiveness and energy efficiency indicators. Based on this study, the food service could promote eco-labelling that support and certify restaurant menus. This research could also provide transformative climate education for sustainable food for consumers, giving advice to improve food-based dietary guidelines in Spain The Galiat project received funding from the ERDF-Interconecta for Galicia Program (ITC-20133014 & ITC-20151009), managed by the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. The authors thank the participating companies that assisted in this study; these include the Belarmino Fernández Iglesias Hostelry School, Bodegas Terras Gauda, Bodegas Pazo de Rivas, Conservas A Rosaleira, Conservas Friscos, Aceites Olei, and Quescrem. C.C.-F. would like to thank the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference FPU 19/06648). C.C-F, S.G.-G., G.F. and M.T.M. belong to the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C 2017/29) and to the Cross-disciplinary Research in Environmental Technologies (CRETUS Research Center, ED431E 2018/01). All these programs are co-funded by FEDER (EU) SI

A sustainable city implies socio-economic characteristics that allow citizens to maintain a certain quality of life. However, the effect of overtourism in some tourist cities negatively affects the community. In this study, a methodology was developed to analyze how tourism affects the way of life of residents in Santiago de Compostela. This work aims to define a set of environmental and socio-economic indicators to assess the impact of tourism activity. To this end, surveys were carried out among the three groups involved in the tourism sector: Citizens, traders, and visitors. Thereby, data were collected from the responses to the surveys conducted. Finally, this set of indicators was aggregated to a sustainability score on a scale of 1 to 10. The results show a sustainability score of 6.84, and the main weak points were the mobility between the residence of citizens and peripheral areas and the change in the offerings by the commerce promoted by tourism. Consequently, this methodology is useful for policy makers when making decisions and proposing actions to foster sustainable tourism.

Climate change and water scarcity are clearly related environmental problems, making them global environmental issues. Accordingly, the water cycle management deserves a revision in its approach, integrating the concept of circular economy within an efficient and sustainable management of water resources and the design of wastewater facilities. In this sense, newly engineered decentralized facilities have emerged as a viable option for the treatment of segregated wastewater flows. The design has not only integrated the wastewater treatment function, but also resource recovery, such as water reclamation for agricultural and irrigation activities, fertigation, fertilization and energy sustainability. Based on these premises, the concept of decentralized wastewater management deserves the same degree of attention and development that has so far been reserved for conventional centralized management systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a progressive substitution of the business-as-usual scenario or centralized system by applying a small-scale wastewater management scheme performing a more efficient resource and water recovery in a medium-sized 4–5-star resort hotel. The spotlight was a membrane technology for the anaerobic digestion of the blackwater instead of the greywater treatment. A favorable environmental profile was found for the decentralized scenario under two circumstances: a large system boundary including the beneficial environmental impacts of the products and, based on the results obtained from a sensitivity analysis, an energy demand for the operation of the AnMBR lower than 2 kWh·m−3. The global warming potential results (around 9%) were even for such high demand and much larger benefits were obtained for other impact categories (94% for SOD and 98% for LU). Nevertheless, the operation (gate-to-gate approach) of these on-site recovery facilities is far from being optimized and further research should follow to decrease the 39.8% difference in the global warming potential between decentralized and centralized systems The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Run4Life project, which receives funds from the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GA no 730285-1). They would also thank to Aqualia for all the technical support provided. SE, MTM and GF belong to CRETUS and the Galician Competitive Research Group (GRC ED431C 2017/29). S. Estévez would also like to express her gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for financial support (Grant reference PRE2020-092074). SI

With the recent development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) have received increasing attention as potential heterogeneous Fenton catalysts in wastewater treatment applications, as an alternative to the conventional Fenton process using dissolved iron salts. Due to their superparamagnetic properties, Fe3O4 mNPs can be easily recovered and reused by applying a magnetic field. However, Fe3O4 mNPs have a marked tendency to form aggregates in water, leading to a decrease in their catalytic yield. To overcome these limitations, this work explores the catalytic activity of Fe3O4 coated with poly(acrylic acid) (Fe3O4@PAA) as stabilized Fenton heterogeneous nanocatalyst, in the degradation of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). To maximize the catalytic potential of Fe3O4@PAA, an experimental design based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been developed to optimize the conditions of the Fenton process in terms of Fe3O4@PAA concentration (100&ndash, 300 mg L&minus, 1) and H2O2 dose (100&ndash, 400 mg L&minus, 1). Based on the results obtained, a novel sequential batch reactor (SBR) coupled to an external magnetic separation system has been developed, guaranteeing the complete retention of the mNPs in the system. This system allows the reuse of Fe3O4@PAA for at least 10 consecutive cycles, with a successful decolorization of RB19 after 4 h of treatment.

The exploitation of lignocellulosic materials with the aim of producing high value‐added products will potentially counteract concerns such as depletion of fossil resources or exponential population growth. The present study focuses on the assessment of an integrated process based on organosolv fractionation of residual beech woodchips, with the objective of implementing concepts such as circular economy or process integration. The life‐cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and the eco‐efficiency concept allow for a holistic analysis of sustainability in terms of the system's environmental approach. The results show that the pre‐treatment of biomass together with the energy demands of the process and enzyme production constitute the hotspots of the system. Analyzing the system by means of the ecoefficiency indicator demonstrates that broadening the multi‐production spectrum of a biorefinery provides better results when production volume and processing steps fit environmental and techno‐economical requirements.

España ocupa la 6ª posición en producción lechera en la Unión Europea. [1]. Dentro de España, las vacas lecheras de Galicia juegan un papel fundamental con una contribución del 30.92% [2]. De acuerdo con un estudio de producción de leche en esta región [3], la alimentación de las vacas (maíz, ensilado, pienso y alfalfa) es uno de los mayores responsables del impacto. En este sentido se ha iniciado un análisis ambiental detallado del cultivo, transporte y deshidratación de la alfalfa mediante el uso de la herramienta de gestión ambiental de Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Con respecto al cultivo, los datos se han obtenido de Castilla-León, debido a su proximidad a Galicia y del valle del Ebro (Navarra, Aragón y Cataluña), la región de mayor producción. Se ha analizado 1 ha durante un ciclo de cultivo medio (4,5 años) [4]. Fuentes bibliográficas y entrevistas a granjeros se han utilizado para obtener los datos de inventario necesarios. Diferentes parámetros se han tenido en cuenta: uso de maquinaria; consumo de agua, semillas, fertilizantes (orgánico e inorgánico), electricidad y herbicidas; emisiones al aire y al suelo. Los datos de la deshidratadora se han obtenido de una planta situada en la cercanía de Chantada (Galicia). Con respecto al transporte, se ha considerado un valor medio de distancia entre Castilla-León y Galicia, considerándose que la alfalfa deshidratada se transporta en camiones de 40 toneladas. El inventario se encuentra en una fase final de desarrollo y una vez completado, se analizará el impacto con la metodología CML desarrollada por la Universidad de Leiden.