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Background The prevalence of food allergy is on the rise on a global scale. Objective To determine the prevalence of food hypersensitivity (FHS) and probable food allergy (PFA), as well as the foods and factors associated with these occurrences. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1992 adolescents (aged 15–18 years). Each adolescent answered a structured questionnaire. A multivariate analysis was used to identify the association between the variables. Results The prevalence of FHS was 10.6% (the most commonly associated foods were shrimp, cow's milk and avocado) and the PFA was 7.8% (shrimp, cow's milk and pecan). The prevalences of oral allergy syndrome, food-associated urticaria and systemic reaction were 4.9%, 3.6% and 1.5%, respectively. The following factors were associated with FHS: personal history of asthma (OR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.11–2.41), allergic rhinitis (OR 2.60; 95% CI: 1.75–3.87), atopic dermatitis (OR 2.07; 95% CI: 1.25–3.43), maternal history of asthma (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.02–3.16), atopic dermatitis (OR 6.11; 95% CI: 2.45–15.29), and female sex (OR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.38–2.59). PFA was associated with a personal history of asthma (OR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.06–2.56), allergic rhinitis (OR 2.46; 95% CI: 1.56–3.88), atopic dermatitis (OR 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15–3.54), paternal allergic rhinitis (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.15–5.51), maternal atopic dermatitis (OR 7.46; 95% CI: 2.93–19.00), and female sex (OR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.31–2.72). Conclusion The adverse reactions associated with foods among late adolescents are a frequent occurrence, and the most commonly associated factor is atopy.

La disminución en consumo de comidas típicas y el aumento en consumo de alimentos industrializados altos en grasa, azúcar y sal coinciden con la prevalencia de obesidad. Se examinan las posibles ventajas sociales, sensoriales y somáticas de las comidas caseras y su relación con el peso corporal. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura científica en cinco bases de datos, de 169 estudios localizados, 14 de ellos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión para una revisión narrativa. Los resultados muestran que las comidas caseras serían episodios de alimentación que incluyen platillos típicos aceptados por la cultura de las familias y se ajustan a una dieta nutricionalmente adecuada. Un consumo regular de comidas caseras podría contribuir a disminuir la prevalencia de obesidad.

Recently, the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) has been classified according to the foods that induce it: phenotype I, when it is caused only by plant-derived foods; phenotype II, when it is caused by foods of both animal and plant origin.To determine the prevalence of OAS in late teenagers according to the new classification.A cross-sectional study in which data from 1,992 teenagers, aged 15-18 year-old, was analyzed; the information was obtained through a structured questionnaire, where questions were asked about oral symptoms according to the type of food that had been ingested.The overall prevalence of OAS was of 1.7% (95% CI = 1.2-2.4); for phenotype I, it was of 0.85% and, for phenotype II, it was of 0.85%. According to the phenotype, there was no difference by sex and personal history of atopic disease; instead, the onset time of the symptoms did show an association with the phenotype (p = 0.048). The frequency of skin and mucosal symptoms and respiratory ailments differed between the groups. Regarding gastrointestinal symptoms, diarrhea was markedly more frequent in phenotype II (p = 0.044).Two phenotypes with OAS were clearly identified: the first one was associated exclusively to foods of plant origin, and the other was related to foods of both plant and animal origin.Antecedentes: Recientemente, el síndrome de alergia oral (SAO) ha sido clasificado de acuerdo con los alimentos que lo inducen: fenotipo I, relacionado con alimentos derivados de plantas; fenotipo II, provocado por alimentos de origen vegetal y animal. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de alergia oral en adolescentes tardíos según la nueva clasificación. Métodos: Estudio transversal en el que se analizaron los datos de 1992 adolescentes de 15 a 18 años; la información se obtuvo a través de un cuestionario estructurado, en el que se interrogó acerca de síntomas orales según el tipo de alimento consumido. Resultados: La prevalencia global de síndrome de alergia oral fue de 1.7 % (IC 95 % = 1.2-2.4): fenotipo I, 0.85 % y fenotipo II, 0.85 %. Según el fenotipo no hubo diferencia por sexo e historia personal de enfermedad atópica; el tiempo de inicio de los síntomas sí mostró asociación (p = 0.048). La frecuencia de los síntomas respiratorios, en piel y mucosas no difirieron entre los grupos; respecto a los síntomas gastrointestinales, la diarrea fue notoriamente más frecuente en el fenotipo II (p = 0.044). Conclusión: Se identificaron claramente los dos fenotipos del síndrome de alergia oral: uno asociado con alimentos de origen vegetal y otro a alimentos tanto de origen vegetal como animal.

Antecedentes: Recientemente el síndrome de alergia oral (SAO) ha sido clasificado de acuerdo con los alimentos que lo inducen; fenotipo I, cuando está relacionado únicamente con alimentos derivados de plantas; fenotipo II, cuando además, está provocado por alimentos de origen animal.Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del SAO en adolescentes tardíos, según una nueva clasificación.Métodos: A través de un estudio transversal se analizaron los datos de 1,992 adolescentes, con edades de 15 a 18 años; la información se obtuvo a través de un cuestionario estructurado, donde se interrogó por la presencia de síntomas orales según el tipo de alimento ofensor. Se estimaron intervalos de confianza (IC) a 95% para proporciones.Resultados: La prevalencia global de SAO fue 1.7% (IC 95%: 1.2% a 2.4%); de SAO fenotipo I fue 0.85% y de fenotipo II fue 0.85%. Según el fenotipo, no hubo diferencia por sexo e historia personal de enfermedad atópica; en cambio, el tiempo de inicio de los síntomas mostró asociación con el fenotipo (p = 0.048). La frecuencia de los síntomas en piel y mucosas y las molestias respiratorias, no difirieron entre los grupos; pero en el caso de los síntomas gastrointestinales, la diarrea fue notoriamente más frecuente en el fenotipo II (p = 0.044).Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió identificar claramente dos grupos de pacientes con SAO, uno asociado exclusivamente a alimentos de origen vegetal y otro relacionado tanto con alimentos de origen vegetal, así como de origen animal.

Resumen Introduccion El objetivo del presente trabajo fue medir la expresion de interferon gamma en la infeccion por VPH y por Chlamydia trachomatis en pacientes con lesion intraepitelial escamosa. Metodo Se incluyeron 100 muestras de pacientes diagnosticadas por colposcopia, con y sin lesion intraepitelial escamosa, en quienes se efectuo el diagnostico de infeccion por VPH y/o C. trachomatis. Se cuantifico la expresion relativa de interferon gamma con la prueba de transcriptasa reversa-PCR en tiempo real (RT-PCR). Resultados Las unidades relativas de la expresion de interferon gamma fueron de 13, 1,8 y 0,3 en la coinfeccion por VPH y C. trachomatis, en la infeccion por VPH y en la infeccion por C. trachomatis, respectivamente. Conclusion La infeccion por VPH y por C. trachomatis puede constituir un factor estimulante de la expresion de interferon gamma.

Summary Background. Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is the most common food allergy manifestation amongst adults. However, population studies aimed at estimating its prevalence and associated factors are scarce in Mexi-co. Objectives. To establish the prevalence of OAS in a sample of university students and to describe their clinical characteristics and its associated factors. Methods. From a sample group made up of 25,269 university students, the data corresponding to 1,200 students aged 18 to 25 was analyzed with a cross-sectional approach. A structured questionnaire was used to identify OAS, its symptoms and related foods, and the personal history of atopic diseases. The associations between variables were calculated through logistical regression analysis. Results. The prevalence of OAS was 3.4%, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 2.5 to 4.6. The main oral symptoms reported were lip pruritus, edema and the sensation of pharyngeal oppression. Among the extra-oral complaints were: reddish coloration of the skin, body pruritus, abdominal pain, and abdominal bloating. The foods that were most frequently associated with OAS were fruits (68.5%), vegetables (22.0%) and seafood (19.3%). Through multivariate analyses, allergy to pollen and latex were found to be associated with OAS, OR 3.29; 95%: CI 1.53 to 7.10 and OR 5.53; 95% CI: 1.08 to 28.2, respectively. Conclusions. Notably, the prevalence of OAS varies according to the geographic area. Personal histories of allergy to pollen or latex were the main factors linked to OAS.

Male infertility can have different causes, one of which may be the presence of etiologic agents that cause sexually transmitted infections. Among the most important sexually transmitted infections are human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis, which are as‐ sociated with infertility in females – whether they cause infertility in men is controversial. The purpose of the chapter is to review the effect of these two pathogens on male fertility, the evidence suggests that the most important infertility effect is linked to the condition of the sperm. However, it is noteworthy that there are few studies with respect to infertil‐ ity in regard to both pathogens, so it is important to further research this to elucidate the mechanisms by which these pathogens act on male infertility.

The aim of this study was to mesure the expression of gamma interferon in HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in squamous intraepithelial lesions.Samples from 100 patients diagnosed by colposcopy with or without squamous intraepithelial lesions were used in the present study. Each patient was found to be infected by HPV and C.trachomatis. Relative gamma interferon mRNA expression was assessed using a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay (RT-PCR).The relative units of expression of gamma interferon mRNA were 13, 1.8 and 0.3, for HPV and C.trachomatis co-infection, or HPV or C.trachomatis infection, respectively.HPV and C.trachomatis could overstimulate the expression of gamma interferon.

Cardiovascular disease is originated in the vascular endothelium, which controls the homeostasis and the filtration and diffusion of molecules from blood to the tissues. The classical cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) act directly on the endothelium through an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, promoting an endothelial activation mediated by the expression of adhesion and proinflammatory molecules, which lead to endothelial dysfunction, the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the onset of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to analyze the association of superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and lipoperoxidation with fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in subjects with cardiovascular risk (CVR) and CRF. This was a cross-sectional study of 114 individuals; oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, gluthatione peroxidase, and lipoperoxidation) and inflammatory (fibrinogen, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and VCAM-1) biomarkers were measured; a CVR score (Framingham) and its CRF were taken into consideration to classify the participants. Twenty-nine subjects out of a total of 114 had high CVR. Smokers and subjects with diabetes (43 subjects) were excluded from the low CVR group. Significant decreases in lipoperoxidation, IL-6, and VCAM-1 and an increase in SOD were found in the high CVR group (P ≤ 0.05). Individual analysis of each CRF in the 114 subjects revealed a different pattern in the biomarkers' statistical differences. Concluding that the biomarkers show statistical differences in each CRF, especially IL-6, VCAM-1, and SOD; therefore, these are highly recommended to be used as biomarkers of the oxidative stress and inflammatory status in CVR.