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Estuarine floodplain forests and mangroves play an important ecological role in nature. Little is known, however, about the contribution of these environments and their surroundings to the maintenance of pollinating insects, specifically bees. We investigate the effects of these forest types and the structure of the surrounding landscape, at different spatial scales, on bee communities along the Brazilian Amazon coast. We collected bees using Malaise traps and aromatic baits at 23 collection points in estuarine floodplain forests and 24 in mangroves, along a gradient of landscape composition and configuration, throughout 2020. We collected a total of 1420 specimens from 49 bee species. The abundance, richness, and diversity of bees were significantly greater in the estuarine floodplain, and the two forests differed significantly in species composition. Landscape heterogeneity positively affected the abundance, richness, diversity, and composition of bees around forests. Finally, we identified nine indicator species for estuarine floodplains and two for mangroves. Our results suggest that the two forests preserve distinct bee communities that are apparently adapted to each environment, as they respond differently to landscape structure. Implications for insect conservation: Our results demonstrate that the conservation of native vegetation along the Amazon coast is essential for the conservation of biodiversity, highlighting that estuarine floodplains and mangroves, although they present differences in structural complexity and variety of pollen resources, play a crucial role in the conservation of bees. Furthermore, maintaining diverse landscapes in the vicinity of these phytophysiognomies is essential for maintaining the richness of bee species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in vegetation types in a given location, including the availability of floral resources, can directly influence the composition of orchid bee (Euglossini) communities. A diverse range of vegetation types are found along the coast of the Brazilian Amazon, with Mangrove (MANG) and Estuarine Floodplain (FE) forests being the predominant types. With the exception of dryland forests, taxonomic information and distribution of Euglossini in MANG and EF in the coastal Amazon are still incipient. Based on this, we investigated the role of these vegetation types in maintaining Euglossini bee communities on the coast of the Brazilian Amazon. We sampled bees using aromatic baits in 48 locations, 23 in EF and 25 in MANG, comparing the abundance, richness, diversity, and composition of bees. We collected a total of 1017 specimens from four genera and 22 species of Euglossini bees. Abundance and richness were, on average, greater in EF. Species composition differed statistically but was weakly explained by vegetation type. We also identified three indicator bee species for EF and one for MANG. Apparently, floristic diversity in EF is the main predictor for greater abundance and richness of Euglossini bees in the studied region. Our findings reinforce the importance of conserving native vegetation along the Amazon coast, considered one of the most threatened on the planet, to maintain the biodiversity of its pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical aquatic ecosystems are among the most vulnerable environments on the planet and have been suffering increasing anthropogenic pressures, generating a marked loss of biodiversity. Especially when the ichthyofauna is approached, there is a loss of biomass consumed by the population, as well as a parasitic fauna that is still little studied, mainly in terms of taxonomic aspects, parasite biology, and the parasite/host relationship. The objective of this study was to record the parasitic fauna of Colomesus psittacus from Marajó Island, State of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The fish were purchased from fishing pens belonging to family units within the Marine Extractive Reserve in the municipality of Soure, where the fish were discarded by fishermen. The fish (n=50) were necropsied, and their organs were individualized in a Petri dish to search for helminths. The helminths were then clarified and identified. Of the 50 specimens examined, 76% were parasitized by one or more species, and a total of 807 parasites were recovered. Among the helminths, it was possible to identify seven nematodes, Huffmanela psittacus (70%), Anisakis sp. (12%), Hysterothylacium sp. (8%), Philometra sp. 1 (28%), Philometra sp. 2 (2%), Cucullanus marajoara (28%), infective larva (L3) of Cucullanus sp. (34%). The trematodes recorded were a trematode Bianium sp. (2%) and type Paramonilicaecum, and two parasites belonging to the phylum Acanthocephala. The helminth community of C. psittacus was characterized by a high richness of nematodes and a small number of digenetics and acanthocephala. This is a new record of parasitic fauna in C. psittacus in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the treatment of copper deficiency, by parenteral route, in buffalo calves raised on the Marajó Island (PA). Fourteen animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 received three doses of 120 mg of copper glycinate (20mgCu/mL), intramuscularly, on days 1, 45 and 90; in the group 2 (control) the animals were Not supplemented with copper. In both groups liver biopsies were performed on days 1 and 135. The diagnosis of copper deficiency was established through history, clinical signs, and by the analysis of hepatic copper content. In group 1, the mean hepatic copper content increased from 17.4±5.84mg/kgDM (before administration) to 311.2±133.5mg/kgDM (after 135 days) (P

Abstract A new species of Myxobolus parasitizing the arterial bulb and cardiac musculature of the freshwater fish Pimelodus ornatus Kner, 1858, from the Arari river in the municipality of Cachoeira do Arari, island of Marajó, Pará, Brazil, was described. In the present study, the observed prevalence of myxozoan parasites in the heart tissue of the hosts was 20% (6/30). The myxozoans observed had mature biconvex spores, slightly rounded, an anterior end with two pyriform polar capsules and a posterior end with very evident sporoplasm, measuring 8 ± 0.2 μmin length. The spore width was 5.8 ± 0.4 μm, with a thickness of 3.4 ± 0.2μm. The length of the polar capsules was 3.6 ± 0.3 μm and the width was 1.2 ± 0.2μm, with 6 to 7 turns of the polar filament. The divergences observed, regarding the morphometric and genetic structure of SSU rDNA, in relation to other Myxobolidae already described in the literature, confirm the description of the new species Myxobolus rangeli n. sp.

The present work aimed to provide practical knowledge related to the environment, sustainability and healthy diet as an environmental education strategy through the school garden, with elementary school students in schools in the municipality of Breves, Ilha do Marajó. Three schools were chosen, being students of the 5th grade of elementary education, making a total of 200 students. The study was conducted in two stages with the students: the first step was by requesting activities (drawings) about their perceptions of the environment and family production. The second stage the students were taken to the practical workshops based on the themes presented in the lectures. After applying the practical workshops, students were again asked to draw a picture to see how the theory / practice junction complemented the students' learning about the school's vegetable production system. Most of the experiences seek to stimulate the participation of children who, by getting their hands dirty, more clearly assimilate what is in the soil and its importance in nature. The applied methodology was effective for teaching and learning, since the student was able to establish a connection between theory and practice, acquiring knowledge of citizenship and respect for the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with the use of natural resources and the socio-environmental conflicts derived from this process, in quilombola territory, in the municipality of Salvaterra, located on the island of Marajó. The study is part of the necessary effort to know the specificities of the quilombola territories on the island of Marajó, whose main objective is to stimulate public actions in the face of the demands of the subjects who historically build these territories. The work was carried out by a team of researchers who carried out various field activities and used participatory cartography as one of the main methodological instruments for observation, interaction, debates, empowerment and analysis of the reality encountered. Its main results were the construction of participatory cartography, the printed return of this cartography, now available through the local school, a document that can be used at all times by its members, given the constant struggles to maintain their territories in the face of farmers who constantly put pressure on their territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marajo Archipelago, located in the rural area of ​​the state of Para (Amazon region of Brazil), is the region with the lowest index of human development in the country, presenting poor health services, which makes adequate epidemiological surveillance of HIV-1 infection difficult. After a serological screening enrolling 1,877 samples, three samples were diagnosed with HIV-1 and the pro gene was sequenced to evaluate the presence of resistance mutations to protease inhibitors. Molecular analyses revealed, for the first time in the region of Marajo Island, the occurrence of HIV-1 subtypes B and D, as well as the presence of transmitted high and intermediate protease inhibitors resistance mutations. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing molecular epidemiological surveillance studies in the Brazilian Amazon region because antiretroviral (ARV) resistance mutations may limit treatment options, and the presence of certain subtypes seems to influence the progression to AIDS, particularly in areas where the entry and spread of the virus can be facilitated by socio-demographic problems that expose the population to sexually transmitted infections.

Among the varieties of insects present in mangroves, termites can easily colonize mangrove forests by their winged forms, and thus, build arboreal nests. In view of the presence of this order in mangroves, this work presents the results of a sampling of Termites (Blattaria, Isoptera) in mangrove forests on the Amazon coast, as well as highlighting ecological aspects of these insects. Two collections were carried out during an annual cycle (dry and rainy) at six sampling sites located in the mangroves of Soure on Marajó Island, Pará. In each sampling site, a 100 mx 3 m transection was delimited, subdivided into 10 plots of land. 5 mx 3 m, with an interval of 5 m between each plot, with a sampling effort of 1h / person in each plot in search of termites in the different microhabitats present in the mangrove. A total of seven species distributed in three genera and three families were found over an annual cycle. The most abundant species were Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) (38.70%), Nasutitermes nigriceps (Haldeman, 1853) (25.00%) and Nasutitermes surinamensis (Holmgren, 1910) (20.16%). The xylophagous termites were dominant and the dry season the number of species and specimens was higher.

Abstract Background This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in a population from the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, São Sebastião da Boa Vista (SSBV) and Portel in the Marajó Archipelago and correlated these data with the epidemiological characteristics of the study population. Methods A total of 1899 biological samples were evaluated. The samples were screened for the presence of anti-HTLV antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and infection was confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Results Eleven samples (0.58%) were seropositive for HTLV, but molecular analysis confirmed positivity in only two samples (0.11%). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two samples positive for HTLV-1 that were isolated in Chaves belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype 1 (HTLV-1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). Conclusion Our results confirmed the presence of Cosmopolitan Transcontinental HTLV-1 in the Marajó Archipelago, Amazon region, and the majority of the population revealed a lack of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, which increases the risk of dissemination of HTLV and other agents.

Abstract This study provides morphological and molecular data of a new parasite species found in the muscle layer of the intestinal tract of the South American silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen from Marajó Island region (Pará State, Brazil), an important fishery resource with recognized potential for fish farming. The morphology of these parasites was reanalyzed and phylogenetic analyses were run on their 18S rDNA gene sequences. The spores were morphologically distinct from those of other Myxobolus species described previously. The obtained partial sequence of the 18S rDNA gene sequences of the new species were compared to those of 24 other Myxobolus and Henneguya species available in GenBank. The results of morphological and molecular analyses indicated clearly the existence of a new species, Myxobolus marajoensis sp. n.

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Summary: Hunting is a major threat to the endangered jaguar in Brazil. Effective interventions for jaguar conservation demand a better understanding of the prevalence and motivations for hunting. In this study, I investigate the prevalence of jaguar hunting and the potential factors driving the acceptance of this behaviour among residents of two extractive reserves in the eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Between September and October 2013, I surveyed 134 households to assess people's acceptance of jaguar hunting and potential predictors of acceptance using multiple-item rating scales. To estimate the prevalence of jaguar hunting, I used direct questioning and the randomized response technique. Acceptance of jaguar hunting was neutral to slightly positive on average, being related negatively to educational level and to people's perceptions of risk of suffering sanctions for hunting a jaguar and related positively to perception of jaguars as a threat to humans. The prevalence rates of jaguar hunting among surveyed households were 9% and 23% according to direct questioning and the randomized response technique, respectively. The results suggest that investments in education and law enforcement may help decrease local support for jaguar hunting in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge in offering public services in less developed areas in Brazil has mobilized the government in search of new and creative approaches that can reduce major interregional disparities, including lack of access to the financial system, which is the prevailing situation on Marajó Island in the state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon. To transform this reality, an information and communication technology (ICT)–equipped travelling bank branch installed on a boat—named Agência Barco—was designed for the purpose of meeting the financial needs of the riverine population that lives in a vast territory with low population density, marked transportation difficulties, and a limited supply of ICT. Thus, this research aims to assess the impact of this bank boat in the financial inclusion of a riverine population of Marajó Island in the state of Pará, which is the unit of analysis of this work. The research outcomes indicate that Agência Barco, via ICT, has partially managed to provide access to financial products and services that might be of interest to the riverine population of Marajó Island. However, the lack of basic financial education and context‐based issues related to the ICT infrastructure has been obstacles to the financial inclusion of this riverine population. Finally, the absence of involvement of local people in this endeavour has not stimulated dynamics of empowerment and participation that could lead to sustainable financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze Quilombola collective identity in light of social movement theory, more specifically through the contributions of Political Process Theory and New Social Movements -Theory. The debate elucidates our understandings of the practices that maintain and strengthen the social identity of the group. Research was carried out in Salvaterra (Brazilian state of Pará) and consisted of interviews, direct observations, in-field annotations and collection of bibliographic references and documents. Residents' processes of identifying as Quilombola in the municipality began with their assertion of a legal claim to territory, but was not limited to this, as the Quilombola community also created practices and events that valorize the Quilombo image. The (re)construction of symbols seeks to strengthen group identity, which has a strategic, cognitive and mobilizing character. The combination of the cited theories allowed us to understand that, even though the structures of political opportunities influence the origins of social movements, their durability, consolidation, and achievements do not depend on fundamentally political actions alone, but also on building a sense of belonging to collective, made possible through identity processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess the impact of the Agência Barco (a branch of a bank that operates in a boat) on the financial inclusion of the riverine population of the Marajó island. Empirical research was carried out through direct observation and semi-structured interviews applied to users and employees of the Agência Barco. Lexical and content analyses were then applied in order to identify the elements for the financial inclusion of this population. The categories obtained through this technique were interpreted vis-à-vis a financial inclusion model developed from the existing literature. The research results show that the Agência Barco has managed to supply partial access to financial products and services. However, the lack of basic financial education of the riverine population of the Marajó island has hindered adequate use of the financial services provided, hampering sustainable financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in a population from the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, Säo Sebastiäo da Boa Vista (SSBV) and Portel in the Marajó Archipelago and correlated these data with the epidemiological characteristics of the study population. Methods: A total of 1899 biological samples were evaluated. The samples were screened for the presence of anti-HTLV antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and infection was confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Results: Eleven samples (0.58%) were seropositive for HTLV, but molecular analysis confirmed positivity in only two samples (0.11%). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two samples positive for HTLV-1 that were isolated in Chaves belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype 1 (HTLV-1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). Conclusion: Our results confirmed the presence of Cosmopolitan Transcontinental HTLV-1 in the Marajó Archipelago, Amazon region, and the majority of the population revealed a lack of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, which increases the risk of dissemination of HTLV and other agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nove casos de encefalomielite equina foram estudados na Ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil. Os equinos apresentavam dificuldade em se manter em estação, andavam em círculo, tinham acentuada depressão, pálpebras cerradas, paralisia da língua, tremores musculares, bruxismo, anorexia e desidratação. Alguns apresentavam diminuição dos reflexos auricular, palpebral, de ameaça, diminuição do tônus da língua e taquicardia. Posição de auto-auscultação foi observada com frequência. Os animais muitas vezes eram encontrados apoiados em troncos e cercas para se manterem em estação. À necropsia verificou-se hemorragia das leptomeninges e da medula, alguns apresentaram ainda aderência das leptomeninges. À histopatologia verificou-se encefalite difusa que afetava principalmente a substância cinzenta, com meningite e coroidite. Foi observada perivasculite mononuclear. Em dois equinos identificou-se o vírus da encefalomielite equina Leste pela reação de Semi-Nested transcrição reversa de polimerase em cadeia (Semi-Nested RT-PCR).Nine cases of equine encephalomyelitis on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil, were studied. The affected horses had difficulty to stand, walked in circles, with marked depression, closed eyelids, tongue paralysis, muscle tremors, bruxism, anorexia and dehydration. Some had their ear and eyelid reflexes diminished, decreased tongue tone and tachycardia; laid down frequently they kept their head on the chest. Often they were seen resting their head on tree trunks or fences. At necropsy, hemorrhages of the meninges and spinal cord, and in some animals also adhesion of the meninges were found. Histologically there was diffuse encephalitis affecting mainly the gray matter, with meningitis and choroiditis. Presence of perivascular cuffs consisting of mononuclear inflammatory cells was observed. From two horses the Eastern equine encephalitis virus was identified by semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (semi-nested RT-PCR).

The main goal of this study was to reconstruct the Late Pleistocene-Holocene floristic composition in an area of the northern Brazilian Amazonia, comparing the results with other Amazonian localities in order to discuss the factors that have influenced phytophysiognomic changes over this time period. The work in eastern Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazonas River was approached based on analysis of 98 pollen and diatom samples from core data distributed along a proximal to distal transect of a paleoestuarine system. The results indicated high concentration of Rhizophora, associated with arboreal pollen grains typical of the modern Amazonian rainforest during the last 40,000 cal yrs BP. Pollen composition also included wetland herbs. Diatoms were dominated by marine and fresh water taxa. Wetland forest, mangrove and, subordinately herbs remained constant during most of the latest Pleistocene-early/middle Holocene. At 5,000 cal yrs BP, there was a distinguished change from forest and mangrove to wet grassland savanna due to sea level fluctuation. As marine influence decreased, the estuary gave rise to fresh water lacustrine and swamp environments, with establishment of herbaceous campos. A main conclusion from this study is that solely the occurrence of herbaceous savanna can not be used as a definitive indicator of past dry climates in Amazonian areas.O objetivo deste estudo foi de reconstruir a composição florística do Pleistoceno Tardio-Holoceno em uma área da Amazônia Oriental, comparando os resultados com outras localidades amazônicas, a fim de discutir os fatores que influenciaram as mudanças fitofisionômicas. O trabalho no leste da Ilha do Marajó, na desembocadura do rio Amazonas, baseou-se na análise de 98 amostras de pólen e diatomácea derivadas de dados de testemunhos de sondagem distribuídos ao longo de um transecto proximal-distal de um sistema paleoestuarino. Os resultados indicaram alta concentração de Rhizophora, associada a grãos de pólen típicos da floresta Amazônica moderna durante os últimos 40.000 yrs BP. A composição palinológica também incluiu ervas de áreas alagadas. Diatomáceas são dominadas por táxons marinhos e de água doce. Floresta inundada, mangue e, subordinadamente erva, permaneceram constantes durante grande parte do Pleistoceno Tardio-Holoceno inferior/médio. A 5.000 cal BP, houve mudança marcada de floresta e mangue para savana de gramíneas de áreas alagadas devido a flutuações do nível do mar. Com diminuição da influência marinha, o estuário foi substituído por ambientes de lago de água doce e pântanos, com estabelecimento de campos herbáceos. Uma conclusão principal deste estudo é que a ocorrência de savana herbácea não pode ser usada como indicador para sugerir climas secos passados em áreas amazônicas.

Studies suggest that the Marajó Island has experienced neotectonic activity during its latest evolution. However, there are no data demonstrating the presence of tectonic structures in its shallow subsurface. This work integrates vertical electric sounding, morphostructural lineaments, and geological data aiming to show fault control on the Late Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentation of this area. Resistivity values were related to mud (< 90 Ωm), clayey sand (90 and 200 Ωm), sand (200 and 500 Ωm), as well as Fe-bearing sand and laterite (> 500 Ωm). The latest values were related to the unconformity with lateritic paleosol at the top of the Barreiras Formation. Despite the values ≤ 500 Ωm of both the Barreiras Formation and the Late Pleistocene-Holocene unit, the latter was distinguished along four electric sections due to the presence of this unconformity, combined with the integration of available 14C, and luminescence ages of Quaternary sediments. The electric sections recorded several places with lateral interruptions of resistivity values within short distances, which were related to faults. The Miocene strata were vertically displaced by normal faults, giving rise to new accommodation space where Late Pleistocene-Holocene sediments were deposited. Fault reactivation was crucial to renew sedimentation in eastern Marajó Island during its latest evolutionary stage.Estudos sugerem que a ilha do Marajó experimentou atividade neotectônica durante sua evolução final. Entretanto, não existem dados demonstrando a presença de estruturas tectônicas em subsuperfície. Este trabalho integra sondagem elétrica vertical, lineamentos morfoestruturais e dados geológicos objetivando mostrar que falhas controlaram a sedimentação pleistocênica tardiaholocênica nesta área. Valores de resistividade foram relacionados com sedimentos argilosos (< 90 Ωm), areia argilosa (90 e 200 Ωm), areia (200 e 500 Ωm), e areia contendo ferro e laterita (> 500 Ωm). Os últimos valores foram registrados na porção leste da área de estudo e relacionados com a discordância com paleossolo laterítico do topo da Formação Barreiras. Apesar de que valores ≤ 500 Ωm ocorrem tanto na Formação Barreiras, como na unidade pleistocênica tardia-holocênica, esta última pode ser diferenciada ao longo das seções elétricas pela presença dessa discordância intermediária, combinado com a integração de idades 14C e de luminescência de grãos de quartzo de sedimentos quaternários. As seções elétricas registraram vários locais com interrupções de valores de resistividade dentro de curtas distâncias, que foram relacionados a falhas. Estratos miocênicos foram deslocados verticalmente por falhas, resultando em novo espaço de acomodação onde sedimentos pleistocênicos tardios-holocênicos foram depositados. A reativação de falhas foi crucial para renovar a sedimentação no leste da ilha do Marajó durante seus últimos estágios de evolução.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tegument, musculature and mesentery of 102 specimens of Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, 104 of Hoplias malabaricus and 101 of Pygocentrus nattereri, from Arari Lake, Marajó Island, State of Pará, Brazil. Were identified the nematodes Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. and Procamallanus sp. Contracaecum sp. was the most prevalent, with rates of 84.31% (H. unitaeniatus), 95.19% (H. malabaricus), and 89.11% (P. nattereri). The highest prevalences of Eustrongylides sp. occurred in H. unitaeniatus (56.86%) and H. malabaricus (53.84%). Procamallanus sp. was only collected in the mesentery. Specimens of Eustrongylides sp. collected from the musculature were 91.9% of its population. Among the nematodes found in the mesentery, 98.34% were Contracaecum sp. with a mean intensity (MI) of 7.92 ± 8.11 (H. unitaeniatus), 8.49 ± 8.34 (H. malabaricus) and 7 ± 6.40 (P. nattereri). Contracaecum sp. presented the highest MI (8.49 ± 8.34) and mean abundance (8.09 ± 8.34). The highest MI values were observed in the mesentery. Eustrongylides sp. presented MI of 2.65 ± 3.21 (H. unitaeniatus), 3.41 ± 3.27 (H. malabaricus) and 2.17 ± 1.18 (P. nattereri). Nematodes with zoonotic potential that were found with high prevalence, shows the importance of actions by the health authorities.Examinou-se o tegumento, mesentério e musculatura de 102 espécimes de Hoplerytrinus unitaeniatus, 104 de Hoplias malabaricus e 101 de Pygocentrus nattereri, do Lago Arari, Ilha do Marajó, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Foram identificados os nematóides Contracaecum sp., Eustrongylides sp. e Procamallanus sp. nas três espécies de peixes. Contracaecum sp. foi o mais prevalente, com índices de 84,31% (H. unitaeniatus), 95,19% (H. malabaricus) e 89,11% (P. nattereri). As maiores prevalências de Eustrongylides sp. foram observadas em H. unitaeniatus (56,86%) e H. malabaricus (53,84%). Procamallanus sp. só foi coletado no mesentério, sendo o sítio de infecção mais parasitado. Na musculatura, foram coletados espécimes de Eustrongylides sp., representando 91,9% de sua população. Dos nematóides coletados no mesentério, 98,34% foram Contracaecum sp. com intensidade média (IM) de 7,92 ± 8,11 (H. unitaeniatus), 8,49 ± 8,34 (H. malabaricus) e 7,0 ± 6,40 (P. nattereri). Contracaecum sp. apresentou maior IM (8,49 ± 8,34) e abundância média (8,09 ± 8,34). Os maiores valores de IM foram obtidos no mesentério. Eustrongylides sp. apresentou IM de 2,65 ± 3,21 (H. unitaeniatus), 3,41 ± 3,27 (H. malabaricus) e 2,17 ± 1,18 (P. nattereri). Nematóides com potencial zoonótico, encontrados com alta prevalência, demonstram a importância para ações das autoridades sanitárias.

The paper address the preliminary results of the Public Archaeology project that is being conducted by the author at Joanes, a small fishermen village in Marajo Island, state of Pará, Brazil, considering the ruins of an historic site assigned to a religious mission from the late XVIIth Century. The reflections about the local communities' perceptions of the site highlight the underlying logic of collecting artifacts – a local common practice – and the subsequent organization of small 'domestic collections'. I argue that collecting in these contexts should not be regarded as looting or destruction, but as a singular form of heritage and past appropriation. I believe this discussion will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between small scale communities and the archaeological heritage in Brazilian Amazon.

Em decorrência dos estudos na subtribo Ecliptinae da Amazônia brasileira, é descrita uma nova espécie, Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos. Até o presente momento, a espécie é considerada como endêmica da Ilha do Marajó. São apresentados diagnose em latim, descrição detalhada, comentários taxonômicos e ilustrações.As result of subtribe Ecliptinae studies from Brazilian Amazonia, is described here a new species, Acmella marajoensis G.A.R. Silva & J.U.M. Santos. At the present moment, this species had been considered as endemic of the Marajó Island. Latin diagnosis, detailed description, taxonomic commentaries and illustrations are presented.

Assuming the existence of tick parasitism in humans in the State of Pará, an aggregate observational study was developed along a transversal line in three cities of the State, during two years. Interviews and examinations of 2,160 townspeople and tourists were carried out, without discrimination of ethnic, sex, age, or social status, and classified for effects analyzed for four bands of age, six types of activities in the society, and two sexes. Larvae, nymphs, and adults of ticks had been identified with cases of parasitism involving six species, of the genus Amblyomma, the genus Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens, and Ornithodorus talaje (the first case registered in Pará), infecting human beings. Adults and agricultural workers were most frequently attacked, followed by students. A. cajennense and R. sanguineus are the species most frequent in the parasitism affecting humans, and A. cajennense is the dominant species. The statistical prevalence was largest in Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha do Marajó. In Santarém the greatest average intensity of parasitism was for R. sanguineus, and in the other locations it wasfor A. cajennense. Agricultural workers faced the greatest risk from parasitism, and to place in practice elementary measures of prevention would reduce by 25% the number of cases.Com a hipótese de parasitismo por carrapatos em humanos no Estado do Pará, foi desenvolvido estudo observacional, agregado, transversal em três mesoregiões do Estado, durante dois anos. Foram entrevistados e examinados 2.160 munícipes, e turistas, sem discriminação étnica, de sexo, idade, e social, classificados para efeito de análises em quatro faixas de idade, seis tipos de atividades na sociedade, e dois sexos. Houve casos de parasitismo por larvas, ninfas, e adultos de carrapatos, envolvendo seis espécies do gênero Amblyomma, o gênero Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens e Ornithodorus talaje (primeiro registo para o Estado). Adultos e os trabalhadores rurais são os mais atacados, seguidos dos estudantes. A. cajennense e R. sanguineus são as espécies mais freqüentes no parasitismo de humano, e A. cajennense é a espécie dominante. A prevalência foi superior a 40% nos três municípios, e estatisticamente maior em Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha de Marajó. Em Santarém R. sanguineus teve a maior intensidade média de parasitismo, nos outros municípios foi por A. cajennense. Estar em atividade rural dobra o risco do parasitismo, e o esclarecimento da população, para colocar em prática medidas elementares de prevenção reduziria em 25% o número de casos.

Archaeology is a discipline that can offer a long term perspective on the impacts human societies have had on the environment. Landscape studies are critical for understanding these impacts, because they embrace a dialectical view regarding the relationship between humans and their immediate surroundings. Such studies are well suited to the Amazon basin, a region that has driven much media attention due to astonishing rates of deforestation in certain areas, with likely consequences on the planet’s climate, posing challenges to the survival of the human species for the coming decades. In fact, although much has been said about the impacts of contemporary societies on tropical forest environments, ancient landscape management practices have not yet been considered part of the equation. Thus far, we know that Amerindian societies have been actively transforming their surroundings for millennia. On the eve of European contact, large, complex societies were bringing about long-lasting transformations of landscapes throughout the basin. Conquest and colonization resulted in epidemics, enslavement, and changes to the indigenous economies that managed to survive the genocide. Afterwards, as colonizers would exploit traditional resources leading, in many instances, to their exhaustion, a huge quantity of information on sustainable ways of dealing with certain environments became lost. Traditional knowledge, however, still survives among certain indigenous, peasant (caboclo), and African-Brazilian populations. Documentation of surviving management practices together with the study of the archaeological record could provide valuable information for policy makers. This article examines historical transformations that took place on Marajó Island during the last two millennia and advocates the importance of archaeological research for understanding the historical ecology of landscape change. It is argued that ancient economic strategies, some still being practiced today, could be re-created in the present, since these may constitute opportunities for sustainable sources of income to local communities.

Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae) is a middle size catfish, known in the Brazilian Amazon as ‘tamoatá’. It uses an accessory air-breathing organ to live in the poor oxygen swamps of the mouth of Amazon and Orinoco rivers. The tamoatá is the main fishery resource of the Marajó Island and it is caught in the flooded savanna of the Arari River basin, near the Santa Cruz do Arari city, Pará State. The tamoatá landing in the port of Ver-o-Peso, in Belém, represents about 6% of the total fish landing. The tamoatá fishery is seasonal, occurring mainly in the dry season. The fishery occurs in the river and lake environments, during July and August, and moves to the pools in the farms, which are the last to be dried in the region, during October and November. People that live in the region also do the fishery, and they sell production to fishing boats sellers, called locally as ‘geleiras’. Those boats are made of wood and carry the fish in iceboxes. The fishes are sold at the ports of important cities, in special the Ver-o-Peso port. The fishery activity is here described based on the interviews with fishermen and local inhabitants. Along the period of this study, were registered 415 boats carrying the tamoatá to Belém. The icebox capacities in the boats were until to 27 tons. The fishery gears used were gillnet and seine net.

Marajó Island shows an abundance of paleochannels easily mapped in its eastern portion, where vegetation consists mostly of savannas. SRTM data make possible to recognize paleochannels also in western Marajó, even considering the dense forest cover. A well preserved paleodrainage network from the adjacency of the town of Breves (southwestern Marajó Island) was investigated in this work combining remote sensing and sedimentological studies. The palimpsest drainage system consists of a large meander connected to narrower tributaries. Sedimentological studies revealed mostly sharp-based, fining upward sands for the channelized features, and interbedded muds and sands for floodplain areas. The sedimentary structures and facies successions are in perfect agreement with deposition in channelized and floodplain environments, as suggested by remote sensing mapping. The present study shows that this paleodrainage was abandoned during Late Pleistocene, slightly earlier than the Holocene paleochannel systems from the east part of the island. Integration of previous studies with the data available herein supports a tectonic origin, related to the opening of the Pará River along fault lineaments. This would explain the disappearance of large, north to northeastward migrating channel systems in southwestern Marajó Island, which were replaced by the much narrower, south to southeastward flowing modern channels.A Ilha do Marajó mostra uma abundância de paleocanais que são facilmente mapeáveis em sua porção leste, onde a vegetação consiste principalmente em savanas. Dados SRTM possibilitam reconhecer paleocanais também na porção oeste do Marajó, mesmo considerando a cobertura vegetal de floresta densa. Uma rede de paleodrenagem bem preservada nas adjacências da cidade de Breves (sudoeste da Ilha do Marajó) foi investigada neste trabalho combinando-se sensoriamento remoto e estudos sedimentológicos. O sistema de drenagem palimpséstico consiste em um amplo meandro conectado a uma malha de tributários estreitos. Estudos sedimentológicos revelaram, principalmente, sucessões granodecrescentes ascendentes de base abrupta nas feições canalizadas, e intercalações de argilas e areias nas planícies de inundação. As estruturassedimentares e sucessões de fácies estão em perfeita concordância com deposição em ambientes canalizados e de planícies de inundação, como sugerido pelo mapeamento com sensoriamento remoto. O presente estudo mostra que a paleodrenagem foi abandonada no final do Pleistoceno, um pouco antes dos sistemas de paleocanais holocênicos da porção leste da ilha. A integração de estudos prévios com os dados disponíveis no presente trabalho suporta causa tectônica, particularmenterelacionada com a abertura do Rio Pará ao longo de falhastectônicas. Isto explicaria o desaparecimento de canais largos que migravam para norte-nordeste no sudoeste da Ilha do Marajó. Estes foram substituídos por outros canais mais estreitos de direção sul-sudeste que dominam na paisagem atual.

Abstract According to the World Health Organization, snakebites are considered neglected diseases. Bothrops, the genus most frequently implicated in envenomations in Brazil, includes the species B. marajoensis Hoge, 1966, part of the complex B. atrox, which is found in the savannas of Marajó Island, Pará state, Brazil, a region that presents scarce epidemiological data. This work reports the first case of hemorrhagic stroke in a child, attributed to delayed medical care after snakebite envenoming by Bothrops marajoensis in Anajás city, Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil, which led to permanent hemiplegia as a sequela.

In this paper we reflect on women heads of families who practice the extractivism of mangaba, supporting the sociocultural reproduction of their groups. From their trajectories, we seek to unravel the migratory flows, the vulnerability in the youth and the socioeconomic security found in the extractivism, allied with the monoparenting. The research was held at Vila Paca - Marajó Island. Observations and interviews were included among the research procedures. The conclusions show that the extractivism of mangaba is an ancestral activity practiced by women and children, providing time, work and income autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two outbreaks of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi in horses in the municipality of Chaves, Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil are reported. The first outbreak occurred in April 2011 in a farm with 147 horses; of these, 47 (31.97%) got sick, and 40 (27.21%) died. The second outbreak occurred in May 2012 and involved nine properties. Of a total of 679 horses, 209 (30.07%) got sick, and 183 (26.97%) died. The main clinical signs observed in these horses were weight loss, abdominal edema, toe dragging, and pelvic muscle atrophy. Necropsy was performed in two horses, one from each outbreak. Macroscopic alterations were not seen in the horse from the first outbreak; however, the horse from the second outbreak exhibited emaciation, pallor and icterus, as well as enlarged spleen with prominent white pulp at cut surface. Histopathology of the central nervous system of both animals revealed mild to severe, diffuse lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, with presence of Mott cells. Immunohistochemistry for T. evansi revealed structures similar to intralesional trypomastigote forms. Between November and December of 2013, an epidemiological survey was carried out in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Santa Cruz do Arari, Salvaterra, Soure, and Chaves. Only Santa Cruz do Arari and Chaves had reported cases of the disease. Blood samples were collected from 243 horses for detection of T. evansi DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 20 were positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is a global public health problem, but, so far, there is no published information regarding the epidemiology of HIV-1 in Marajó Archipelago (Pará, Brazil). Aim:The present study reports the occurrence of infection by HIV-1 in four municipalities of the Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. Subjects and methods:A total of 1877 samples were collected from volunteer blood donors (1296 women and 551 men) living in the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, Portel and São Sebastião da Boa Vista. Information about risk behaviour assessment was obtained from a questionnaire. Plasma samples were tested for the presence of anti-HIV antibodies using serological tests. The infection was confirmed by nucleic acid amplification assays. Results:Twelve samples were seropositive for HIV by ELISA. Western blot analysis showed four positive samples, eight indeterminate patterns and one found to be negative. Molecular analysis revealed three positive samples. Risk factors for HIV-1 infection included absence of condoms during sexual intercourse (41.3%, São Sebastião da Boa Vista), use of illicit drugs (5.8%, Anajás) and early initiation of sexual activities, from 10–15 years (30.7%). Conclusion:Although the study indicates a low HIV-1 prevalence in Marajó Island, some factors may increase the risk for HIV-1 and these include early sexual initiation, unprotected sexual intercourse and the use of illicit drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and 2) were tested in 259 inhabitants (98 males and 161 females) of four villages of the Marajó Island (Pará, Brazil) using enzyme immunoassays (ELISA and Western blot). Types and subtypes of HTLV were determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the pX, env and 5´LTR regions. HTLV-1 infection was detected in Santana do Arari (2.06%) and Ponta de Pedras (1%). HTLV-2 was detected only in Santana do Arari (1.06%). Sequencing of the 5´LTR region of HTLV-1 and the phylogenetic analysis identified the virus as a member of the Cosmopolitan Group, subgroup Transcontinental. Santana do Arari is an Afro-Brazilian community and the current results represent the first report of HTLV-1 infection in a mocambo located in the Brazilian Amazon region.

We assess the relation between the contrasting vegetation types of rainforest, open savanna and wooded savanna coexisting in close contact on Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon River. Floristic and carbon isotopic characterizations of modern plants were combined with organic matter carbon isotope and grain size records of soil to characterize vegetation evolution at six locations on southeastern and northeastern Marajó Island and its relations to climate changes since the late Pleistocene. C 3 plants contribute 100% of the biomass in the rainforest on post-Barreiras sediments (site 1). No significant vegetation changes are evident in these places since at least ~ 7860 cal yr B.P. Rainforests on paleochannels (sites 4 and 6) are protected from flooding by slightly elevated sandy levee and have flora very similar to site 1. These forests were formed since the early-mid Holocene after channel abandonment. C 3 grasses are predominant in open savanna areas (sites 4, 5 and 6), with less representation in wooded savannas (sites 2 and 3). However, C 4 grasses, despite having fewer species, constitute significant biomass in the wooded (~ 60%) and open savanna vegetation areas, especially during the dry season. The reconstructions of past vegetation together with the distributions of modern vegetation allow prediction that climate changes to drier conditions can significantly influence the future Marajó Island landscape, likely enabling expansion of C 4 plants in the flooding zone and of trees in the rainforests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rollnic, M. & Rosário, R.P., 2013. Tide propagation in tidal courses of the Pará river estuary, Amazon Coast, Brazil. Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium (Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 1581-1586, ISSN 0749-0208.--> On the Pará River (estuary) there are approximately one hundred tidal channels. These channels are important systems in both ecological and socio-economic systems. This paper aims to determine the tidal propagation pattern in the tidal channels in the dry and rainy seasons. Three tidal channels were selected on the left margin ( Marajó Island). In a first experiment, two pressure sensors were installed in each channel for 13 hours during a spring tide, one in the mouth and the other approximately 3 km upstream. In a second experiment, 3 pressure sensors were installed in one of the channels (36 days): one outside the channel (Pará river), one in the mouth and another one upstream in the channel. The first experiment revealed that the channels have similar pattern and asymmetric tidal regime, whose flood takes approximately 4 h and the ebb, 8 hours. The absence of an effective river discharge may favour the flood. The presence of sandy banks in the mouth of these channels trap the water inside, which makes the ebb last longer. In the second experiment, harmonic tidal constituents were obtained at the outside point. In the channel and channel mouth there was no variation in the low tidal level during the dry season, possibly due to morphology effects. In the rainy season there was slight variation in low tide level and this was more evident on the spring tide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four sediment cores were sampled from Lake Arari, located on Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon River. The island''s vegetation cover is composed mainly of Amazon coastal forest, herbaceous and varzea vegetation. The integration of data on sedimentary structures, pollen, carbon and nitrogen isotope records, C/N ratios and radiocarbon ages allowed the identification of changes in vegetation and the sources of organic matter accumulated in the lake during the Holocene. The data indicate a relatively high flow energy, marine water influence and the presence of mangroves during the lagoon phase between 8990 and 8690calyr B.P. and 2310–2230calyr B.P. Between 2310 and 2230calyr B.P. and ~1000calyr B.P., the flow energy decreased and the mangroves were replaced by herbaceous vegetation following the decline in marine influence, likely due to the increase in freshwater river discharge. During the last 1000years, Lake Arari was established in association with the expansion of herbaceous vegetation and the dominance of freshwater algae. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A large area in northeastern Marajó Island, northern Brazil, has been characterized geomorphologically, applying information acquired from Landsat imagery. This study was combined with detailed sedimentologic analysis of continuous cores, which provided a record of depositional settings developed in this area through the Holocene. The results revealed well-preserved, meandering to anastomosed drainage networks of wide palaeochannels that were superimposed by a narrower palaeochannel system. In both cases, the sedimentary record consists of sands, heterolithic deposits and muds, locally rich in plant debris. The strata are organized into fining upward successions that reach approximately 18 m thick in the wide channels and 4 m thick in the narrow channels. Sedimentary features suggestive of a coastal location for the wider palaeochannels and reworking of sediments by tidal currents include the prevalence of well to moderately sorted, rounded to subrounded, fine- to medium-grained sands displaying foreset packages separated by mud couplets, suggestive of tidal cycles. The data presented herein point to a rise in relative sea level reaching the Lake Arari area during the early to late/mid Holocene. This event was followed by a relative sea level drop. Tectonics seem to have contributed to an overall lowering in relative sea level in the study area since the mid-Holocene, which does not follow the same pattern recorded in other areas along the northern Brazilian coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Amazon estuary is a unique environment, in which a wide variety of both marine and freshwater fish species can be found, providing an important source of income for local populations. Forty G. broussonnetii specimens were collected from an area adjacent to the city of Salvaterra on Marajó Island, in the Brazilian state of Pará, in 2011. The necroscopic analysis of the hosts revealed the presence of milky rounded cysts throughout the palate. Microscopic analysis of the parasitized fragments revealed that the squamous epithelium covering the palate was intact, although Myxobolus sp. cysts were observed in the cytoplasm of the striated skeletal muscles of the palate, as found in other myxosporids. Overall, the macro- and microscopic findings of the present study confirm the presence of necrotizing myositis in the palate of G. broussonnetii associated with parasitism by Myxobolus sp. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]