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This qualitative study investigated perceptions of STSE topics manifested by adults visiting four biodiversity exhibits at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) in Toronto, Canada. Seven visitors were observed by researchers during their visits and completed post-visit interviews. The theoretical perspective on STSE relationships expounded by Pedretti and Nazir (2011) and Steele (2014) was adopted for the analysis portion of this investigation. Results indicate that the exhibits were able to communicate their central messages on the relationship between human beings and the natural world and the relationship between science and society, as well as reveal some of the effects that these messages had on the public. However, results also support the assertion that some of the intended STSE concepts were not perceived by the participants. Moreover, we identified limitations regarding adult visitors' abilities to perceive science and technology as human activities embedded in a social, historical and moral context.

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a naturally emitted trace gas that can affect the Earth's radiative budget by changing cloud albedo. Most atmospheric models that represent aerosol processes depend on regional or global distributions of seawater DMS concentrations and sea–air flux parameterizations to estimate its emissions. In this study, we analyse the differences between three estimations of seawater DMS, one of which is an observation-based interpolation method following Hulswar et al. (2022) (hereafter referred to as H22) and two of which are proxy-based parameterization methods following Galí et al. (2018) (hereafter referred to as G18) and Wang et al. (2020a) (hereafter referred to as W20). The interpolation-based method depends on the distribution of observations and the methods used to fill data between observations, while the parameterization-based methods rely on establishing a relationship between DMS and environmental parameters such as chlorophyll a, mixed-layer depth, nutrients, sea surface temperature, etc., which can then be used to predict DMS concentrations. On average, the interpolation-based methods show higher DMS values compared to the parameterization-based methods. Even though the interpolation method shows higher values than the parameterization-based methods, it fails to capture mesoscale variability. The regression-based parameterization method (G18) shows the lowest values compared to other estimations, especially in the Southern Ocean, which is the high-DMS region in austral summer. The parameterization-based methods suggest positive long-term trends in seawater DMS (3.82±0.79 % per decade for G18 and 2.13±0.32 % per decade for W20). Since large differences, often more than 100 %, are observed between the different estimations of seawater DMS, the derived sea–air fluxes and, hence, the impact of DMS on the radiative budget are sensitive to the estimate used.

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) contributes to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation in the marine environment. DMS is ventilated from the ocean to the atmosphere, and, in most models, this flux is calculated using seawater DMS concentrations and a sea–air flux parameterization. Here, climatological seawater DMS concentrations from interpolation and parameterization techniques are passed through seven flux parameterizations to estimate the DMS flux. The seasonal means of calculated fluxes are compared to identify differences in absolute values and spatial distributions, which show large differences depending on the flux parameterization used. In situ flux observations were used to validate the estimated fluxes from all seven parameterizations. Even though we see a correlation between the estimated and observation values, all methods underestimate the fluxes in the higher range (>20 µmol m−2 d−1) and overestimate the fluxes in the lower range ( µmol m−2 d−1). The estimated uncertainty in DMS fluxes is driven by the uncertainty in seawater DMS concentrations in some regions but by the choice of flux parameterization in others. We show that the resultant flux is, hence, highly sensitive to both and suggest that there needs to be an improvement in the estimation methods of global seawater DMS concentration and sea–air fluxes for accurately modeling the effect of DMS on the atmosphere.

Science museums are key locations for informal education. They also enable research that explores how families structure their activities and conversations and how these contribute to learning experiences. The aim of this exploratory study, using qualitative and quantitative methodologies, was to analyse the process of family interactions during visits to a Brazilian science museum focused on microbiology and how their conversations mediated their learning experiences. Four groups, each consisting of a single family with children, participated in the study. Their visits were recorded using a subjective camera, and the audiovisual data were analysed regarding types of interactions and conversational content, based on an analysis protocol. The results reveal that the interactions and social dynamics that family groups engaged in during their visit provided cognitive and social learning experiences. The study also offers evidence on the role of children, the importance of conversations with adults during the visits, and the relevance of objects on exhibition in promoting learning conversations.

Background and objective: Renal tumour biopsy (RTB) can help in risk stratification of renal tumours with implications for management, but its utilisation varies. Our objective was to report current practice patterns, experiences, and perceptions of RTB and research gaps regarding RTB for small renal masses (SRMs). Methods: Two web-based surveys, one for health care providers (HCPs) and one for patients, were distributed via the European Association of Urology Young Academic Urologist Renal Cancer Working Group and the European Society of Residents in Urology in January 2023. Key findings and limitations: The HCP survey received 210 responses (response rate 51%) and the patient survey 54 responses (response rate 59%). A minority of HCPs offer RTB to >50% of patients (14%), while 48% offer it in

Abstract The Observing Air–Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) is a new United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development programme working to develop a practical, integrated approach for observing air–sea interactions globally for improved Earth system (including ecosystem) forecasts, CO2 uptake assessments called for by the Paris Agreement, and invaluable surface ocean information for decision makers. Our “Theory of Change” relies upon leveraged multi-disciplinary activities, partnerships, and capacity strengthening. Recommendations from >40 OceanObs’19 community papers and a series of workshops have been consolidated into three interlinked Grand Ideas for creating #1: a globally distributed network of mobile air–sea observing platforms built around an expanded array of long-term time-series stations; #2: a satellite network, with high spatial and temporal resolution, optimized for measuring air–sea fluxes; and #3: improved representation of air–sea coupling in a hierarchy of Earth system models. OASIS activities are organized across five Theme Teams: (1) Observing Network Design & Model Improvement; (2) Partnership & Capacity Strengthening; (3) UN Decade OASIS Actions; (4) Best Practices & Interoperability Experiments; and (5) Findable–Accessible–Interoperable–Reusable (FAIR) models, data, and OASIS products. Stakeholders, including researchers, are actively recruited to participate in Theme Teams to help promote a predicted, safe, clean, healthy, resilient, and productive ocean.

ABSTRACT Objective: In order to study the scenario of respiratory infections in pediatrics after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, this study aimed to compare characteristics of children admitted for SARS or upper airway infection caused by either RSV or SARS-CoV-2. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving children up to 48 months of age admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital with a diagnosis of SARS or upper airway infection between April of 2020 and April of 2021. Respiratory secretion samples were collected 2-5 days after hospitalization, and antigen/PCR tests for viral etiologies were performed. In this analysis, patients with laboratorial diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and/or RSV were selected, and their clinical and epidemiological characteristics were compared using logistic regression. Results: Our sample initially comprised 369 participants. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV infections were confirmed in 55 (15%) and 59 children (16%), respectively. Mean age was 12 months (0-48 months), and 47 were female. The following characteristics were significantly more frequent in patients with RSV when compared with those with COVID-19: younger age (OR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90-0.98); lower frequency of fever (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05-0.66); and more frequent upper airway symptoms: cough (OR = 7.36; 95% CI: 1.04-52.25); and tachypnea (OR = 6.06; 95% CI: 1.31-28.0). Conclusions: Children with RSV-related SARS were younger, had lower frequency of fever at admission, but had a higher frequency of signs of upper airway infection and lower systemic inflammation when compared with children hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic.

This paper explores how biodiversity is represented at the "Life in Crisis Schad Gallery of Biodiversity" (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto). Using theoretical perspectives related to science, technology, society and environment (STSE), and biodiversity in science museums, we conducted a qualitative case study of the exhibit. Data collection included records of the exhibit through photos and videos; field notes; in-depth interviews with two museum professionals; and collection of documents and artifacts. The first analytical stage, based on inductive analysis, revealed that biodiversity is being represented as an "'unknown' topic," a "loss" and an "unfinished narrative." The second analytical stage, deductively supported by the STSE framework, reflected a prominent logical reasoning angle, through which biological perspectives are routinary reflected in the exhibit. Our analyses also revealed hints of environmental ethics, stewardship, socio-ecojustice and value-centered views often associated in the exhibit with worldwide environmental issues and the idea of "generic human beings." Our study suggests that the STSE lens can provide a framework to support the work of science museums around topics like biodiversity. It also highlights the importance of bringing local perspectives to the exhibit content, engaging with critical pedagogical strategies and amplifying the concept of sociobiodiversity.

Context: The superiority of off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) over the on-clamp technique has recently been questioned by randomized controlled trials comparing the two techniques. Objective: To systematically review the recent literature and perform a quantitative synthesis of data on the comparison of off-clamp versus off-clamp hilar control during RAPN. Evidence acquisition: A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for studies comparing off-clamp versus on-clamp RAPN in terms of perioperative and functional outcomes. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023413160). Only prospective randomized controlled trials and retrospective matched observational studies were included. The primary outcome of the study was the percentage decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Evidence synthesis: A total of 11 studies were included involving a total of 2483 patients (944 patients in the off-clamp and 1539 patients in the on-clamp group). There was no difference between the two groups in the percentage decline in eGFR (mean difference [MD] 0.04%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −3.7% to 3.86%; p = 0.98). There were so significant differences between the groups for length of hospital stay (p = 0.56), complications (p = 0.08), conversion to open or radical surgery (p = 0.18), estimated blood loss (p = 0.06), or need for blood transfusion (p = 0.07). The operative time was shorter in the off-clamp group (MD−21.89 min, 95% CI −42.5 to −1.27; p = 0.04) but after sensitivity analysis the difference was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.15). The positive surgical margin rate was significantly lower in the off-clamp group (odds ratio 0.6, 95% CI 0.39–0.91; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Our review revealed no clinically relevant differences in perioperative and functional outcomes between off-clamp and on-clamp RAPN. Patient summary: In this review, we compared the two methods of controlling the kidney blood vessels during robot-assisted surgery to remove part of the kidney. We noted that there was no difference between the two groups for outcomes such as complications and the decrease in kidney function after surgery.

Abstract Carbon disulfide (CS2) has recently gained attention as an important precursor for the atmospheric trace gas carbonyl sulfide (OCS), which delivers sulfur to the stratospheric sulfur layer and impacts the radiative budget of the Earth. CS2 is naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. However, the magnitude of its marine emissions is only poorly constrained due to lacking understanding of its production and consumption processes. Here, we present incubation experiments with and without UV light treatment and provide evidence for a previously not considered UV‐light‐driven degradation process of CS2 in seawater, following first‐order kinetics. In addition to its already known photochemical production process, CS2 production is found in the dark, depending on the amount of dissolved organic sulfur present in seawater. We provide novel production and consumption rates of CS2 in seawater that pave the way toward mechanistically quantifying marine emissions of this important trace gas.

Simone Ferretti,1,* Chiara Mercinelli,2,* Laura Marandino,2 Giulio Litterio,1 Michele Marchioni,1 Luigi Schips1 1Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti, Urology Unit, Chieti, Italy; 2Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Michele Marchioni, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti, Urology Unit, Chieti, Italy, Tel +393296544866, Fax +390871357756, Email mic.marchioni@gmail.comAbstract: The therapeutic landscape of metastatic hormone sensitive and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is rapidly changing. We reviewed the current treatment options for mCRPC, with insights on new available therapeutic strategies. Chemotherapy with docetaxel or cabazitaxel (for patients progressing on docetaxel), as well as treatment with androgen receptor axis targeted therapies, and Radium-223 are well-established treatment options for patients with mCRPC. The advent of theragnostic in prostate cancer established Lutetium-177 (177Lu)–PSMA-617 as a new standard of care for PSMA-positive mCRPC previously treated with ARAT and taxane-based chemotherapy. Olaparib, a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, is approved for selected patients with mCRPC progressed on ARATs and in combination with abiraterone acetate as first-line treatment for mCRPC. Immunotherapy showed limited efficacy in unselected patients with mCRPC and novel immunotherapy strategies need to be explored. The search for biomarkers is a growing field of interest in mCRPC, and predictive biomarkers are needed to support the choice of treatment and the development of tailored strategies.Keywords: metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, chemotherapy, androgen-receptors axis targeted therapies, PARP inhibitors, theragnostic, predictive biomarkers

Abstract Checkpoint immunotherapy (CPI) has increased survival for some patients with advanced-stage bladder cancer (BCa). However, most patients do not respond. Here, we characterized the tumor and immune microenvironment in pre- and post-treatment tumors from the PURE01 neoadjuvant pembrolizumab immunotherapy trial, using a consolidative approach that combined transcriptional and genetic profiling with digital spatial profiling. We identify five distinctive genetic and transcriptomic programs and validate these in an independent neoadjuvant CPI trial to identify the features of response or resistance to CPI. By modeling the regulatory network, we identify the histone demethylase KDM5B as a repressor of tumor immune signaling pathways in one resistant subtype (S1, Luminal-excluded) and demonstrate that inhibition of KDM5B enhances immunogenicity in FGFR3-mutated BCa cells. Our study identifies signatures associated with response to CPI that can be used to molecularly stratify patients and suggests therapeutic alternatives for subtypes with poor response to neoadjuvant immunotherapy.

Bovine torovirus (BToV) is an enteric pathogen that may cause diarrhea in calves and adult cattle, which could result in economic losses due to weight loss and decreased milk production. This study aimed to report the presence, the genetic characterization and the evolution of BToV in calves in Uruguay. BToV was detected in 7.9% (22/278) of fecal samples, being identified in dairy (9.2%, 22/239) but not beef (0.0%, 0/39) calves. BToV was detected in both diarrheic (14%, 6/43) and non-diarrheic (13.2%, 5/38) dairy calves. In addition, BToV was detected in the intestinal contents of 14.9% (7/47) of naturally deceased dairy calves. A complete genome (28,446 nucleotides) was obtained, which was the second outside Asia and the first in Latin America. In addition, partial S gene sequences were obtained to perform evolutionary analyses. Nucleotide and amino acid substitutions within and between outbreaks/farms were observed, alerting the continuous evolution of the virus. Through Bayesian analysis using BEAST, a recent origin (mid-60s) of BToV, possibly in Asia, was estimated, with two introductions into Uruguay from Asia and Europe in 2004 and 2013, respectively. The estimated evolutionary rate was 1.80 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year. Our findings emphasize the importance of continued surveillance and genetic characterization for the effective management and understanding of BToV’s global epidemiology and evolution.

Background: Treatment for HER2-positive (+) metastatic breast cancer has improved in the last decade. We analyzed treatment changes over time and their impact on patients outcomes in a real-world dataset. Methods: Data from 637 HER2+ patients with metastatic breast cancer enrolled in the multicenter Italian GIM14/BIOMETA study were retrieved. Progression-free survival (PFS) over time was evaluated according to the type of anti-HER2 therapy, disease onset (de novo vs. relapsing), metastatic site, and year of treatment (2000–2013 vs. 2014–2020). Results: Median follow-up was 64.4 months. Overall, for first-line therapies, mPFS was 16.5 vs 19.5 months for patients treated in 2000–2013 vs 2014–2020 (HR: 0.78, 95% CI:0.65–0.94, P = 0.008). mPFS improved over time in all patients except for those with brain metastasis. Interestingly mPFS was 17.4 vs13.4 months (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13–1.98, P = 0.005) in 2000–2013 and 24.4 vs 20.9 months (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.78–1.40 p = 0.77) in 2014–2020 in pts without vs with liver metastases. For second line therapies, the overall median PFS was 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.31–10.97) and did not change over time. Conclusion: Median first-line PFS improved since 2014, mainly due to the introduction of pertuzumab. The outcome of patients with liver metastases appears to have improved in recent years. Patients with brain metastases had the worst PFS, which also did not improve over time.

Os estudos em museus de ciência destacam cada vez mais o papel da emoção nas experiências de visita dos públicos. Neste artigo, nosso objetivo é investigar as características das experiências de emoções de famílias com crianças em visita ao Museu de Microbiologia do Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (Brasil). Participaram deste estudo três famílias, em um total de 10 pessoas, sendo quatro adultos (um homem e três mulheres) e seis crianças (três meninos e três meninas). Como instrumentos de coleta, utilizamos a observação das visitas familiares que foram gravadas por meio de uma câmera subjetiva e entrevistas realizadas com as crianças ao término do percurso. A análise de valência (sensação agradável ou desagradável experimentada) e excitação (se sentir ativo ou tranquilo) foi aplicada nas conversas e interações durante a visita e uma análise interpretativa das falas das crianças no processo de entrevista. De maneira geral, nossos resultados trazem evidências de que a experiência foi positiva e que a resposta emocional das famílias com crianças esteve relacionada ao interesse, à motivação, ao conhecimento e a experiências anteriores.

Objective: The aim of the current review is to summarize the available evidence to aid clinicians in the surveillance, treatment and follow-up of the different primary tumors developed by patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Methods: A non-systematic narrative review of original articles, meta-analyses, and randomized trials was conducted, including articles in the pre-clinical setting to support relevant findings. Results: VHL disease is the most common rare hereditary disorder associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Affected individuals inherit a germline mutation in one VHL allele, and any somatic event that disrupt the other allele can trigger mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or epigenetic regulations leading to oncogenesis. From a clinical perspective, patients continuously develop multiple primary tumors. Conclusion: Because VHL is considered a rare disease, very limited evidence is available for diagnosis, surveillance, active treatment with local or systemic therapy and follow-up.

Climate-relevant trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in remote regions of the planet such as the Southern Ocean. It is clear that polar regions exhibit seasonal trends in productivity and biogeochemical cycling, but almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer months. If we want to understand how the Southern Ocean affects the balance of climate through trace gas air–sea exchange, it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales, including all seasons. Therefore, in this study, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the winter to understand the spatial and temporal distribution in comparison to current knowledge and climatological calculations for the Southern Ocean. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter season in the Southern Ocean. We found that the concentrations of DMS from the surface seawater and air in the investigated area were 1.03 ± 0.98 nmol−1 and 28.80 ± 12.49 pptv, respectively. The concentrations of isoprene in surface seawater were 14.46 ± 12.23 pmol−1. DMS and isoprene fluxes were 4.04 ± 4.12 µmol m−2 d−1 and 80.55 ± 78.57 nmol m−2 d−1, respectively. These results are generally lower than the values presented or calculated in currently used climatologies and models. More data are urgently needed to better interpolate climatological values and validate process-oriented models, as well as to explore how finer measurement resolution, both spatially and temporally, can influence air–sea flux calculations.

Objective To assess time trends in the inclusion of health-related quality of life (QoL) among study endpoints and in the reporting of QoL results in study publications, randomised phase III oncology trials published between 2017 and 2021 were compared with the trials published in the previous 5 years.Methods and analysis All issues published between 2012 and 2021 by 11 major journals were handsearched for primary publications of phase III trials in adult patients with solid tumours. Trials published in 2017–2021 were compared with trials published in 2012–2016 for three endpoints: (1) proportion of publications including QoL among endpoints out of all the eligible publications; (2) proportion of publications presenting QoL results out of those including QoL among endpoints and (3) proportion of publications presenting QoL data out of all the eligible publications.Results 388 publications between 2017 and 2021 were eligible and compared with 446 publications between 2012 and 2016. QoL was included among endpoints in 67.8% of trials in 2017–2021 vs 52.9% in 2012–2016 (univariate OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.48, p

Climate change and plastic pollution are two of the most pressing environmental challenges caused by human activity, and they are directly and indirectly linked. We focus on the relationship between marine plastic litter and the air-sea flux of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Marine plastic litter has the potential to both enhance and reduce oceanic GHG fluxes, but this depends on many factors that are not well understood. Different kinds of plastic behave quite differently in the sea, affecting air-sea gas exchange in different, largely unknown, ways. The mechanisms of air-sea exchange of GHGs have been extensively studied and if air-sea gas transfer coefficients and concentrations of the gas in water and air are known, calculating the resulting GHG fluxes is reasonably straightforward. However, relatively little is known about the consequences of marine plastic litter for gas transfer coefficients, concentrations, and fluxes. Here we evaluate the most important aspects controlling the exchange of GHGs between the sea and the atmosphere and how marine plastic litter could change these. The aim is to move towards improving air-sea GHG flux calculations in the presence of plastic litter and we have largely limited ourselves to identifying processes, rather than estimating relative importance.

Este artigo discute o processo de produção da exposição do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, explicitando os agentes, discursos e domínios que definiram o que foi selecionado e como isso ocorreu durante a composição da narrativa expositiva. Também apresenta as disputas e as relações de poder envolvidas no processo de elaboração e concepção da exposição. Para tal utilizamos o aporte teórico advindo dos trabalhos de Basil Bernstein, mais precisamente dos conceitos de dispositivo pedagógico e recontextualização elaborados pelo autor. Buscou-se discutir como ocorreu os processos de recontextualização que aconteceram na elaboração da exposição e os agentes e agências que compuseram o campo recontextualizador pedagógico do museu. A produção de dados se deu principalmente a partir de entrevistas com participantes do processo de elaboração e execução da exposição, análise de dados documentais e observação e descrição da exposição. Observou-se que diferentes atores e instâncias da instituição tiveram um papel significativo na composição do discurso expositivo, contudo nem todas tiveram o mesmo poder nesse processo. A relevância dos campos do conhecimento sobre biodiversidade e da comunicação tiveram maior legitimação do que o campo educacional, revelando que a formulação de uma exposição se constitui como um território de disputas.

Objective: No standard strategy for diagnosis and management of positive surgical margin (PSM) and local recurrence after partial nephrectomy (PN) are reported in literature. This review aims to provide an overview of the current strategies and further perspectives on this patient setting. Methods: A non-systematic review of the literature was completed. The research included the most updated articles (about the last 10 years). Results: Techniques for diagnosing PSMs during PN include intraoperative frozen section, imprinting cytology, and other specific tools. No clear evidence is reported about these methods. Regarding PSM management, active surveillance with a combination of imaging and laboratory evaluation is the first option line followed by surgery. Regarding local recurrence management, surgery is the primary curative approach when possible but it may be technically difficult due to anatomy resultant from previous PN. In this scenario, thermal ablation (TA) may have the potential to circumvent these limitations representing a less invasive alternative. Salvage surgery represents a valid option; six studies analyzed the outcomes of nephrectomy on local recurrence after PN with three of these focused on robotic approach. Overall, complication rates of salvage surgery are higher compared to TA but ablation presents a higher recurrence rate up to 25% of cases that can often be managed with repeat ablation. Conclusion: Controversy still exists surrounding the best strategy for management and diagnosis of patients with PSMs or local recurrence after PN. Active surveillance is likely to be the optimal first-line management option for most patients with PSMs. Ablation and salvage surgery both represent valid options in patients with local recurrence after PN. Conversely, salvage PN and radical nephrectomy have fewer recurrences but are associated with a higher complication rate compared to TA. In this scenario, robotic surgery plays an important role in improving salvage PN and radical nephrectomy outcomes.

Objective: The role of lymph node dissection (LND) is still controversial in patients with renal cell carcinoma undergoing surgery. We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the literature about the effect of LND on survival, prognosis, surgical outcomes, as well as patient selection and available LND templates. Methods: Recent literature (from January 2011 to December 2021) was assessed through PubMed and MEDLINE databases. A narrative review of most relevant articles was provided. Results: The frequencies in which LNDs are being carried out are decreasing due to an increase in minimally invasive and nephron sparing surgery. Moreover, randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses failed to show any survival advantage of LND versus no LND. However, retrospective studies suggest a survival benefit of LND in high-risk patients (bulky tumors, T3-4 stage, and cN1 patients). Moreover, extended LND might provide important staging information, which could be of interest for adjuvant treatment planning. Conclusion: No level 1 evidence of any survival advantage deriving from LND is currently available in literature. Thus, the role of LND is limited to staging purposes. However, low grade evidence suggests a possible role of LND in high-risk patients. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to corroborate these findings.