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Two sets of parallel columns were packed with a low-organic-content aquifer soil contaminated with carbon tetrachloride (CT) and flushed with water under bioactive and abiotic saturated conditions. Both effluent and soil concentrations (by sacrificing columns) were monitoredfor CT. Desorption of CT from the aquifer material could be described by a two-site nonequilibrium model. The columns were found to operate far from desorption equilibrium conditions. Inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. strain KC resulted in rapid transformation of CT in the liquid phase, but no evidence of solid-phase degradation was found. Mathematical modeling of desorption and biodegradation as sequential andindependent processes appears to be justified for this soil/contaminant combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A double secondary aortoenteric fistula (AEF) occurs in a patient who has had significant aortic surgery and is characterized by a direct connection between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the aorta at two separate sites., Importance: During aortoc reconstructive surgery, the patient may present with a variety of unusual complaints, including fever and GI bleeding. These symptoms are indicative of problems, including the development of an aortoentric fistula, particularly when there is a double secondary fistula., Case Presentation: The patient was admitted to the hospital due to hematemesis, melena, and high-grade fever after undergoing synthetic grafting aortobifemoral bypass (anatomical reconstruction) and partial resection of the juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Pus discharge and a double aortoenteric fistula in unusual sites such as the second-third portion of the duodenum and caecum are visible in upper GI endoscopy and computed tomography angiography. The patient underwent a two-stage open surgery, the first stage involving aortic limb graft exclusion and extra anatomical reconstruction, and the second stage involving graft removal, fistula management, and bowel repair. Then the patient spent a few days in the surgical intensive care unit before being discharged., Clinical Discussion: Primary and secondary AEF are the two categories of AEF. In patients who underwent aortic reconstruction surgery, the frequency of secondary AEF ranges from 0.36 to 1.6%. Due to the 8:1 injury ratio in the secondery AEF, men suffer more injuries than women.There are two types of fistula depending on whether or not the suture line is involved. The first form is graft enteric erosion, which excludes the suture line, while the second type is entric graft fistula, where the suture line is included. Most common site fistula is third and fourth part of duodenum and least common site is fistula formation in large bowel., Conclusions: An uncommon complication is double secondary AEF following aortic reconstruction surgery. Since one of the most significant presentations an AEF patient can present with is major GI bleeding and sepsis, A delay in seeking immediate medical treatment could result in the patient's death. It should be emphasized that one of the mechanisms for AEF formation and a frequent cause of sepsis in patients is recurrent aortic graft infection following aortic reconstruction surgery., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is successful in the detection of the spread of SARS-CoV-2. This review examines the methods used and results of recent studies on the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. WBE becomes essential, especially with virus transmission path uncertainty, limitations on the number of clinical tests that could be conducted, and a relatively long period for infected people to show symptoms. Wastewater surveillance was used to show the effect of lockdown on the virus spread. A WBE framework tailored for SARS-CoV-2 that incorporates lessons learnt from the reviewed studies was developed. Results of the review helped outline challenges facing the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. A comparison between the various studies with regards to sample concentration and virus quantification was conducted. Five different primers sets were used for qPCR quantification; however, due to limited data availability, there is no consensus on the most sensitive primer. Correlating the slope of the relationship between the number of gene copies vs. the cumulative number of infections normalized to the total population served with the average new cases, suggests that qPCR results could help estimating the number of new infections. The correlation is improved when a lag period was introduced to account for asymptomatic infections. Based on lessons learnt from recent studies, it is recommended that future applications should consider the following: 1) ensuring occupational safety in managing sewage collection and processing, 2) evaluating the effectiveness of greywater disinfection, 3) measuring viral RNA decay due to biological and chemical activities during collection and treatment, 4) assessing the effectiveness of digital PCR, and 5) conducting large scale international studies that follow standardized protocols., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Smart waste collection strategies have been developed to replace conventional fixed routes with dynamic systems that respond to the actual fill-level of waste bins. The variation in waste generation patterns, which is the main driver for the profit of smart systems, is exacerbated in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) due to a high expatriate ratio. This leads to significant changes in waste generation during breaks and seasonal occasions. The present study aimed to evaluate a geographic information system (GIS)-based smart collection system (SCS) compared to conventional practices in terms of time, pollution, and cost. Different scenarios were tested on a local residential district based on variable bin filling rates. The input data were obtained from a field survey on different types of households. A knowledge-based decision-making algorithm was developed to select the bins that require collection based on historical data. The simulation included a regular SCS scenario based on actual filling rates, as well as sub-scenarios to study the impact of reducing the waste generation rates. An operation cost reduction of 19% was achieved with SCS compared to the conventional scenario. Moreover, SCS outperformed the conventional system by lowering carbon-dioxide emissions by between 5 and 22% for various scenarios. The operation costs were non-linearly reduced with the incremental drops in waste generation. Furthermore, the smart system was validated using actual waste generation data of the study area, and it lowered collection trip times by 18 to 42% compared to the conventional service. The present study proposes an integrated SCS architecture, and explores critical considerations of smart systems.

Date-Palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are the most abundant crop in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aim of this work was to conduct aerobiological studies on Date-Palm pollens and correlate that to allergenicity. An aerobiological survey was performed at three Date-Palm farms. Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and total IgE were performed on 477 airborne allergic patients. Small mass bioactive constituents were fractionated and isolated by HPLC. Aerobiological studies demonstrate the short distance traveled by the Date-Palm pollens. Pollen counts were about 800 counts/m3 within the Date-Palm farms and decreased by about 80% just 100 meters away from the farm area and almost diminished beyond 200 meters. Scanning electron micrograph of the pollen grain showed a uniform smooth texture with an oval shape. Out of 477 airborne allergic patients having high total IgE counts, only 2.3% gave positive RAST for Date-Palm pollen. HPLC chromatogram separated the non-protein content of Date-Palm pollen into four distinct peak fractions. The present study revealed that Date-Palm pollens have a low allergic effect on airborne allergic people. The short distance traveled by the pollen, the smooth texture, the short pollination period and low molecular weight biomolecule content may be the main factors behind the low allergenicity.

Several previously reported laboratory studies related to transport of solutes through packed columns were utilized to develop predictive relationships for mass-transfer rate coefficient. The data were classified into two groups: those obtained under rate-limited mass transfer between mobile and immobile water regions (physical nonequilibrium conditions), and those derived from rate-limited mass transfer between instantaneous and slow sorption sites (sorption nonequilibrium conditions). The mass-transfer coefficient in all these studies was obtained by fitting breakthrough data to a transport model employing a first-order rate limitations with a "constant" mass-transfer coefficient, independent of flow conditions. This study demonstrated that the mass-transfer coefficient in these models is dependent on system parameters including pore-water velocity, length-scale, retardation coefficient, and particle or aggregate size. Predictive relationships were developed, through regression analysis, relating mass-transfer coefficient to residence time. The developed relationships adequately estimated previously reported field mass-transfer values. Successful simulations of field desorption data reported by Bahr [J. Contam. Hydrol. 4 (1989) 205] further demonstrate the potential applicability of the developed relationships.