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Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is part of the subgingival biofilm and a keystone species in the development of periodontitis. Interactions between P.gingivalis and other bacteria in biofilms have been shown to affect bacterial virulence. Helicobacter pylori also inhabits the subgingival biofilm, but the consequences of interactions there with P.gingivalis remain unknown. Here, we investigated how the pre-incubation of P.gingivalis with H.pylori affects P.gingivalis virulence.Methods We assayed P.gingivalis internalization by oral keratinocytes (OKs), hemagglutination and biofilm formation to identify alterations in virulence after pre-incubation with H. pylori. Also, we evaluated viability and migration of OKs infected with P. gingivalis, as well as the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In addition, we quantified the mRNA of genes associated with P.gingivalis virulence.Results Pre-incubation of P.gingivalis with H.pylori enhanced P.gingivalis biofilm formation, bacterial internalization into OKs and hemagglutination. Infection with pre-incubated P.gingivalis increased OK migration in a manner dependent on the O-antigen and linked to increased expression of the gingipain RgpB. Also, OK TLR4 participates in these events, because upon TLR4 knock-down, pre-incubated P.gingivalis no longer stimulated OK migration.Discussion We provide here for the first time insight to the consequences of direct interaction between P.gingivalis and H.pylori. In doing so, we shed light on the mechanism by which H. pylori presence in the oral cavity increases the severity or progression of periodontitis.

Porphyromonas gingivalis has been extensively associated with both the onset and progression of periodontitis. We previously isolated and characterized two P. gingivalis strains, one from a patient exhibiting severe chronic periodontitis (CP3) and another from a periodontally healthy individual (H3). We previously showed that CP3 and H3 exhibit differences in virulence since H3 showed a lower resistance to cationic peptides compared with CP3, and a lower ability to induce proliferation in gingival epithelial cells. Here, we aimed to determine whether differences in virulence between these two strains are associated with the presence or absence of specific genes encoding virulence factors. We sequenced the whole genomes of both P. gingivalis CP3 and H3 and conducted a comparative analysis regarding P. gingivalis virulence genetic determinants. To do so, we performed a homology search of predicted protein sequences in CP3 and H3 genomes against the most characterized virulence genes for P. gingivalis available in the literature. In addition, we performed a genomic comparison of CP3 and H3 with all the 62 genomes of P. gingivalis found in NCBI's RefSeq database. This approach allowed us to determine the evolutionary relationships of CP3 and H3 with other virulent and avirulent strains; and additionally, to detect variability in presence/absence of virulence genes among P. gingivalis genomes. Our results show genetic variability in the hemagglutinin genes. While CP3 possesses one copy of hagA and two of hagC, H3 has no hagA and only one copy of hagC. Experimentally, this finding is related to lower in vitro hemmaglutination ability of H3 compared to CP3. Moreover, while CP3 encodes a gene for a major fimbrium subunit FimA type 4 (CP3_00160), H3 possess a FimA type 1 (H3_01400). Such genetic differences are in agreement with both lower biofilm formation ability and less intracellular invasion to oral epithelial cells exhibited by H3, compared with the virulent strain CP3. Therefore, here we provide new results on the genome sequences, comparative genomics analyses, and phenotypic analyses of two P. gingivalis strains. The genomics comparison of these two strains with the other 62 genomes included in the analysis provided relevant results regarding genetic determinants and their association with P. gingivalis virulence.

En este trabajo presentamos un ejercicio narrativo acerca de la acción social y las teorías hermenéuticas que han intentado definir o hablar acerca de la misma. Se recogen propuestas diversas: desde las que abogan por considerar a la acción social como un texto hasta las consideraciones más pragmatistas acerca del para qué de la acción. En este relato se pone en juego, en el más puro sentido gadameriano, una ficción que tiene la virtud de tematizar y poner en acto, simultáneamente, un concepto que teóricamente ha sido elusivo. Este abordaje asume la sutil noción de narración ficticia que, de acuerdo a Paul Ricoeur, tiene la característica paradójica de que entre más irreal se sitúa una lectura, es más profunda y lejana su influencia sobre la realidad social. Por otro lado, coincidimos con Alfred Schutz en que, al abandonarnos a la risa, hay un ámbito de significado que otorga realidad al mundo ficticio y resignifica el mundo de la vida cotidiana.