Search

Understanding the nature of dark matter is one of the most exciting challenges in fundamental physics nowadays, requiring the synergy of different search techniques, as well as theoretical inputs. An interesting opportunity for the investigation of dark matter is the one offered by the \textit{B}-factories. The Belle~II experiment, located at the interaction point of the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy $e^+e^-$ collider, is a new generation \textit{B}-factory experiment operating at the Japanese KEK laboratory. With a machine design luminosity of $6\times10^{35}\,\rm{cm}^{-2}s^{-1}$, Belle II aims to record 50 ab$^{-1}$ of data within the next decade. Thanks to this large data-sample and by using dedicated triggers, Belle~II is expected to explore dark sector candidates with unprecedented sensitivity in the mass range up to 10 GeV$/c^2$. During 2018, the experiment concluded a commissioning run, collecting a data-sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 0.5 fb$^{-1}$, while main operations started on March 2019 with an almost complete detector. So far the experiment collected an integrated luminosity of $\sim90\, \rm{fb}^{-1}$. With these data-sets Belle~II has already shown the possibility to search for a large variety of dark sector candidates in the GeV mass range. This paper reviews the status of the dark sector searches performed at the Belle~II experiment, with a focus on the first obtained results and the discovery potential with the data-set available in the short term., This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication/published in Physica Scripta. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/abfef2

Nanostructured films of carbon and TiO2 nanoparticles have been produced by means of a simple two-step procedure based on flame synthesis and thermophoretic deposition. At first, a granular carbon film is produced on silicon substrates by the self-assembling of thermophoretically sampled carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with diameters of the order of 15 nm. Then, the composite film is obtained by the subsequent thermophoretic deposition of smaller TiO2 nanoparticles (diameters of the order of 2.5 nm), which deposit on the surface and intercalate between the carbon grains by diffusion within the pores. A bipolar resistive switching behavior is observed in the composite film of CNP-TiO2. A pinched hysteresis loop is measured with SET and RESET between low resistance and high resistance states occurring for the electric field of 1.35 × 104 V/cm and 1.5 × 104 V/cm, respectively. CNP-TiO2 film produced by flame synthesis is initially in the low resistive state and it does not require an electroforming step. The resistance switching phenomenon is attributed to the formation/rupture of conductive filaments through space charge mechanism in the TiO2 nanoparticles, which facilitate/hinder the electrical conduction between carbon grains. Our findings demonstrate that films made of flame-formed CNP-TiO2 nanoparticles are promising candidates for resistive switching components.

We thanktheKEKBgroup for the excellentoperation of the accelerator; the KEK cryogenics group for the efficient operation of the solenoid; and the KEK computer group, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) EnvironmentalMolecular SciencesLaboratory (EMSL) computing group for strong computing support; and the National Institute of Informatics, and Science Information NETwork 5 (SINET5) for valuable network support. We acknowledge support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the TauLepton Physics Research Center of Nagoya University; the Australian Research Council including Grants No. DP180102629, No. DP170102389, No. DP170102204, No. DP150103061, No. FT130100303; AustrianFederalMinistry ofEducation, Science and Research (FWF) andFWFAustrian Science FundNo. P 31361-N36; theNationalNatural Science Foundation of China under Contracts No. 11435013, No. 11475187, No. 11521505, No. 11575017, No. 11675166, No. 11705209; No. 11761141009; No. 11975076; No. 12042509; No. 12005040; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Grant No. QYZDJSSW-SLH011; the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP); theShanghaiPujiangProgramunderGrant No. 18PJ1401000; the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (STCSM) under Grant No. 19ZR1403000; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under Contract No. LTT17020; Horizon 2020 ERC Advanced Grant No. 884719 and ERC Starting Grant No. 947006 "InterLeptons" (EuropeanUnion); the Carl Zeiss Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Excellence Cluster Universe, and the VolkswagenStiftung; the Department of Atomic Energy (Project Identification No. RTI 4002) and the Department of Science and Technology of India; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare of Italy; National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grants No. 2016R1D1A1B01010135, No. 2016R1D1A1B02012900, No. 2018R1A2B3003643, No. 2018R1A6A1A06024970, No. 2018R1D1A1B07047294, No. 2019K1A3A7A09 033840, No. 2019R1I1A3A01058933; Radiation Science Research Institute, Foreign Large-size Research Facility Application Supporting project, the Global Science Experimental Data Hub Center of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and KREONET/GLORIAD; the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Agreement 14.W03.31.0026, and the HSE University Basic Research Program, Moscow; University of Tabuk research GrantsNo. S-1440-0321, No. S-0256-1438, andNo. S-02801439 (Saudi Arabia); the Slovenian Research Agency Grants No. J1-9124 and No. P1-0135; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; the Swiss National Science Foundation; the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan; and the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. Document

We acknowledge support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Tau-Lepton Physics Research Center of Nagoya University; the Australian Research Council including Grants No. DP180102629, No. DP170102389, No. DP170102204, No. DP150103061, No. FT130100303; Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (FWF) and FWF Austrian Science Fund No. P 31361-N36; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contracts No. 11435013, No. 11475187, No. 11521505, No. 11575017, No. 11675166, No. 11705209; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH011; the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP); the Shanghai Pujiang Program under Grant No. 18PJ1401000; the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (STCSM) under Grant No. 19ZR1403000; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under Contract No. LTT17020; Horizon 2020 ERC Advanced Grant No. 884719 and ERC Starting Grant No. 947006 "InterLeptons" (European Union); the Carl Zeiss Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Excellence Cluster Universe, and the VolkswagenStiftung; the Department of Atomic Energy (Project Identification No. RTI 4002) and the Department of Science and Technology of India; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare of Italy; National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grants No. 2016R1D1A1B01010135, No. 2016R1D1A1B02012900, No. 2018R1A2B3003643, No. 2018R1A6A1A06024970, No. 2018R1D1A1B07047294, No. 2019K1A3A7A09033840, No. 2019R1I1A3A01058933; Radiation Science Research Institute, Foreign Large-size Research Facility Application Supporting project, the Global Science Experimental Data Hub Center of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and KREONET/GLORIAD; the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Agreement 14.W03.31.0026, and the HSE University Basic Research Program, Moscow; University of Tabuk research Grants No. S-1440-0321, No. S-0256-1438, and No. S-0280-1439 (Saudi Arabia); the Slovenian Research Agency Grant No. J1-9124 and No. P1-0135; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; the Swiss National Science Foundation; the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan; and the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation

The aim of this work is to investigate the degradation induced by radiation on the Dark Count Rate in a monolithic SPADs detector manufactured in a 150-nm CMOS process. Two irradiation campaigns have been carried out with 16 MeV protons and 2 MeV electrons. Samples have been exposed to different displacement damage dose. Differences between the effects induced by the two irradiation particle types have been observed. The Dark Count Rate characterization as a function of the delivered fluence has been reported, providing the limits of operability of such devices in a radiation environment. Finally, possible Dark Count Rate mitigation techniques have been investigated.

Belle II is a new generation of \textit{B}--factory experiment, operating at the SuperKEKB energy--asymmetric $e^+e^-$ collider in Tsukuba, Japan. With a machine design luminosity of $8\times10^{35}$ $\textrm{cm}^{-2}\,\textrm{m}^{-1}$ the Belle II experiment aims to record $50$ ab$^{-1}$ of data within the next decade. Belle II offers the possibility to search for a large variety of Dark Sector particles with a mass below 10 GeV/$c^2$, being complementary to LHC and direct detection experiments. Belle II completed the first data taking runs for physics analysis and commissioning during 2018, and started full operation in early 2019. In this paper, we will review the status of the most promising dark sector searches to date at Belle II, with a focus on the discovery potential of the early data, and a preview of the first results.

The authors thank Pablo G. Roig and Gabriel L. Castro from CINVESTAV for the extensive help and fruitful discussions. We thank the KEKB group for the excellent operation of the accelerator; the KEK cryogenics group for the efficient operation of the solenoid; the KEK computer group, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL) computing group for strong computing support; and the National Institute of Informatics, and Science Information NETwork 5 (SINET5) for valuable network support. We acknowledge support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and the Tau-Lepton Physics Research Center of Nagoya University; the Australian Research Council including Grants No. DP180102629, No. DP170102389, No. DP170102204, No. DP150103061, and No. FT130100303; Austrian Science Fund (FWF); the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contracts No. 11435013, No. 11475187, No. 11521505, No. 11575017, No. 11675166, and No. 11705209; Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH011; the CAS Center for Excellence in Particle Physics (CCEPP); the Shanghai Pujiang Program under Grant No. 18PJ1401000; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under Contract No. LTT17020; the Carl Zeiss Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Excellence Cluster Universe, and the VolkswagenStiftung; the Department of Science and Technology of India; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare of Italy; National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea Grants No. 2015H1A2A1033649, No. 2016R1D1A1B01010135, No. 2016K1A3A7A09005 603, No. 2016R1D1A1B02012900, No. 2018R1A2B3003 643, No. 2018R1A6A1A06024970, and No. 2018R1D1 A1B07047294; Radiation Science Research Institute, Foreign Large-size Research Facility Application Supporting project, the Global Science Experimental Data Hub Center of theKorea Institute of Science and Technology Information and KREONET/GLORIAD; the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Center; the Grant of the Russian Federation Government, Grant No. 14.W03.31.0026; the Slovenian Research Agency; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain; the Swiss National Science Foundation; the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan; and the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.