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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-18T15:56:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-18T16:28:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 WOS000339989900001.pdf: 614110 bytes, checksum: f2c6e46a0e535382a989dfebeb2bd5c0 (MD5) FFEM (Fonds Francais pour l'Environnement Mondial) Small-scale farmers in the Brazilian Amazon collectively hold tenure over more than 12 million ha of permanent forest reserves, as required by the Forest Code. The trade-off between forest conservation and other land uses entails opportunity costs for them and for the country, which have not been sufficiently studied. We assessed the potential income generated by multiple use forest management for farmers and compared it to the income potentially derived from six other agricultural land uses. Income from the forest was from (i) logging, carried out by a logging company in partnership with farmers' associations; and (ii) harvesting the seeds of Carapa guianensis (local name andiroba) for the production of oil. We then compared the income generated by multiple-use forest management with the income from different types of agrarian systems. According to our calculations in this study, the mean annual economic benefits from multiple forest use are the same as the least productive agrarian system, but only 25% of the annual income generated by the most productive system. Although the income generated by logging may be considered low when calculated on an annual basis and compared to incomes generated by agriculture, the one-time payment after logging is significant (US$5,800 to US$33,508) and could be used to implement more intensive and productive cropping systems such as planting black pepper. The income from forest management could also be used to establish permanent fields in deforested areas for highly productive annual crops using conservation agriculture techniques. These techniques are alternatives to the traditional land use based on periodic clearing of the forest. Nevertheless, the shift in current practices towards adoption of more sustainable conservation agriculture techniques will also require the technical and legal support of the State to help small farmers apply these alternatives, which aim to integrate forest management in sustainable agricultural production systems. Cirad Ctr Int Cooperat Rech Agron Dev, UR B&SEF Biens & Serv Ecosyst Forestiers Trop, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France Gret, BR-66055050 Belem, Para, Brazil UNESP, Fac Ciencas Agr, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil EMBRAPA, Amazonia Oriental, BR-66095100 Belem, Para, Brazil Serv Florestal Brasileiro MMA SFB, BR-68010200 Santarem, Para, Brazil UNESP, Fac Ciencas Agr, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

O incremento do processo de substituição da floresta amazônica por áreas agrícolas e seu posterior abandono, têm resultado num número crescente de fragmentos de florestas secundárias. Com o objetivo de contribuir com o entendimento da dinâmica dessas áreas, analisou-se a composição florística, a fitossociologia, o ingresso, a mortalidade, o crescimento dos indivíduos arbóreos e as relações do solo com o crescimento em diâmetro, densidade e área basal total de duas florestas secundárias (Marituba e Bragança, NE, PA) com diferentes histórias de degradação e mesma idade de abandono. Foram instaladas 4 parcelas permanentes de 50x50m, subdivididas em 25 com de 10x10m, em cada área, onde amostrou-se todas as árvores com DAP >5cm. Em Marituba as medições foram em 1997, 2000 e 2002, e em Bragança, 1999, 2000, 2001 e 2002. O solo foi coletado nas profundidades de 0- 5cm, 5-15cm e 15-25cm, nas subparcelas pares das áreas. No primeiro levantamento de Marituba foram encontrados 1.257 indivíduos e 185 espécies. No último levantamento houve redução de 4,1% de indivíduos e aumento de 8,1% de espécies, com H´ = 4,42nats/indivíduo. Em Bragança, foram encontrados em 1999, 1.819 indivíduos e 136 espécies. No último levantamento, houve redução de 6,2% dos indivíduos e de 1,5% de espécies, com H´ = 4,08nats/indivíduo. Entre as duas áreas estudadas houve baixa similaridade florística (Jac = 12%). Marituba apresentou incremento diamétrico de 0,23cm/ano, ingresso de 2,1%/ano e mortalidade de 3,2%/ano. Bragança apresentou incremento em DAP de 0,25cm/ano, ingresso de 1,2%/ano e mortalidade de 3,6%/ano. As duas florestas apresentaram um balanço característico de comunidades em sucessão secundária com taxas de mortalidade maiores do que ingressos, indicando estádio de reconstrução. As áreas apresentaram fertilidade do solo distintas, sendo que Bragança foi maior. Bragança se diferenciou de Marituba, pelo PCA, pelos atributos CTC, P, MO, Argila e %Al. A análise de correspondência canônica (CCA), não mostrou correlação entre a fertilidade do solo e o crescimento em diâmetro, densidade e área basal total. A dinâmica da floresta de Bragança foi mais intensa, indicando um estádio sucessional menos avançado, resultado dos sucessivos ciclos de corte-queima-plantio-pousio. Para Marituba, os valores de riqueza, diversidade e área basal foram compatíveis com os de florestas primárias, em função das características mais amenas de degradação (extrativismo seletivo de madeira). Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que o histórico de perturbação foi definidor das características do processo de sucessão em duas florestas secundárias, com mesma idade e sobre o mesmo tipo de solo. Portanto, a idade por si só não é um requisito adequado para prever taxas de recuperação e estádios de sucessão de florestas secundárias. The increase of the substitution from process amazonic forest by agricultural areas and their desertation afterwards have caused an increasing number of secondary forest fragments to happen. Aiming to contributing with the understanding of the diynamics of these areas, the floristic composition, the phitosociology, the ingrowth rate, the mortality rate, the growth of the individuals, and the soil relations whith the gowth in diameter, density and total basal area from secondary forests (Marituba and Bragança, NE, Pará) whith different hystories of abandonment, were analyzed. Four permanent plots measuring 50x50m, subdivided into 25 sub-plots with 10x10m in each area, were installed. All trees with DBH >5cm were sampled. The measures made in Marituba took place in 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2002; yet, in Bragança, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002. The soil sampled were collected at lake depth of 0-5cm, 5- 15cm, 15-25cm on the even part of the areas. In the first survey made in Marituba, 1,257 individuals and 185 species were found. In the last survey, the was a reduction of 4.1% in the number of individuals and an increase 8.1% of the species, with H´ = 4.42nats/indivíduo. In Bragança, 1,819 individuals and 136 species were found in 1999. In the last survei, there was a reduction of 6,2% of the individuals and 1,5% of species, with H´ = 4.08nats/indivíduo. Between both studied areas, the was a low floristic similarity (Jac = 12%). Marituba had an increase of 0.23cm/year, ingrowth of 2.1%/year, and a mortality rate of 3.2%/year. Bragança had a increase in DBH of 0.25cm?year, ingrowth of 1.2%/year, and a mortality rate of 3.6%/year. Both forests presented a characteristic floristic balance of communities under secondary succession, whit mortality rates higher than. The ingrowth, which indicated the recovering phase. The areas showed distinct soil fertility: Bragança´s soil fertility was higher. Bragança was different from Marituba, for PCA analysis, mainly in relations to CTC, P, MO, Clay, and %Al. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) did not show correlation between the soil fertility and the growth in diameter, density, and total basal area. The dynamiocs of the forest in Bragança was more ntense, indicating a less advanced successional phase, wich was a result of successive cutting-burningólanting-resting cycles. For Marituba, the richness values, diversity, and basal area were compatible whit those of primary forests´, as a function of lighter degradation characteristics (selective logging). The results confirmed the hypotesis that the succession process characteristics in both secondary forests with the same age and on the same type of soil. However, oney the age itself is not an adequate feature for forecasting the recovering rates and the successional phases of secondary forests.

Dans l'État du Pará, 60 % des forêts destinées à l'aménagement sont des forêts paysannes. Les concessions forestières d'entreprise ne pourront fournir au mieux que la moitié de la consommation actuelle. À quelques exceptions près, les communautés traditionnelles et les familles paysannes n'ont ni l'expérience technique ni la capacité économique pour conduire l'exploitation commerciale des bois : l'aménagement est réalisé par le biais d'accords avec une entreprise, selon différentes modalités. Dans ce contexte, les contrats entre communautés et entreprise sont de nature très variée et aboutissent au contrôle total par les entreprises privées de toutes les opérations, du plan d'aménagement à l'exploitation. Les politiques publiques et la législation forestière cherchent aujourd'hui à améliorer les capacités des communautés locales à défendre leurs intérêts dans le cadre de tels partenariats. Cette étude analyse le cadre financier de l'entreprise par rapport à l'organisation paysanne pour son exécution, et les éléments clés qui permettent un meilleur contrôle : les inventaires pré- exploitation, la diversification de la production de bois d'oeuvre et de produits forestiers non ligneux, la commercialisation, le suivi et le contrôle des opérations d'exploitation. Il est proposé des pistes de politiques publiques qui doivent aider à la diffusion de l'aménagement paysan dans différentes contextes fonciers : unités de conservation et forêts de production, périmètres de colonisation agricole. L'article discute des modalités d'action et d'implantation d'un service public d'assistance technique et financière au profit des agriculteurs et des communautés. Le potentiel de l'intégration de la gestion forestière au sein des systèmes de production paysans est discuté dans le cadre du débat actuel de réforme du code forestier. (Résumé d'auteur)