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3. Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: are models of self and of other pancultural constructs?

Author

Schmitt, David P., Alcalay, Lidia, Allensworth, Melissa, Allik, Juri, Ault, Lara, Austers, Ivars, Bennett, Kevin L., Bianchi, Gabriel, Boholst, Fredrick, Cunen, Mary Ann Borg, Braeckman, Johan, Brainerd, Edwin G., Jr., Caral, Leo Gerard A., Caron, Gabrielle, Casullo, Maria Martina, Cunningham, Michael, Daibo, Ikuo, De Backer, Charlotte, De Souza, Eros, Diaz-Loving, Rolando, Diniz, Glaucia, Durkin, Kevin, Echegaray, Marcela, Eremsoy, Ekin, Euler, Harald A., Falzon, Ruth, Fisher, Maryanne L., Foley, Dolores, Fowler, Robert, Fry, Douglas P., Fry, Sirpa, Ghayur, M. Arif, Giri, Vijai N., Golden, Debra L., Grammer, Karl, Grimaldi, Liria, Halberstadt, Jamin, Haque, Shamsul, Herrera, Dora, Hertel, Janine, Hitchell, Amanda, Hoffmann, Heather, Hooper, Danica, Hradilekova, Zuzana, Hudek-Kene-Evi, Jasna, Huffcutt, Allen, Jaafar, Jas, Jankauskaite, Margarita, Kabangu-Stahel, Heidi, Kardum, Igor, Khoury, Brigitte, Kwon, Hayrran, Laidra, Kaia, Laireiter, Anton-Rupert, Lakerveld, Dustin, Lampert, Ada, Lauri, Maryanne, Lavallee, Marguerite, Lee, Suk-Jae, Leung, Luk Chung, Locke, Kenneth D., Locke, Vance, Luksik, Ivan, Magaisa, Ishmael, Marcinkeviciene, Dalia, Mata, Andre, Mata, Rui, McCarthy, Barry, Mills, Michael E., Mkhize, Nhlanhla J., Moreira, Joao, Moreira, Sergio, Moya, Miguel, Munyae, M., Noller, Patricia, Olimat, Hmoud, Opre, Adrian, Panayiotou, Alexia, Petrovic, Nebojsa, Poels, Karolien, Popper, Miroslav, Poulimenou, Maria, P'Yatokha, Volodymyr, Raymond, Michel, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reneau, Susan E., Rivera-Aragon, Sofia, Rowatt, Wade C., Ruch, Willibald, Rus, Velko S., Safir, Marilyn P., Salas, Sonia, Sambataro, Fabio, Sandnabba, Kenneth N., Schleeter, Rachel, Schulmeyer, Marion K., Schutz, Astrid, Scrimali, Tullio, Shackelford, Todd K., Sharan, Mithila B., Shaver, Phillip R., Sichona, Francis, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, Tilahun, Sookdew, R., Speelman, Tom, Spyrou, Spyros, Sumer, H. Canan, Sumer, Nebi, Supekova, Marianna, Szlendak, Tomasz, Taylor, Robin, Timmermans, Bert, Tooke, William, Tsaousis, Ioannis, Tungaraza, F.S.K., Turner, Ashley, Vandermassen, Griet, Vanhoomissen, Tim, Van Overwalle, Frank, Vanwesenbeeck, Ine, Vasey, Paul L., Verissimo, Joao, Voracek, Martin, Wan, Wendy W.N., Wang, Ta-Wei, Weiss, Peter Ulrich, Wijaya, Andik, Woertman, Liesbeth, Youn, Gahyun, and Zupaneie, Agata

Subjects
Sex -- Research, Sex -- Psychological aspects, Sex -- Social aspects, Ethnopsychology -- Research, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completed the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), a self-report measure of adult romantic attachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies. Keywords: romantic attachment; culture; internal working models; human mating strategies

Published
2004

4. Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions

Author

SCHMITT, DAVID P., ALCALAY, LIDIA, ALLENSWORTH, MELISSA, ALLIK, JÜRI, AULT, LARA, AUSTERS, IVARS, BENNETT, KEVIN L., BIANCHI, GABRIEL, BOHOLST, FREDRICK, CUNEN, MARY ANN BORG, BRAECKMAN, JOHAN, BRAINERD, EDWIN G., JR., CARAL, LEO GERARD A., CARON, GABRIELLE, CASULLO, MARIA MARTINA, CUNNINGHAM, MICHAEL, DAIBO, IKUO, DE BACKER, CHARLOTTE, DE SOUZA, EROS, DIAZ-LOVING, ROLANDO, DINIZ, GLÁUCIA, DURKIN, KEVIN, ECHEGARAY, MARCELA, EREMSOY, EKIN, EULER, HARALD A., FALZON, RUTH, FISHER, MARYANNE L., FOLEY, DOLORES, FOWLER, ROBERT, FRY, DOUGLAS P., FRY, SIRPA, GHAYUR, M. ARIF, GIRI, VIJAI N., GOLDEN, DEBRA L., GRAMMER, KARL, GRIMALDI, LIRIA, HALBERSTADT, JAMIN, HAQUE, SHAMSUL, HERRERA, DORA, HERTEL, JANINE, HITCHELL, AMANDA, HOFFMANN, HEATHER, HOOPER, DANICA, HRADILEKOVA, ZUZANA, HUDEK-KENE-EVI, JASNA, HUFFCUTT, ALLEN, JAAFAR, JAS, JANKAUSKAITE, MARGARITA, KABANGU-STAHEL, HEIDI, KARDUM, IGOR, KHOURY, BRIGITTE, KWON, HAYRRAN, LAIDRA, KAIA, LAIREITER, ANTON-RUPERT, LAKERVELD, DUSTIN, LAMPERT, ADA, LAURI, MARYANNE, LAVALLÉE, MARGEURITE, LEE, SUK-JAE, LEUNG, LUK CHUNG, LOCKE, KENNETH D., LOCKE, VANCE, LUKSIK, IVAN, MAGAISA, ISHMAEL, MARCINKEVICIENE, DALIA, MATA, ANDRÉ, MATA, RUI, MCCARTHY, BARRY, MILLS, MICHAEL E., MKHIZE, NHLANHLA J., MOREIRA, JOÃO, MOREIRA, SÉRGIO, MOYA, MIGUEL, MUNYAE, M., NOLLER, PATRICIA, OLIMAT, HMOUD, OPRE, ADRIAN, PANAYIOTOU, ALEXIA, PETROVIC, NEBOJSA, POELS, KAROLIEN, POPPER, MIROSLAV, POULIMENOU, MARIA, PʼYATOKHA, VOLODYMYR, RAYMOND, MICHEL, REIPS, ULF-DIETRICH, RENEAU, SUSAN E., RIVERA-ARAGON, SOFIA, ROWATT, WADE C., RUCH, WILLIBALD, RUS, VELKO S., SAFIR, MARILYN P., SALAS, SONIA, SAMBATARO, FABIO, SANDNABBA, KENNETH N., SCHLEETER, RACHEL, SCHULMEYER, MARION K., SCHÜTZ, ASTRID, SCRIMALI, TULLIO, SHACKELFORD, TODD K., SHARAN, MITHILA B., SHAVER, PHILLIP R., SICHONA, FRANCIS, SIMONETTI, FRANCO, SINESHAW, TILAHUN, SOOKDEW, R., SPEELMAN, TOM, SPYROU, SPYROS, SÜMER, H. CANAN, SÜMER, NEBI, SUPEKOVA, MARIANNA, SZLENDAK, TOMASZ, TAYLOR, ROBIN, TIMMERMANS, BERT, TOOKE, WILLIAM, TSAOUSIS, IOANNIS, TUNGARAZA, F. S. K., TURNER, ASHLEY, VANDERMASSEN, GRIET, VANHOOMISSEN, TIM, OVERWALLE, FRANK VAN, VANWESENBEECK, INE, VASEY, PAUL L., VERISSIMO, JOÃO, VORACEK, MARTIN, WAN, WENDY W. N., WANG, TA-WEI, WEISS, PETER, WIJAYA, ANDIK, WOERTMAN, LIESBETH, YOUN, GAHYUN, and ZUPANÉIÉ, AGATA

Published
2003

5. Prostitution in post-war Lithuania

Author

Praspaliauskiene, Rima and Marcinkeviciene, Dalia

Subjects
Prostitution -- Causes of, Prostitution -- Evaluation, Women's issues -- Evaluation, History, Women's issues/gender studies
Abstract

The problem of prostitution in Soviet Lithuania is discussed along with the reasons behind women turning to prostitution between 1945 and 1962. The Soviet government regarded prostitution with ambivalence, refusing to identify it as a criminal offence whilst attempting to punish women who used prostitution to make a living instead of having an official job.

Published
2003

6. Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions

Author

Schmitt, D P, Lauri, Maryanne, Marcinkeviciene, Dalia, Moya, Miguel, Popper, Miroslav, Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Ruch, Willibald, Sambataro, Fabio, et al, University of Zurich, and Schmitt, D P

Subjects
3319 Life-span and Life-course Studies, 3207 Social Psychology, 3204 Developmental and Educational Psychology, 10093 Institute of Psychology, 3314 Anthropology, 150 Psychology
Published
2003
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7. Prostitution in Post-war Lithuania.

Author

Marcinkeviciene, Dalia and Praspaliauskiene, Rima

Subjects
*SEX work, *SEX industry, *PROCURESSES, *HISTORY
Abstract

The silence that surrounded the problem of prostitution in Soviet Lithuania has largely been perpetuated in histories of the period. This article begins the process of reappraisal, arguing that women turned to prostitution between 1945 and 1962 firstly out of economic necessity and subsequently, as standards of living improved, to acquire luxury goods. Throughout the period the Soviet government regarded prostitution with ambivalence, refusing to identify it as a criminal offence whilst attempting to punish women who used prostitution to make a living instead of having an official job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2003
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9. Patterns and universals of mate poaching across 53 nations: the effects of sex, culture, and personality on romantically attracting another person's partner.

Author

Schmitt DP, Alcalay L, Allik J, Angleitner A, Ault L, Austers I, Bennett KL, Bianchi G, Boholst F, Borg Cunen MA, Braeckman J, Brainerd EG 2nd, Caral LG, Caron G, Casullo MM, Cunningham M, Daibo I, De Backer C, De Souza E, Diaz-Loving R, Diniz G, Durkin K, Echegaray M, Eremsoy E, Euler HA, Falzon R, Fisher ML, Foley D, Fry DP, Fry S, Ghayur MA, Golden DL, Grammer K, Grimaldi L, Halberstadt J, Haque S, Herrera D, Hertel J, Hoffmann H, Hooper D, Hradilekova Z, Hudek-Kene-evi J, Jaafar J, Jankauskaite M, Kabangu-Stahel H, Kardum I, Khoury B, Kwon H, Laidra K, Laireiter AR, Lakerveld D, Lampert A, Lauri M, Lavallée M, Lee SJ, Leung LC, Locke KD, Locke V, Luksik I, Magaisa I, Marcinkeviciene D, Mata A, Mata R, McCarthy B, Mills ME, Mkhize NJ, Moreira J, Moreira S, Moya M, Munyae M, Noller P, Opre A, Panayiotou A, Petrovic N, Poels K, Popper M, Poulimenou M, P'yatokha V, Raymond M, Reips UD, Reneau SE, Rivera-Aragon S, Rowatt WC, Ruch W, Rus VS, Safir MP, Salas S, Sambataro F, Sandnabba KN, Schulmeyer MK, Schütz A, Scrimali T, Shackelford TK, Shaver PR, Sichona F, Simonetti F, Sineshaw T, Sookdew R, Speelman T, Spyrou S, Sümer HC, Sümer N, Supekova M, Szlendak T, Timmermans B, Tooke W, Tsaousis I, Tungaraza FS, van Overwalle F, Vandermassen G, Vanhoomissen T, Vanwesenbeeck I, Vasey PL, Verissimo J, Voracek M, Wan WW, Wang TW, Weiss P, Wijaya A, Woertman L, Youn G, and Zupanèiè A

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Culture, Interpersonal Relations, Love, Personality, Sexual Behavior psychology
Abstract

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poaching--romantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship--was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.

Published
2004
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10. Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands.

Author

Schmitt DP, Alcalay L, Allik J, Ault L, Austers I, Bennett KL, Bianchi G, Boholst F, Cunen MA, Braeckman J, Brainerd EG Jr, Caral LG, Caron G, Casullo MM, Cunningham M, Daibo I, De Backer C, De Souza E, Diaz-Loving R, Diniz G, Durkin K, Echegaray M, Eremsoy E, Euler HA, Falzon R, Fisher ML, Foley D, Fry DP, Fry S, Ghayur MA, Golden DL, Grammer K, Grimaldi L, Halberstadt J, Herrera D, Hertel J, Hoffmann H, Hooper D, Hradilekova Z, Hudek-Kene-evi J, Jaafer J, Jankauskaite M, Kabangu-Stahel H, Kardum I, Khoury B, Kwon H, Laidra K, Laireiter AR, Lakerveld D, Lampert A, Lauri M, Lavallée M, Lee SJ, Leung LC, Locke KD, Locke V, Luksik I, Magaisa I, Marcinkeviciene D, Mata A, Mata R, McCarthy B, Mills ME, Moreira J, Moreira S, Moya M, Munyae M, Noller P, Opre A, Panayiotou A, Petrovic N, Poels K, Popper M, Poulimenou M, P'yatokha V, Raymond M, Reips UD, Reneau SE, Rivera-Aragon S, Rowatt WC, Ruch W, Rus VS, Safir MP, Salas S, Sambataro F, Sandnabba KN, Schulmeyer MK, Schütz A, Scrimali T, Shackelford TK, Shaver PR, Sichona F, Simonetti F, Sinehsaw T, Speelman T, Spyrou S, Sümer HC, Sümer N, Supekova M, Szlendak T, Taylor R, Timmermans B, Tooke W, Tsaousis I, Tungaraza FS, Vandermassen G, Vanhoomissen T, Van Overwalle F, Vanwesenbeeck I, Vasey PL, Verissimo J, Voracek M, Wan WW, Wang TW, Weiss P, Wijaya A, Woertman L, Youn G, and Zupanèiè A

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Culture, Sexual Behavior
Abstract

Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.

Published
2003
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