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The use of copper canisters in the Swedish KBS-3 concept for spent nuclear fuel disposal could result in the formation of copper-bearing uranyl phases should a canister suffer from defects or if the containment were to fail before reducing conditions are established in the repository. Most uranyl species would be expected to display higher solubility than the original uranium(IV) dioxide fuel, leading to enhanced release, though this would depend on the phase and prevailing groundwater conditions. Secondary alteration products may also be poorly crystalline or even amorphous, making characterization difficult during the pre-closure period owing to the high radiation field close to the canister. Vandenbrandeite, [CuUO2(OH)4], is a rare mineral in nature but known to form by alteration of primary uraninite through interaction with oxidizing groundwater containing dissolved copper. Consequently, an attempt has been made to characterize two vandenbrandeite specimens of varying crystallinity by luminescence and multiple-laser Raman spectroscopy; techniques amenable to remote, robotic deployment and which have proved useful in discriminating other uranyl oxy-hydroxides, silicates, and phosphates. The first reported luminescence emission and excitation spectra for vandenbrandeite revealed near-negligible luminescence, with a slightly enhanced signal for the specimen displaying poorer crystallinity. This observation agrees well with density functional theory calculations. The simulated projected density of state and band structure show an unlikely transition from the U f-orbitals to Cu d-orbitals, or O states, would be required for luminescence to be detectable; this probably improves for poorly crystalline specimens as the spatial overlap between the orbitals increases. Furthermore, negligible differences in the number of peaks and peak positions were detected in the laser wavelength-dependent Raman spectra although again, variation in background noise and peak shape was observed based on the degree of crystallinity. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and simulated Raman spectra, particularly with the environmentally sensitive axial uranyl stretching modes, validating the crystal system derived in this study. The findings of this study suggest luminescence spectroscopy, when combined with Raman spectroscopy, may be able to both identify vandenbrandeite and distinguish between crystalline and amorphous forms based on their relative luminescence intensity.

Hachimoji DNA is a synthetic nucleic acid extension of DNA formed by an additional four bases that can encode information. We examine the possibility of proton transfer between the hachimoji bases, which can result in base mismatch under replication.

The misincorporation of a noncomplementary DNA base in the polymerase active site is a critical source of replication errors that can lead to genetic mutations. In this work, we model the mechanism of wobble mispairing and the subsequent rate of misincorporation errors by coupling first-principles quantum chemistry calculations to an open quantum systems master equation. This methodology allows us to accurately calculate the proton transfer between bases, allowing the misincorporation and formation of mutagenic tautomeric forms of DNA bases. Our calculated rates of genetic error formation are in excellent agreement with experimental observations in DNA. Furthermore, our quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics model predicts the existence of a short-lived "tunnelling-ready" configuration along the wobble reaction pathway in the polymerase active site, dramatically increasing the rate of proton transfer by a hundredfold, demonstrating that quantum tunnelling plays a critical role in determining the transcription error frequency of the polymerase.

Porphyrin-nanocarbon systems were used to generate a photocatalyst for the control of rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G photodegradation. Carboxylic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (

Much effort has been devoted to the investigation of the reactivity of glycine, the smallest amino acid, in different environments in the interstellar medium (ISM). While the formation paths are expected to follow a gas-solid mechanism, the full picture of glycine survival in the ISM remains yet unrevealed. In this work, we have adopted density functional theory under periodic boundary conditions to simulate mechanisms for the decarboxylation of glycine on a water-rich surface and on a glycine ice. We have performed calculations at the PBE-D3/USPP level, from which several adsorption modes of glycine on each surface were investigated and decomposition mechanisms into CO2 and CH3NH2 on the different interfaces were suggested. Most favourable adsorption sites of glycine have adsorption energies of −106.54 and −98.52 kJ mol−1 on the water ice and glycine ice, respectively. Glycine decomposes into CO2 and CH3NH2 through a two-step mechanism on the water ice and four-step mechanism on the glycine surface, from which the barrier heights of the determinant steps were of 288.98 and 111.58 kJ mol−1, respectively. At temperatures of 50 K, decomposition of glycine into CO2 and CH3NH2 is an exergonic reaction, pointing to a thermodynamically controlled reaction in specific interstellar regions, such as hot-cores. Compared with reported glycine gas-phase reaction, much lower barrier heights for glycine formation were found in the surface models studied here.

The present geomorphology of the Volturno River delta system and related strandplain is largely a product of complex, long-lived relationships between geological evolution and human impacts. In order to assess the main drivers of the changed landscape in the last centuries, a multidisciplinary study was carried out by combining geological and historical data. The study was based on geological and geophysical data, including about 1800 stratigraphic well logs to reconstruct the stratigraphic architecture of the delta plain and ca. 180 km of very high resolution single channel reflection profiles to image the stratigraphic pattern of the continental shelf and the offshore delta. Cartographic sources from the last 150 years were acquired, georefer-enced and managed into a GIS environment, to support geomorphological interpretation. Land use maps were reconstructed for the 1957, 1990 and 2012. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene reconstruction of the Volturno coastal plain evolution evidenced the control of climatic changes (and consequently sediment supply and global eustatic variations) on the depositional history. The present landscape appears largely inherited by the past MIS5 and LGM landscapes. A progressive increment of anthropic forcing took place in the last 2000 years but the strongest modifications of the landscape occurred since the end of the XVII century, when, during the Spanish vice-kingdom, it was subjected to major land reclamation. More than 500 km of canals were built in the coastal area and resulted in the development of agriculture and farming on reclaimed land, promoting urbanization and increasing landscape fragmentation. A peak of major alterations of the deltaic environment, and retreat of the coastline was attained between the 1960s and the 1990s. Severe urbanization along the coastline, coupled with intensification of agricultural and tourism activities, resulted in a significant loss of natural ecosystems including humid coastal areas, lacustrine/marshy back-dune areas and mostly the beach-dune system. The negative sedimentary balance resulting from the reclamation works on the river courses, along with the interventions along the Volturno river basin, resulted in an accelerated and severe coastal erosion. The latter, coupled with subsidence rates and sea level rise, increase the vulnerability of the coast to flooding and storm surge and aquifer salinization.

We examine the mechanism of pyrolysis and charring of large (> 10,000 atom) phenol–formaldehyde resin structures produced using pseudo-reaction curing techniques with formaldehyde/phenol ratios of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. We utilise Reactive Molecular Dynamics (RMD) with a hydrocarbon oxidation parameter set to simulate the high-temperature thermal decomposition of these resins at 1500, 2500 and 3500 K. Our results demonstrate that the periodic removal of volatile pyrolysis gasses from the simulation box allows us to achieve near complete carbonisation after only 2 ns of simulation time. The RMD simulations show that ring openings play a significantly larger role in thermal decomposition than has previously been reported. We also identify the major phases of phenolic pyrolysis and elucidate some of the possible mechanisms of fragment formation and graphitisation from the RMD trajectories and compute the thermal and mechanical properties of the final pyrolysed structures. Graphical abstract

Morpho-bathymetric data have been analyzed in order to provide new geological evidence on the Gulf of Naples i.e. on the southern Ischia slope, on the Naples canyons and on the Capri-Sorrento slope, representing main morphological and depositional domains of the Gulf of Naples through shaded relief and slope maps constructed through Multibeam bathymetric data resulting in a newly constructed Digital Elevation Model of the bay. A slope gradient map has allowed for the identification of the main slope classes on the offshore of Naples town and their correlation with regional morpho-structural lineaments in both the offshore of Naples and Ischia. A high slope map is herein shown in order to individuate the areas potentially prone to slide. The cluster of the slope gradients distribution and the consequent re-classification process have allowed us to define six slope classes, resulting in a thematic map of the seabed morphological structures and in further detail, in a map of the structure classes of the Naples canyons. Three districts have been distinguished from high gradients on the slope map, suggesting a high geologic hazard of submarine features (southern Ischia slope, Naples canyons, southern Capri-Sorrento slope). Detailed geomorphological maps of these districts have been assembled based on the geological interpretation of morpho-bathymetry and the structure classes defined by the Bathymetric Position Index (BPI). These maps could provide a useful tool for planning and management of coastal zones in the submarine portions of the Naples Bay.

Organic molecular thin-films are employed for manufacturing a wide variety of electronic devices, including memory devices and transistors. A precise description of the atomic-scale interactions in aromatic carbon systems is of paramount importance for the design of organic thin-films and carbon-based nanomaterials. Here we investigate the binding and structure of pyrazine on graphite with neutron diffraction and spin-echo measurements. Diffraction data of the ordered phase of deuterated pyrazine, (C

The adenine-thymine tautomer (A*-T*) has previously been discounted as a spontaneous mutagenesis mechanism due to the energetic instability of the tautomeric configuration. We study the stability of A*-T* while the nucleobases undergo DNA strand separation. Our calculations indicate an increase in the stability of A*-T* as the DNA strands unzip and the hydrogen bonds between the bases stretch. Molecular Dynamics simulations reveal the timescales and dynamics of DNA strand separation and statistical ensemble of opening angles present in a biological environment. Our results demonstrate that the unwinding of DNA, an inherently out-of-equilibrium process facilitated by helicase, will change the energy landscape of the adenine-thymine tautomerisation reaction. We propose that DNA strand separation allows the stable tautomerisation of adenine-thymine, providing a feasible pathway for genetic point mutations via proton transfer between the A-T bases.

Large-area single-crystal monolayers of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can be grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). However, the high temperatures and fast timescales at which the conversion from a gas-phase precursor to the 2D material appears, make it extremely challenging to simultaneously follow the atomic arrangements. We utilise helium atom scattering to discover and control the growth of novel 2D h-BN nanoporous phases during the CVD process. We find that prior to the formation of h-BN from the gas-phase precursor, a metastable (3 × 3) structure is formed, and that excess deposition on the resulting 2D h-BN leads to the emergence of a (3 × 4) structure. We illustrate that these nanoporous structures are produced by partial dehydrogenation and polymerisation of the borazine precursor upon adsorption. These steps are largely unexplored during the synthesis of 2D materials and we unveil the rich phases during CVD growth. Our results provide significant foundations for 2D materials engineering in CVD, by adjusting or carefully controlling the growth conditions and thus exploiting these intermediate structures for the synthesis of covalent self-assembled 2D networks.

Electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) is an attractive approach to deal with the excessive emission of CO 2 and to produce valuable fuels and chemicals in a carbon-neutral way. Many efforts have been devoted to boost the activity and selectivity of high-value multicarbon products (C 2+ ) on Cu-based electrocatalysts. However, Cu-based CO 2 RR electrocatalysts suffer from poor catalytic stability mainly due to the structural degradation and loss of active species under CO 2 RR condition. To date, most reported Cu-based electrocatalysts present stabilities over dozens of hours, which limits the advance of Cu-based electrocatalysts for CO 2 RR. Here, a porous chlorine-doped Cu electrocatalyst is reported and exhibits high C 2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 53.8% at -1.00 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (V RHE ). Importantly, the catalyst exhibited an outstanding catalytic stability in long-term electrocatalysis over 240 hours. Experimental results show that the chlorine-induced stable cationic Cu 0 -Cu + species and the well-preserved structure with abundant active sites are found to be critical to maintain the high FE of C 2+ in the long-term run of electrochemical CO 2 reduction.

We report a thermodynamically feasible mechanism for producing H2 from NH3 using hBN as a catalyst.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the centralization of patients allowed trauma and transplants referral centers to continue their routine activity, ensuring the best access to health care. This study aims to analyze how the centralization of trauma is linked with liver allocation in Northern Italy. Methods: Cluster analysis was performed to generate patient phenotype according to trauma-related variables. Comparison between clusters was performed to evaluate differences in damage control strategy procedures (DCS) performed and the 30-day graft dysfunction. Results: During the pandemic period, the centralization of major trauma has deeply impaired the liver procurement and allocation between the transplant centers in the metropolitan area of Milan (Niguarda: 22 liver procurement; other transplant centers: 2 organ procurement). Two clusters were identified the in Niguarda’s series: cluster 1 is represented by 17 (27.4%) trauma donors, of which 13 (76.5%) were treated with DCS procedures, and 4 (23.5%) did not; cluster 2 is represented by 45 trauma donors (72.6%), of which 22 (48.8%) underwent DCS procedures. A significant difference was found in the number of DCS procedures performed between clusters (3.18 ± 2.255 vs. 1.11 ± 1.05, p = 0.0001). Comparative analysis did not significantly differ in the number of transplanted livers (cluster1/cluster2 94.1%/95.6% p = 0.84) and the 30-day graft dysfunction rate (cluster1/cluster2 0.0%/4.8% p = 0.34). Conclusions: The high level of care guaranteed by first-level trauma centers could reduce the loss of organs suitable for donation, maintaining the good outcomes of transplanted ones, even in case of multiple organ injuries. The pandemic period underlined that the centralization of major trauma impairs the liver allocation between transplant centers.

The properties of epitaxially grown 2D materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and graphene are highly dependent on the growth mechanism and on the presence of defects in the epitaxial layer. In our study we employ Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to examine the epitaxial growth of hBN on a Ru(0001) surface; we aim to develop a detailed understanding of the formation of hBN from borazine. Our results predict the formation of a (3 × 3) meta-stable structure, consistent with results from helium atom scattering experiments. Our findings may have implications for CVD processes, the creation of defect sites and the design of new nanomaterials based on exploiting the growth phases of hBN. We have also investigated the effect of defects on the catalytic activities of hBN. hBN has many advantages for heterogeneous catalysis, including high surface area, high thermal stability, and high durability whilst being more sustainable than the ubiquitously employed precious and transition metal-based catalysts. Through DFT simulations, we have explored metal-free hBN as a valid alternative to precious metal catalysts for producing H2 via the reaction of ammonia with a surface boron and nitrogen divacancy (VBN), achieving a decomposition barrier of 0.52 eV. Furthermore, the reaction of ammonia with epitaxially grown hBN on a Ru(0001) substrate was investigated, and we observed similar NH3 decomposition energy barriers (0.61 eV), but a much more facile H2 desorption barrier (0.69 eV vs 5.89 eV). Next, we intend to explore the possibilities of hydrogenated hBN defects in hydrogenation reactions. Through completing this work, we hope to discover sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.

Proton transfer along the hydrogen bonds of DNA can lead to the creation of short-lived, but biologically relevant point mutations that can further lead to gene mutation and, potentially, cancer. In this work, the energy landscape of the canonical A-T and G-C base pairs (standard, amino-keto) to tautomeric A*-T* and G*-C* (non-standard, imino-enol) Watson-Crick DNA base pairs is modelled with density functional theory and machine-learning nudge-elastic band methods. We calculate the energy barriers and tunnelling rates of hydrogen transfer between and within each base monomer (A, T, G and C). We show that the role of tunnelling in A-T tautomerisation is statistically unlikely due to the presence of a small reverse reaction barrier. On the contrary, the thermal populations of the G*-C* point mutation could be non-trivial and propagate through the replisome. For the direct intramolecular transfer, the reaction is hindered by a substantial energy barrier. However, our calculations indicate that tautomeric bases in their monomeric form have remarkably long lifetimes.

We present the results of a sedimentological and mineralogical study conducted on 305 marine sediment samples (32 seafloor grab samples and 273 subsea floor samples from 91 vibrocores) collected in...

We adopted a combined geophysical-stratigraphic approach to identify grain size anomalies in sediment distribution of the Bagnoli coastal brownfield site. A large industrial plant occupied this area during most of the 20th Century. We used 18 core logs to identify macroscopic variation in sediment stratigraphy, and 72 supplemental cores to mark changes between sandy- and silt-dominated intervals. The stratigraphy evidenced the presence of anomalous lens of silt within a sandy coastal sector inside the Bagnoli industrial harbour. Cores description helped us to calibrate the interpretation of 4 subbottom profiles, that we used to obtain information on geometries of silty deposits. The spatial layout of sediments revealed that silt intervals are present in the area bounded by the old industrial wharfs. We suggest that these silty sediments are likely the result of uncontrolled discharge occurred during the last century. Once calibrated, high-resolution mono-channel seismic profiles helped us to define the shape as well as the real extent and thicknesses of silty deposits, resulted to be ca. 515.000 m(2), with an overall volume of 480.000 m(3). These results are a first attempt to define the amount of polluted sediments in the area facing the Bagnoli industrial harbour.

The dehydrogenation of alkane feedstock to produce alkenes is a significant and energy intensive industrial process, generally occurring on metals and metal oxides. Here, we investigate a catalytic mechanism for the dehydrogenation of butane on single-layer, metal-free graphene using a combination of ab initio quantum chemical calculations and Adsorption Microcalorimetry. Dispersion-corrected Density Functional Theory (DFT) is employed to calculate transition states and energy minima that describe the reaction pathways connecting butane to the two possible products, but-1-ene and but-2-ene. The deprotonations occur with moderate energy barriers in the 0.54 eV ÷ 0.69 eV range. A strong agreement is observed between the results of the adsorption energies calculated by DFT (0.40 eV) and the measured differential heat of adsorption of n-butane on graphitic overlayer. We conclude that the active-site for this catalytic reaction is a metal-free graphene vacancy, created by removing a carbon atom from a single-layer graphene sheet.

Large-area single-crystal monolayers of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can be grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). However, the high temperatures and fast timescales at which the conversion from a gas-phase precursor to the 2D material appear, make it extremely challenging to simultaneously follow the atomic arrangements. We utilise helium atom scattering to discover and control the growth of novel 2D h-BN nanoporous phases during the CVD process. We find that prior to the formation of h-BN from the gas-phase precursor, a metastable $(3\times3)$ structure is formed, and that excess deposition on the resulting 2D h-BN leads to the emergence of a $(3\times4)$ structure. We illustrate that these nanoporous structures are produced by partial dehydrogenation and polymerisation of the borazine precursor upon adsorption. These steps are largely unexplored during the synthesis of 2D materials and we unveil the rich phases during CVD growth. Our results provide significant foundations for 2D materials engineering in CVD, by adjusting or carefully controlling the growth conditions and thus exploiting these intermediate structures for the synthesis of covalent self-assembled 2D networks.

Silicic calderas are volcanic systems whose unrest evolution is more unpredictable than other volcano types because they often do not culminate in an eruption. Their complex structure strongly influences the post-collapse volcano-tectonic evolution, usually coupling volcanism and ground deformation. Among such volcanoes, the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is one of the most studied. Significant long- and short-term ground deformations characterise this restless volcano. Several studies performed on the marine-continental succession exposed in the central sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera provided a reconstruction of ground deformation during the last 15 kyr. However, considering that over one-third of the caldera is presently submerged beneath the Pozzuoli Gulf, a comprehensive stratigraphic on-land-offshore framework is still lacking. This study aims at reconstructing the offshore succession through analysis of high-resolution single and multichannel reflection seismic profiles and correlates the resulting seismic stratigraphic framework with the stratigraphy reconstructed on-land. Results provide new clues on the causative relations between the intra-caldera marine and volcaniclastic sedimentation and the alternating phases of marine transgressions and regressions originated by the interplay between ground deformation and sea-level rise. The volcano-tectonic reconstruction, provided in this work, connects the major caldera floor movements to the large Plinian eruptions of Pomici Principali (12 ka) and Agnano Monte Spina (4.55 ka), with the onset of the first post-caldera doming at ca. 10.5 ka. We emphasise that ground deformation is usually coupled with volcanic activity, which shows a self-similar pattern, regardless of its scale. Thus, characterising the long-term deformation history becomes of particular interest and relevance for hazard assessment and definition of future unrest scenarios.

Although hydrogen bonds have long been established as a highly effective intermolecular interaction for controlling the formation of self-assembled monolayers, the potential utility of the closely related halogen bonds has only recently emerged. The synergistic use of both halogen and hydrogen bonds provides a unique, multitiered strategy toward controlling the morphology of self-assembled structures. However, the interplay between these two interactions within monolayer systems has been little studied. Here, we have systematically investigated this interplay in self-assembled monolayers formed at the solid–liquid interface, with a specific attention on determining the structural relevance of the two interactions in the formation of 2D supramolecular structures. A single molecule that can simultaneously act as both a halogen and a hydrogen bond donor was paired with molecules that are effective acceptors for both of these interactions. The bimolecular networks that result from these pairings were studied by using scanning tunneling microscopy coupled with density functional theory calculations. Additional measurements on similar networks formed by using structural analogues in which halogen-bonding interactions are no longer possible give significant insight into the structure-determining role of these interactions. We find that in some monolayer systems the halogen bonds serve no significant structure-determining role, and the assembly is dominated by hydrogen bonding; however, in other systems, effective cooperation between the two interactions is observed. This study gives clear insight into the synergistic and competitive balance between halogen and hydrogen bonds in self-assembled monolayers. This information is expected to be of considerable value for the future design of monolayer systems using both halogen and hydrogen bonds.\ud \ud

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and compliance with the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in octogenarian patients undergoing colorectal surgery in 12 Italian high-volume centers.A retrospective analysis was conducted in a consecutive series of patients who underwent elective colorectal surgery between 2016 and 2018. Patients were grouped by age (≥ 80 years vs 80 years), propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed, and the groups were compared regarding clinical outcomes and the mean number of ERAS items applied.Out of 1646 patients identified, 310 were octogenarians. PSM identified 2 cohorts of 125 patients for the comparison of postoperative outcomes and ERAS compliance. The 2 groups were homogeneous regarding the clinical variables and mean number of ERAS items applied (11.3 vs 11.9, p-ns); however, the application of intraoperative items was greater in nonelderly patients (p 0.004). The functional recovery was similar between the two groups, as were the rates of postoperative severe complications and 30-day mortality rate. Elderly patients had more overall complications. Furthermore, the mean hospital stay was higher in the elderly group (p 0.027). Multivariable analyses documented that postoperative stay was inversely correlated with the number of ERAS items applied (p 0.0001), whereas age ≥ 80 years significantly correlated with the overall complication rate (p 0.0419).The ERAS protocol is safe in octogenarian patients, with similar levels of compliance and surgical outcomes. However, octogenarian patients have a higher rate of overall complications and a longer hospital stay than do younger patients.

The dissociation of NO on metal-free graphene was studied using density functional theory (DFT). The effect of heteroatomic substitution of boron and nitrogen on the activity of the single vacancy was explored. While the doping did not affect the NO chemisorption barrier, it was found that the dissociation step (with a barrier height of 260 meV) was activated by B (reducing the barrier down to 4 meV) but deactivated by N (up to 2.42 eV). In addition to the nature of the dopant, the location of the heteroatom with respect to the single vacancy site had an even stronger influence on the reactivity of graphene, reducing the barrier for dissociation fourfold.

Electric cooking (or e-cooking) based on renewable sources and highly-efficient cooking devices could represent a sustainable and reliable option to achieve the universal access to clean cooking facilities by 2030. Still, the techno-economic feasibility of e-cooking has never been evaluated through (i) a high-resolution assessment of the electric and cooking load profiles, coupled with (ii) a least-cost energy system optimisation for the related electricity supply. Hence, the present study aims at accurately investigating the techno-economic potential of a fully-renewable solar micro-grid, ensuring an integrated access to electricity and clean cooking, based on two representative case studies in Tanzania, namely: (i) a residential case study, and (ii) a community-service case study. Bottom-up stochastic load profiles are generated for the two contexts by expanding the existing LoadProGen model with a novel complementary algorithm for the computation of high-resolution cooking loads. The cost-optimised results prove the cost-competitiveness of e-cooking, especially for the community-service case, where it would require only an additional 17% capital investment due to the pre-existence of other energy-intensive activities. Moreover, the range of Levelised Cost for Cooking a Meal (LCCM) obtained for e-cooking considering the different scenarios lies within 0.16 ÷ 0.70 USD/meal, a range that is comparable with that of all other cooking options – including firewood –, and even more cost-competitive than LPG.

The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognized two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcano-tectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes.