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Abstract Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) related pulmonary disease is highly prevalent, with variable clinical presentation and behavior, and thus is associated with poor outcomes and negatively impacts quality of life. Chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is still considered a fundamental imaging tool in the screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of pulmonary disease in patients with SARDs. However, radiation exposure, economic burden, as well as lack of point-of-care CT equipment limits its application in some clinical situation. Ultrasound has found a place in numerous aspects of the rheumatic diseases, including the vasculature, skin, muscle, joints, kidneys and in screening for malignancies. Likewise it has found increasing use in the lungs. In the past two decades, lung ultrasound has started to be used for pulmonary parenchymal diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung fibrosis, pneumothorax, and pleural lesions, although the lung parenchymal was once considered off-limits to ultrasound. Lung ultrasound B-lines and irregularities of the pleural line are now regarded two important sonographic artefacts related to diffuse parenchymal lung disease and they could reflect the lesion extent and severity. However, its role in the management of SARDs related pulmonary involvement has not been fully investigated. This review article will focus on the potential applications of lung ultrasound in different pulmonary scenarios related with SARDs, such as interstitial lung disease, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, diaphragmatic involvement, and pulmonary infection, in order to explore its value in clinical daily practice.

Objectives In systemic sclerosis (SSc), gastrointestinal involvement is one of the earliest events. We compared the gut microbiota (GM), its short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and host-derived free fatty acids (FFAs) in patients with very early diagnosis of SSc (VEDOSS) and definite SSc.Methods Stool samples of 26 patients with SSc, 18 patients with VEDOSS and 20 healthy controls (HC) were collected. The GM was assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing, while SCFAs and FFAs were assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results In patients with VEDOSS, an increase in Bacteroidales and Oscillospirales orders and a decrease in Bacilli class, Blautia, Romboutsia, Streptococcus and Turicibacter genera was detected in comparison with HC. In patients with SSc, an elevated number of Acidaminococcaceae and Sutterellaceae families, along with a decrease of the Peptostreptococcaceae family and Anaerostipes, Blautia, Romboutsia and Turicibacter genera was found in comparison with HC. Patients with SSc and VEDOSS had a significantly lower butyrate and higher acetate with respect to HC. In VEDOSS, an increase in Oscillospiraceae family and Anaerostipes genus, and a decrease in Alphaproteobacteria class, and Lactobacillales order was identified with respect to SSc. Moreover, patients with VEDOSS exhibited higher acetate and lower valerate compared with definite SSc.Conclusion A GM dysbiosis with depletion of beneficial anti-inflammatory bacteria (especially butyrate-producing) and a significant decrease in faecal butyrate was identified in patients with VEDOSS. This early GM imbalance may foster the growth of inflammatory microbes, worsening intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation in early SSc stages. The potential butyrate administration in early disease phases might be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate gastrointestinal discomfort and progression preserving patient’s quality of life.

Abstract Introduction Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) represent a rare and heterogenous group diseases, and their treatment is not fully defined yet. According to previous small case series, the combination of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and rituximab (RTX) may be effective in controlling difficult-to-treat patients. Our aim was to further explore the efficacy and safety of this combined approach in patients with IIM. Methods Patients with IIM treated with the RTX/MMF combination in our Center were retrospectively identified. After the start of combination therapy, the efficacy was evaluated at 12 months (T12) according the 2016 ACR/EULAR response criteria for IIM. Cardiac imaging and pulmonary function tests were used to monitor disease activity in patients with myocarditis and interstitial lung disease, respectively. Adverse events were recorded over the follow-up period. Results Among the 20 patients (median age 61 years; 70% female) included in the study, anti-synthetase syndrome was the most prevalent IIM subgroup (60%). At treatment start, muscle, heart, and lung were the most commonly actively affected organs. After 12 months, a moderate or major response was observed in all patients, and creatine kinase was significantly decreased (p-value = 0.012). Cardiac imaging and enzymes monitoring showed a reduction of heart inflammation, while pulmonary function tests improved in patients with lung involvement. No severe side effects were observed. Conclusion Our data show that combination of RTX and MMF is effective and safe in patients with severe and refractory IIM. Therefore, this combined treatment might represent a feasible approach for difficult-to-treat IIM cases.

Rationale and aim: Health literacy (HL) is pivotal for the successful self-management of chronic diseases. Little HL information is currently available in SSc patients; therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the HL levels in an Italian cohort of SSc patients. Methods: SSc patients were enrolled with the support of Italian patient associations, from September 2022 to March 2023. Health literacy characteristics were derived from the Health Literacy Scale European Questionnaire-16 (HLS-EU-Q16), consisting of 16 items designed on a four-point Likert scale ranging from “very difficult” to “very easy”, and three HL levels were identified: inadequate HL (0–8 score); problematic HL (9–12 score); and sufficient HL (13–16 score). Results: Enrolled patients (n = 57, mean age = 59 years, SD = 13.2) were mostly female (98.2%), partnered (73.7%), and unemployed or retired (67.9%). Almost half of SSc patients were diagnosed more than 10 years ago, with first symptoms appearing on average 19 years ago (SD 10.5). In 63% of the participants, the overall health literacy skills were inadequate, or problematic, especially in the health care and disease prevention domains. Indeed, 49.2% of the patients declared difficulty in finding information on treatments for illnesses and where to get professional help (42.1%), 47.6% found difficulty in retrieving information on how to manage mental health problems, and 40.4% declared difficulties in judging whether the information on health risks in the media was reliable. Conclusions: Our findings show that SSc patients have inadequate or problematic levels of HL, suggesting the need for periodic screenings to uncover poor health literacy skills and to provide tailored and understandable educational material. This study was not registered.

Objective Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan disease that can lead to severe involvement of the gastrointestinal tract with a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QoL). The Mediterranean diet (MD) was consistently demonstrated to have beneficial effects on chronic diseases based on biological bases. We aimed to evaluate the adherence to the MD of Italian patients with SSc to preliminarily assess its association with gastrointestinal symptoms and other disease features, mood, and QoL. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, adherence to the MD was measured in 387 patients from four SSc Italian referral centers through the 14‐item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (14‐MEDAS) questionnaire. We also registered patients’ reported outcomes related to the QoL and mood. Results Overall, an optimal adherence to MD was observed in 14.7% of patients with SSc, a moderate adherence in 71.3%, and a low adherence in 14.0%. In univariate analysis, poor adherence to the MD was associated with a more prominent depressive mood, time missed at work, and perception of more severe Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers, whereas the 14‐MEDAS score inversely correlated with depression score and reflux. Conclusion In our cohort of patients with SSc, overall adherence to MD was moderate. Patients with lower adherence to MD also reported worse outcomes related to QoL and mood. Administration of the 14‐MEDAS could be a reasonable choice to assess adherence to the MD in patients with SSc. Future initiatives to study the role of MD in the management of patients with SSc are warranted.

Objectives To untangle the association between smoking and systemic sclerosis (SSc).Methods In the European Scleroderma Trials and Research cohort, the autoantibody status was compared between ever-smokers and never-smokers. Time until disease progression was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox models were built to investigate the influence of smoking over 15 years of follow-up. All analyses were performed for the total cohort and stratified for sex and for positivity of anti-centromere (ACA) and anti-topoisomerase antibodies (ATA).Results Overall, 12 314 patients were included in the study. Of these, 10 393 were women (84%), 4637 were ACA-positive (38%), 3919 were ATA-positive (32%) and 4271 (35%) were ever-smokers. In men, but not in women, smoking was associated with mortality (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.16, p=0.001). Ever-smoking women were at higher risk for skin progression (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.22, p=0.046) and for ‘any organ progression’ (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.13, p=0.036). In women, 34% of never-smokers were ATA-positive compared with 21% of ever-smokers (p

Abstract Background COVID-19 is a pandemic disease affecting predominantly the respiratory apparatus with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure. Chest CT is a crucial tool in diagnosing and evaluating the severity of pulmonary involvement through dedicated scoring systems. Nonetheless, many questions regarding the relationship of radiologic and clinical features of the disease have emerged in multidisciplinary meetings. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore such relationship throughout an innovative and alternative approach. Materials and methods This study included 550 patients (range 25–98 years; 354 males, mean age 66.1; 196 females, mean age 70.9) hospitalized for COVID-19 with available radiological and clinical data between 1 March 2021 and 30 April 2022. Radiological data included CO-RADS, chest CT score, dominant pattern, and typical/atypical findings detected on CT examinations. Clinical data included clinical score and outcome. The relationship between such features was investigated through the development of the main four frequently asked questions summarizing the many issues arisen in multidisciplinary meetings, as follows 1) CO-RADS, chest CT score, clinical score, and outcomes; 2) the involvement of a specific lung lobe and outcomes; 3) dominant pattern/distribution and severity score for the same chest CT score; 4) additional factors and outcomes. Results 1) If CT was suggestive for COVID, a strong correlation between CT/clinical score and prognosis was found; 2) Middle lobe CT involvement was an unfavorable prognostic criterion; 3) If CT score 50%, crazy paving as dominant pattern leaded to a 15% increased death rate, stacked up against other patterns, thus almost doubling it; 4) Additional factors usually did not matter, but lymph-nodes and pleural effusion worsened prognosis. Conclusions This study outlined those radiological features of COVID-19 most relevant towards disease severity and outcome with an innovative approach.

Abstract Introduction RA-BE-REAL is a 3-year, multinational, prospective, observational study of adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) evaluating time to discontinuation of initial RA treatment along with patient baseline characteristics. This study’s primary objective was to assess the time to discontinuation of initial baricitinib, any other targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (tsDMARD), or any biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) treatment for all causes (excluding sustained clinical response) over 24 months in a European population. Methods Patients initiated treatment with baricitinib (cohort A) or any bDMARD or tsDMARD (cohort B) for the first time. This study’s primary objective was to assess the time to discontinuation of initial baricitinib, any other targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (tsDMARD), or any biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) treatment for all causes (excluding sustained clinical response) over 24 months in a European population. Comparative effectiveness analyses, over 24 months, included time to treatment discontinuation for all causes (excluding sustained clinical response), percentage of patients achieving Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) remission or low disease activity (LDA), as well as mean changes from baseline for CDAI, pain visual analogue scale, and the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI). For this European subpopulation, comparative analyses were performed using a frequentist model averaging (FMA) framework based on a data-driven machine learning causal inference approach to compare time to discontinuation, effectiveness, rates of remission or LDA, and patient-reported outcomes over 24 months comparing baricitinib with TNFi, as well as non-TNFi and tsDMARD grouped as other mechanism of action (OMA) drugs. Results In the European sample of RA-BE-REAL, patients with RA treated with baricitinib experienced fewer discontinuations in comparison to those treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors or OMA. Overall, patients naïve to b/tsDMARDs achieved a higher rate of LDA and remission compared with experienced patients. A significantly greater proportion of patients treated with baricitinib achieved LDA compared with b/tsDMARDs. Conclusion This real-world data can better inform clinicians about baricitinib effectiveness and drug survival when prescribing treatment for patients with RA across different subpopulations.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate periostin serum levels and skin expression in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsWe enrolled 35 patients with diffuse (d-SSc) or limited (l-SSc) SSc, 15 patients with very early diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (VEDOSS), and 30 sex-matched healthy controls. Periostin serum levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Periostin skin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paired involved and uninvolved 5-mm skin biopsy samples in a subgroup of 10 d-SSc and 10 L-SSc patients. A 12-month follow-up was considered.ResultsWe included 50 patients (mean age 53.1 ± 16.1 years; women 94%; mean disease duration 38.2 ± 45.1 months; anti-centromere 50%; anti-Scl70 40%), 35 of them with a definite SSc (68.8% l-SSc; 31.4% d-SSc; mean mRSS 9.0 ± 7.2) and 15 with VEDOSS; 30 controls were also included in this study. Periostin serum levels were higher in SSc patients compared to controls (32.7 ± 8.0 ng/mL vs. 27.7 ± 7.3 ng/mL; p

Background: Vaccination is one of the most important measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for frail patients. VACCINATE is a multicentre prospective observational study promoted by the European Reference Network on Rare and Complex Connective Tissue and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ERN ReCONNET) aimed at assessing the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with rare and complex connective tissue diseases (rcCTDs) in terms of efficacy and safety. Methods: Adult rcCTDs patients were eligible for recruitment. Demographic, clinical and vaccination data were collected at enrolment. Follow-up visits were scheduled 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks after completion of the first vaccination cycle; data on adverse events, disease exacerbations and the occurrence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections were collected at these time-points. Findings: 365 rcCTDs patients (87 % female, mean age 51.8 ± 14.6 years) were recruited. Overall, 200 patients (54.8 %) experienced at least one adverse event, generally mild and in most cases occurring early after the vaccination. During follow-up, 55 disease exacerbations were recorded in 39 patients (10.7 %), distributed over the entire observation period, although most frequently within 4 weeks after completion of the vaccination cycle. The incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections was 8.9 per 1000 person-months, with no cases within 12 weeks from vaccine administration and an increasing trend of infections moving away from the primary vaccination cycle. Only one case of severe COVID-19 was reported during the study period. Interpretation: COVID-19 vaccination seems effective and safe in rcCTDs patients. The rate of new infections was rather low and serious infections were uncommon in our cohort. No increased risk of disease flares was observed compared to previous disease history; however, such exacerbations may be potentially severe, emphasising the need for close monitoring of our patients.

Introduction: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic represents a serious challenge for ‘frail’ patients' populations with inflammatory autoimmune systemic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). We investigated the prevalence and severity of COVID-19, as well the effects of COVID-19 vaccination campaign in a large series of SSc patients followed for the entire period (first 38 months) of pandemic. Patients and method: This prospective survey study included 1755 unselected SSc patients (186 M, 1,569F; mean age 58.7 ± 13.4SD years, mean disease duration 8.8 ± 7.3SD years) recruited in part by telephone survey at 37 referral centers from February 2020 to April 2023. The following parameters were carefully evaluated: i. demographic, clinical, serological, and therapeutical features; ii. prevalence and severity of COVID-19; and iii. safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 recorded during the whole pandemic was significantly higher compared to Italian general population (47.3 % vs 43.3 %, p

Objective The course of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is highly variable and different from continuously progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Most proposed definitions of progressive pulmonary fibrosis or SSc-ILD severity are based on the research data from patients with IPF and are not validated for patients with SSc-ILD. Our study aimed to gather the current evidence for severity, progression and outcomes of SSc-ILD.Methods A systematic literature review to search for definitions of severity, progression and outcomes recorded for SSc-ILD was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library up to 1 August 2023.Results A total of 9054 papers were reviewed and 342 were finally included. The most frequent tools used for the definition of SSc-ILD progression and severity were combined changes of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and forced vital capacity (FVC), isolated FVC or DLCO changes, high-resolution CT (HRCT) extension and composite algorithms including pulmonary function test, clinical signs and HRCT data. Mortality was the most frequently reported long-term event, both from all causes or ILD related.Conclusions The studies presenting definitions of SSc-ILD ‘progression’, ‘severity’ and ‘outcome’ show a large heterogeneity. These results emphasise the need for developing a standardised, consensus definition of severe SSc-ILD, to link a disease specific definition of progression as a surrogate outcome for clinical trials and clinical practice.PROSPERO registration number CRD42022379254.Cite Now

Abstract Introduction RA-BE-REAL has the overall aim of defining a profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) starting baricitinib or any other targeted synthetic (ts) or any biologic (b) disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) for the first time, and the primary objective of estimating time until discontinuation from any cause (excluding sustained response) of the initial treatment. Methods RA-BE-REAL is an ongoing, prospective, observational, 36-month study in patients with RA initiating treatment with baricitinib (cohort A) or any other tsDMARD or any bDMARD (cohort B) for the first time. The primary objective is to assess the time until treatment discontinuation from any cause (excluding sustained response) at 24 months, (i.e., the rate of discontinuation of initial baricitinib or ts/bDMARD). Patient profiles of each cohort are described and compared. Post-baseline data are descriptively analyzed. This manuscript presents baseline and interim (6-month) outcomes for European patients with RA participating in the global RA-BE-REAL study. Results Data from 1074 patients (cohort A: 509; cohort B: 565) were analyzed. For cohorts A and B, respectively, the 6-month cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval) of treatment discontinuation was 16.5 (12.9–21.1) and 23.3 (19.1–28.2), and the proportions of patients achieving remission were 25.6% and 18.5%. At baseline, mean patient age was 59.1 and 57.0 years (p = 0.010) and mean disease duration was 10.0 and 8.9 years (p = 0.047), respectively. The proportions of patients exposed to ts/bDMARDs at any time before study entry were 51.9% and 39.1%, and the proportions of patients initiated on monotherapy were 50.9% and 31.2%, respectively. Conclusion In real-world settings, patients with RA initiating treatment with baricitinib were older and had longer disease duration than those initiating treatment with any other tsDMARD or any bDMARD. Initial descriptive data regarding treatment discontinuation (including reasons for discontinuation), effectiveness, and treatment patterns will be enriched as the study progresses.

Objective Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an important cause of mortality in some patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patient-level factors may predict which patients with RA are at the highest risk of developing ILD and are therefore candidates for screening for this complication of the underlying disease.Methods A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Embase and Scopus over a 10-year period up to July 2021. Publications reporting patient-level factors in patients with RA with and without ILD that were assessed before development of ILD (or were unchanged over time and therefore could be extrapolated to before development of ILD) were retrieved for assessment of evidence. Genetic variation in MUC5B and treatment with methotrexate were not included in the assessment of evidence because these factors have already been widely investigated for association with ILD.Results We found consistent associations of age, sex, smoking status and autoantibodies with development of ILD. For biomarkers such as Krebs von den Lungen 6, which have been shown to be diagnostic for ILD, there were no publications meeting criteria for this study.Conclusions This analysis provides an initial step in the identification of patient-level factors for potential development of a risk algorithm to identify patients with RA who may be candidates for screening for ILD. The findings represent a useful basis for future research leading to an improved understanding of the disease course and improved care for patients with RA at risk of development and progression of ILD.

Background and Objectives: In SSc, ILD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the performance of DLCO (diffusing capacity of lung carbon monoxide) and FVC (forced vital capacity) delta change (Δ) and baseline values in predicting the development of SSc-ILD. Methods: Longitudinal data of DLCO, FVC, and ILD on the HRCT of SSc patients from the EUSTAR database were evaluated at baseline (t0) and after 12 (±4) (t1) and 24 (±4) (t2) months. Results: 474/17805 patients were eligible for the study (403 females); 46 (9.7%) developed ILD at t2. Positivity for anti-topoisomerase antibodies (117 patients) showed an association with ILD development at t2 (p = 0.0031). Neither the mean t0 to t1 change (Δ) of DLCO nor the mean t0 to t1 FVCΔ predicted the appearance of ILD at t2. Investigating the possible role of baseline DLCO and FVC values in predicting ILD appearance after 24 (±4) months, we observed a moderate predictive capability of t0 DLCO < 80%, stronger than that of FVC < 80%. Conclusions: We suggest that an impaired baseline DLCO may be predictive of the appearance of ILD after 2 years of follow-up. This result advances the hypothesis that a reduction in gas exchange may be considered an early sign of lung involvement. However, further rigorous studies are warranted to understand the predictive role of DLCO evaluation in the course of SSc.

Introduction: Telemedicine (TM) reported a great increase from 50% to 150% in health care to RMDs patients during the COVID-19 period, but conflicting opinions in the literature are still present. Aim: to investigate the results of literature on TM in terms of feasibility (patients’ satisfaction, accessibility, clinical outcomes and barriers), discussing its integration for the future in a nursing perspective during and after COVID-19 period. Methods: the team that conducted the narrative review was composed by two rheumatology and research nurses (MRM, KEA) and a rheumatologist (MMC), who discussed the relevance of the research question and agreed on the search strategy. Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were searched. The inclusion criteria were: original and quantitative research papers in English with available abstract/full text, on adult patients with RMDs in accordance with the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and/or European Alliance of Associations of Rheumatology (EULAR) classification criteria, exposed to any kind of technologies during and after COVID19 period, investigating any kind of patient/clinical reported outcomes. Results: TM could be considered as an integration to standard clinical care in Rheumatology, especially for patients with a stable or low disease activity and rheumatic diagnosis. The choice of the candidates and the assessment of their E-health literacy level are necessary prior including them in TM programs. In addition, healthcare professionals need to be trained in this new modality of providing care. Conclusion: hybrid models of telehealthcare might be a balanced solution, improving efficiency of the consultation, continuity of care and providing a patient-centred approach.

Objective To describe demographic, clinical and laboratory features of systemic sclerosis sine scleroderma (ssSSc) in a large multicentre systemic sclerosis (SSc) cohort.Methods Data involving 1808 SSc patients from Italian Systemic sclerosis PRogression INvestiGation registry were collected. The ssSSc was defined by the absence of any cutaneous sclerosis and/or puffy fingers. Clinical and serological features of ssSSc were compared with limited cutaneous (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc) subsets.Results Among patients with SSc, only 61 (3.4%) were classified as having ssSSc (F/M=19/1). Time from Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) onset to diagnosis was longer in ssSSc (3 years, IQR 1–16.5) than lcSSc (2 years, IQR 0–7), and dcSSc (1 year, IQR 0–3) (p

Patients with systemic autoimmunity due to autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) or sarcoidosis frequently present with systemic manifestations including cardiac involvement. Cardiac rhythm disturbances and specifically ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) may affect the prognosis of these patients. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a non-invasive imaging modality that can provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic information in patients with ARDs or systemic autoimmunity in general. In this narrative review, we briefly present the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to arrhythmogenicity in patients with systemic autoimmunity. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances underlying the role and value of CMR for use in the detection and risk stratification of arrhythmogenic substrates in patients with systemic autoimmunity and VAs.

At present, only a few reports have addressed the possible contribution of the lymphatic vascular system to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Based on the evidence that blood vascular endothelial cells can undertake the endothelial-to-myofibroblast transition (EndMT) contributing to SSc-related skin fibrosis, we herein investigated whether the lymphatic endothelium might represent an additional source of profibrotic myofibroblasts through a lymphatic EndMT (Ly-EndMT) process. Skin sections from patients with SSc and healthy donors were immunostained for the lymphatic endothelial cell-specific marker lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) in combination with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) as the main marker of myofibroblasts. Commercial human adult dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (HdLy-MVECs) were challenged with recombinant human transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) or serum from SSc patients and healthy donors. The expression of lymphatic endothelial cell/myofibroblast markers was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Collagen gel contraction assay was performed to assess myofibroblast-like cell contractile ability. Lymphatic endothelial cells in intermediate stages of the Ly-EndMT process (i.e., coexpressing LYVE-1 and α-SMA) were found exclusively in the fibrotic skin of SSc patients. The culturing of HdLy-MVECs with SSc serum or profibrotic TGFβ1 led to the acquisition of a myofibroblast-like morphofunctional phenotype, as well as the downregulation of lymphatic endothelial cell-specific markers and the parallel upregulation of myofibroblast markers. In SSc, the Ly-EndMT might represent a previously overlooked pathogenetic process bridging peripheral microlymphatic dysfunction and skin fibrosis development.

Background: Early stage of osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by joint stiffness and pain as well as by subclinical structural changes that may affect cartilage, synovium, and bone. At the moment, the lack of a validated definition of early osteoarthritis (EOA) does not allow to make an early diagnosis and adopt a therapeutic strategy to slow disease progression. Also, no questionnaires are available to evaluate the early stage, and therefore this remains an unmet need. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of the technical experts panel (TEP) of ‘International Symposium of intra-articular treatment’ (ISIAT) was to create a specific questionnaire to evaluate and monitor the follow-up and clinical progress of patients affected by early knee OA. Design: The items for the Early Osteoarthritis Questionnaire (EOAQ) were identified according to the following steps: items generation, items reduction, and pre-test submission. Methods: During the first step, literature has been reviewed and a comprehensive list of items about pain and function in knee EOA was drafted. Then, during the ISIAT (5th edition 2019), the draft has been discussed by the board, which reformulated, deleted, or subdivided some of the items. After the ISIAT symposium, the draft was submitted to 24 subjects affected by knee OA. A score based on the importance and the frequency was created and the items with a score ⩾0.75 were selected. After intermediate evaluation made by a sample of patients, the second and final version of the questionnaire EOAQ was submitted to the whole board for final analysis and acceptance in a second meeting (29 January 2021). Results: After an exhaustive elaboration, the final version of the questionnaire contains two domains (Clinical Features and Patients Reported Outcome) with respectively 2 and 9 questions, for a total of 11 questions. Questions mainly explored the fields of early symptoms and patients reported outcomes. Marginally, the need of the symptoms treatment and the use of painkillers were investigated. Conclusions: Adoption of diagnostic criteria of early OA is strongly encouraged and a specific questionnaire for the whole management of the clinical features and patients’ outcome might really improve the evolution of OA in the early stages of the disease, when the treatment is expected to be more effective.

Introduction Nintedanib (NTD) has been shown to be effective in systemic sclerosis (SSc)-interstitial lung disease (ILD). Here we describe the efficacy and safety of NTD in a real-life setting.Methods Patients with SSc-ILD treated with NTD were retrospectively evaluated at 12 months prior to NTD introduction; at baseline and at 12 months after NTD introduction. The following parameters were recorded: SSc clinical features, NTD tolerability, pulmonary function tests and modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS).Results 90 patients with SSc-ILD (65% female, mean age 57.6±13.4 years, mean disease duration 8.8±7.6 years) were identified. The majority were positive for anti-topoisomerase I (75%) and 77 (85%) patients were on immunosuppressants. A significant decline in %predicted forced vital capacity (%pFVC) in the 12 months prior to NTD introduction was observed in 60%. At 12 months after NTD introduction, follow-up data were available for 40 (44%) patients and they showed a stabilisation in %pFVC (64±14 to 62±19, p=0.416). The percentage of patients with significant lung progression at 12 months was significantly lower compared with the previous 12 months (60% vs 17.5%, p=0.007). No significant mRSS change was observed. Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects were recorded in 35 (39%) patients. After a mean time of 3.6±3.1 months, NTD was maintained after dose adjustment in 23 (25%) patients. In nine (10%) patients, NTD was stopped after a median time of 4.5 (1–6) months. During the follow-up, four patients died.Conclusions In a real-life clinical scenario, NTD, in combination with immunosuppressants, may stabilise lung function. GI side effects are frequent and NTD dose adjustment may be necessary to retain the drug in patients with SSc-ILD.

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and lung ultrasound (LUS) B-lines in connective tissue disease related interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD), and their association with different ILD patterns on high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of chest.MethodsWe measured the levels of BAFF and KL-6 by ELISA in the sera of 63 CTD-ILD patients [26 with fibrotic ILD (F-ILD), 37 with non-fibrotic ILD (NF-ILD)], 30 CTD patients without ILD, and 26 healthy controls. All patients underwent chest HRCT and LUS examination.ResultsSerum BAFF levels were significantly higher in CTD patients compared to healthy subjects (617.6 ± 288.1 pg/ml vs. 269.0 ± 60.4 pg/ml, p < 0.01). BAFF concentrations were significantly different between ILD group and non-ILD group (698.3 ± 627.4 pg/ml vs. 448.3 ± 188.6 pg/ml, p < 0.01). In patients with ILD, BAFF concentrations were significantly correlated with B-lines number (r = 0.37, 95% CI 0.13–0.56, p < 0.01), KL-6 level (r = 0.26, 95% CI 0.01–0.48, p < 0.05), and Warrick score (r = 0.33, 95% CI 0.09–0.53, p < 0.01), although all correlations were only low to moderate. B-lines number correlated with Warrick score (r = 0.65, 95% CI 0.48–0.78, p < 0.01), and KL-6 levels (r = 0.43, 95% CI 0.21–0.61, p < 0.01). Patients with F-ILD had higher serum BAFF concentrations (957.5 ± 811.0 pg/ml vs. 516.1 ± 357.5 pg/ml, p < 0.05), KL-6 levels (750.7 ± 759.0 U/ml vs. 432.5 ± 277.5 U/ml, p < 0.05), B-lines numbers (174.1 ± 82 vs. 52.3 ± 57.5, p < 0.01), and Warrick score (19.9 ± 4.6 vs. 13.6 ± 3.4, p < 0.01) vs. NF-ILD patients. The best cut-off values to separate F-ILD from NF-ILD using ROC curves were 408 pg/ml for BAFF (AUC = 0.73, p < 0.01), 367 U/ml for KL-6 (AUC = 0.72, p < 0.05), 122 for B-lines number (AUC = 0.89, p < 0.01), and 14 for Warrick score (AUC = 0.87, p < 0.01) respectively.ConclusionSerum BAFF levels and LUS B-lines number could be useful supportive biomarkers for detecting and evaluating the severity and/or subsets of CTD-ILD. If corroborated, combining imaging, serological, and sonographic biomarkers might be beneficial and comprehensive in management of CTD-ILD.

Objective Ultrasound is a promising tool to foster much-needed improvement of skin assessment in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Our aim was to develop evidence and expert opinion-based recommendations to promote the standardisation and harmonisation of technical execution and reporting of skin ultrasound studies in SSc.Methods A multidisciplinary task force of 16 members from five European countries and Japan was convened under the auspices of World Scleroderma Foundation. First, a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed. Then, each member proposed and formulated items to the overarching principles, recommendations and research agenda. Two rounds of mails exchange for consensus as well as an on-line meeting were performed to debate and refine the proposals. Two Delphi rounds of voting resulted in the final recommendations. Levels of evidence and strengths of recommendations were assigned, and task force members voted anonymously on the level of agreement with each of the items.Results Five overarching principles and seven recommendations were developed, based on an SLR and expert opinion, through consensus procedures. The overarching principles highlight the promising role of skin ultrasound in SSc assessment, the need for standardisation of technical aspects, sufficient training and adequate equipment. The recommendations provide standards for the execution and reporting of skin ultrasound in SSc. The research agenda includes the need for more research into unmet needs according to Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Algorithm requirements.Conclusion These are the first recommendations providing guidance on the execution and reporting of skin ultrasound in SSc patients, aiming at improving the interpretability, reliability and generalisability of skin ultrasound, thus consolidating its role in research and practice.

BackgroundLung involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) may vary from 9 to 90%. Interstitial lung disease and tracheobronchial alterations are the most typical findings. The evidence of primarily emphysematous changes at computed tomography of the chest of pSS patients has occasionally been described but poorly characterized. This study aims to assess pulmonary involvement and the impact on respiratory function in a cohort of pSS patients.Materials and methodsA total of 22 consecutive patients diagnosed with pSS underwent pulmonary function tests to investigate the presence of ventilatory impairment and evaluate the exchanges of alveolar gases. All patients underwent a chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRTC).ResultsDynamic volumes were within the normal range in 21 patients (95.4%). A reduction in the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was observed in 18 patients (81.8%). Ten (45.5%) patients showed a mild degree deficit, while 8 patients (36%) showed a moderate degree deficit. Analysis of DLCO revealed a significant difference between pSS patients and controls [t(30.98) = −10.77; p < 0.001], showing a higher DLCO value for the healthy controls (mean ± SE; 101.27 ± 6.08) compared to pSS patients (mean ± SE; 65.95 ± 12.78). Emphysema was found in 21 (94.5%) patients and was the most widespread pulmonary injury. Tracheal thickness was reduced in 15 (67%) patients. Micronodules were observed in 10 (45%) patients in all the pulmonary fields. Bronchial wall thickening and bronchiectasis were observed in 8 (36%) patients, mainly in the lower lobes. Ground glass was found in 5 (22.5%) patients in lower and higher lobes. Cysts were observed in two patients (9%).ConclusionThe reduction of the DLCO could be related to early emphysematous alterations in the absence of spirometric alterations and relevant respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, emphysema might be seen as an early pulmonary involvement mark in patients suffering from pSS.

BackgroundPatient registries play a crucial role in supporting clinical practice, healthcare planning and medical research, offering a real-world picture on rare and complex connective tissue diseases (rCTDs). ERN ReCONNET launched the first European Registry Infrastructure with the aim to plan, upgrade and link registries for rCTDs, with the final goal to promote a harmonized data collection approach all over Europe for rCTDs.MethodsAn online survey addressed to healthcare professionals and patients' representatives active in the field of rCTDs was integrated by an extensive database search in order to build a mapping of existing registries for rCTDs.FindingsA total of 140 registries were found, 38 of which include multiple diseases. No disease-specific registry was identified for relapsing polychondritis, mixed connective tissue disease and undifferentiated connective tissue disease.DiscussionThis overview on the existing registries for rCTDs provides a useful starting point to identify the gaps and the strengths of registries on the coverage of rCTDs, and to develop a common data set and data collection approach for the establishment of the TogethERN ReCONNET Infrastructure.

Abstract Screening and follow-up of interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) is a challenge in clinical practice. In fact, the majority of RA-ILD patients are asymptomatic and optimal tools for early screening and regular follow-up are lacking. Furthermore, some patients may remain oligosymptomatic despite significant radiological abnormalities. In RA-ILD, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is the most frequent radiological and pathological pattern, associated with a poor prognosis and a high risk to develop acute exacerbations and infections. If RA-ILD can be identified early, there may be an opportunity for an early treatment and close follow-up that might delay ILD progression and improve the long-term outcome. In connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD), lung ultrasound (LUS) with the assessment of B-lines and serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 antigen (KL-6) has been recognized as sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of ILD. B-line number and serum KL-6 level were found to correlate with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and other clinical parameters in systemic sclerosis–associated ILD (SSc-ILD). Recently, the significant correlation between B-lines and KL-6, two non-ionizing and non-invasive biomarkers, was demonstrated. Hence, the combined use of LUS and KL-6 to screen and follow up ILD in RA patients might be useful in clinical practice in addition to existing tools. Herein, we review relevant literature to support this concept, propose a preliminary screening algorithm, and present 2 cases where the algorithm was used.

Background: To date, no biomarkers are effective in predicting the risk of developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study aims to evaluate the association between basal absolute eosinophil count (AEC) and irAEs during treatment with ICIs for solid tumors. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 168 patients with metastatic melanoma (mM), renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), and non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) receiving ICIs at our medical oncology unit. By combining baseline AEC with other clinical factors, we developed a mathematical model for predicting the risk of irAEs, which we validated in an external cohort of patients. Results: Median baseline AEC was 135/µL and patients were stratified into two groups accordingly; patients with high baseline AEC (>135/µL) were more likely to experience toxicity (p = 0.043) and have a better objective response rate (ORR) (p = 0.003). By constructing a covariance analysis model, it emerged that basal AEC correlated with the risk of irAEs (p < 0.01). Finally, we validated the proposed model in an independent cohort of 43 patients. Conclusions: Baseline AEC could be a predictive biomarker of ICI-related toxicity, as well as of response to treatment. The use of a mathematical model able to predict the risk of developing irAEs could be useful for clinicians for monitoring patients receiving ICIs.

Background: The results of randomized controlled (RCT) and retrospective studies have expanded the armamentarium of drugs for systemic sclerosis (SSc) – interstitial lung disease (ILD) treatment. The correct positioning of these drugs is not yet clarified. Objectives: Systemic literature review (SLR) on rituximab (RTX), tocilizumab (TCZ), nintedanib and abatacept (ABT) for the treatment of SSc-ILD. The results of the SLR were used to create a dedicated survey. Design: The study was performed as a systematic review. Data sources and methods: the SLR was performed using the following terms: “(systemic sclerosis OR scleroderma) AND (interstitial lung disease OR lung fibrosis OR pulmonary fibrosis) AND (rituximab OR tocilizumab OR abatacept OR nintedanib)”. The results of the SLR were integrated in a survey including 8 domains. These were sent to all EUSTAR members and to the participants of the 2020 Scleroderma World Congress. Results: 41 studies (34 on RTX, 5 on TCZ, 2 on ABT, and 1 on nintedanib) were identified. RCTs supported the use of TCZ and nintedanib, while retrospective studies supported the use of RTX for SSc-ILD. No clear data were obtained about ABT. The survey showed that RTX is the most available option (96%) whereas the most frequent reason for targeted therapy introduction is lung progression while on csDMARDs (86% RTX, 59% TCZ and 63% nintedanib). Combination therapy was the most frequently mentioned therapeutic scheme for nintedanib (75%) and RTX (63%). Physicians’ perception of safety was similar for all drugs, while drug efficacy was the same for RTX and nintedanib, followed by TCZ (4.8 ± 2). The most frequently raised concerns pertained to efficacy, safety and combination regimens. Conclusion: Our SLR supports the use of RTX, TCZ and nintedanib for SSc-ILD patients and underlines the need for more data about upfront combination versus monotherapy. It also highlighted the need to identify predictors supporting drug choice according to both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations.

Lactic acidosis characterizes the tumor microenvironment (TME) and is involved in the mechanisms leading to cancer progression and dissemination through the reprogramming of tumor and local host cells (e.g., endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells). Adipose tissue also represents a crucial component of the TME which is receiving increasing attention due to its pro-tumoral activity, however, to date, it is not known whether it could be affected by the acidic TME. Now, emerging evidence from chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases underlines that adipocytes may give rise to pathogenic myofibroblast-like cells through the adipocyte-to-myofibroblast transition (AMT). Thus, our study aimed to investigate whether extracellular acidosis could affect the AMT process, sustaining the acquisition by adipocytes of a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-like phenotype with a pro-tumoral activity. To this purpose, human subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells committed to adipocytes (acADSCs) were cultured under basal (pH 7.4) or lactic acidic (pH 6.7, 10 mM lactate) conditions, and AMT was evaluated with quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. We observed that lactic acidosis significantly impaired the expression of adipocytic markers while inducing myofibroblastic, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory phenotypes in acADSCs, which are characteristic of AMT reprogramming. Interestingly, the conditioned medium of lactic acidosis-exposed acADSC cultures was able to induce myofibroblastic activation in normal fibroblasts and sustain the proliferation, migration, invasion, and therapy resistance of breast cancer cells in vitro. This study reveals a previously unrecognized relationship between lactic acidosis and the generation of a new CAF-like cell subpopulation from adipocytic precursor cells sustaining tumor malignancy.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune rheumatic disease that is characterised by widespread skin and internal organ fibrosis, immune system dysregulation, and vasculopathy. The disease carries a significant burden of pain and disability that is potentially life-limiting because of major internal organ-based complications. Early diagnosis is vital and key investigations include the detection of SSc-associated autoantibodies and nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities. Patients should be managed by a dedicated, specialist, multidisciplinary team. There is now a range of effective treatments available for many of the complications associated with the disease. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation may benefit a small subset of patients with very poor prognosis SSc. Important advances have been made in understanding the aetiopathogenesis of SSc, which is driving clinical trials of new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinically focussed description of the relevant aetiopathogenesis, clinical expression of disease, approach to the assessment and treatment of SSc, and highlight the recent advances and future challenges associated with this complex disease.

ObjectiveAlthough interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc), its prognostication remains challenging. Given that CT represents the gold standard imaging technique in ILD assessment, a systematic review on chest CT findings as predictors of mortality or ILD progression in SSc-ILD was performed.Materials and MethodsThree databases (Medline, Embase, and Web of Science) were searched to identify all studies analyzing CT mortality or ILD progression predictors in SSc-ILD, from inception to December 2020. ILD progression was defined by worsening of forced vital capacity and/or CT ILD findings. Manuscripts not written in English, with not available full-text, not focusing on SSc-ILD or with SSc-ILD not extrapolated, otherwise with overlap syndromes, pediatric patients,

Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy (LBx) are helpful in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD) and interstitial lung diseases (ILD) regardless of cause, including infectious, noninfectious, immunologic, or malignant. The decision whether to perform only bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and eventually a subsequent LBx in case of a nondiagnostic lavage, or one single bronchoscopy combining both sampling methods depends on the clinical suspicion, on patient’s characteristics (e.g. increased biopsy risk) and preferences, and on the resources and biopsy techniques available locally (e.g. regular forceps versus cryobiopsy). In CTD-ILD, BAL has major clinical utility in excluding infections and in the diagnosis of specific patterns of acute lung damage (e.g. alveolar hemorrhage, diffuse alveolar damage, and organizing pneumonia). LBx is indicated to exclude neoplasm or diagnose lymphoproliferative lung disorders that in CTD patients are more common than in the general population. Defining BAL cellularity and characterizing the CTD-ILD histopathologic pattern by LBx can be helpful in the differential diagnosis of cases without established CTD [e.g. ILD preceding full-blown CTD, interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF)], but the prognostic and theragnostic role of those findings remains unclear. Few studies in the pretranscriptomics era have investigated the diagnostic and prognostic role of BAL and LBx in CTD-ILD, and it is reasonable to hypothesize that future studies conducted applying innovative techniques on BAL and LBx might open new and unexpected avenues in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment approach to CTD-ILD. This is particularly desirable now that a new drug treatment era is emerging, in which we have more than one therapeutic choice (immunosuppressive agents, antifibrotic drugs, and biological agents). We hope that future research will pave the path toward precision medicine providing data for a more accurate ILD-CTD endotyping that will guide the physicians through targeted therapeutic choices, rather than to the approximative approach ‘one drug fits them all’.

The role of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in the evaluation of systemic sclerosis (SSc) interstitial lung disease (ILD) is still controversial. The aim of this systematic literature review was to investigate the use of BAL in SSc-ILD, and to focus on the pros and cons of its real-life application. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase were questioned from inception until 31 December 2021. Results: Eighteen papers were finally analyzed. A positive correlation was observed between lung function and BAL cytology; in particular, BAL neutrophilia/granulocytosis was related to lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) values and lower forced vital capacity (FVC). Moreover, a positive correlation between BAL cellularity and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings has been reported by several authors. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, coagulation factors, and eicosanoids have all been shown to be present, more often and in higher quantities in SSc-ILD patients than in the health control and, in some cases, they were related to more severe pulmonary disease. There was no consensus regarding the role of BAL cellularity as a predictor of mortality.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a severe disease characterized by peripheral microcirculation abnormalities manifesting with Raynaud’s phenomenon, nailfold videocapillaroscopic (NVC) changes, and even ischemic digital ulcers (DUs) that are often refractory to treatments. In the wake of previously described associations between the circulating levels of soluble junctional adhesion molecules (sJAMs) and SSc clinical features, here, we measured sJAM-A and sJAM-C levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from a large case series of 110 SSc patients and 85 healthy controls, focusing on their possible association with peripheral vascular clinical features and their potential as biomarkers that are either diagnostic or mirror SSc-related microvasculopathy severity. Our data demonstrated that serum sJAM-A and sJAM-C are significantly increased in patients with SSc vs. healthy controls, especially in those featuring early/active NVC patterns and the presence of ischemic DUs. Moreover, circulating sJAM-C levels showed good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between patients and controls, as assessed by receiver operator characteristics curve analysis. Finally, logistic regression revealed that, when comparing sJAM-A to sJAM-C, the latter might be better suited as a biomarker for SSc-related DUs. Our promising findings provide the necessary groundwork for longitudinal follow-up analyses of SSc patients aiming to assess whether circulating sJAM-C levels might be predictive for the development of new DUs, as well as DU recurrence and/or refractoriness to targeted therapies.

Aims: Medical and non-medical switching strategies have been adopted in Europe in the last few years. We aimed to investigate persistence on treatment with a SB5 Adalimumab (SB5) biosimilar after switching from Adalimumab (ADA) originator among patients with inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (iRMD), identifying possible predictors of drug interruption and describing adverse events. Method: iRMD patients previously switched to SB5 after at least 6 months of ADA were enrolled. Data on concomitant medications, disease flares, and persistence on SB5 up to the last available follow up were collected retrospectively. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression models were used. Result: A total of 172 patients (106 females, ADA duration 5.8 ± 3.8 years) were enrolled, including 34 rheumatoid arthritis, 59 psoriatic arthritis, and 61 axial spondyloarthritis patients. In a 10 ± 3 months follow up, 65 (37.8%) patients presented with adverse events, with 46 (26.7%) showing a clinically defined disease flare (no disease activity and patient reported outcomes assessment were available); 24 patients interrupted SB5 permanently (among them, 11 back-switched to ADA and 8 were prescribed a different biological therapy). Probability of persistence on SB5 was 94.7% at 6 months and 85.1% at 12 months. Baseline corticosteroid [hazard ratio (HR) 3.209, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.193–8.635, p = 0.021] and therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (HR 2.876, 95% CI 1.229–6.727, p = 0.015), as well as the baseline corticosteroid dose (HR 1.200, 95%CI 1.026–1.403, p = 0.022) were predictors of drug interruption. Conclusion: Our data on persistence of treatment and adverse events are in line with previous reports. Further large cohort studies may confirm baseline corticosteroid and NSAIDs use as predictors of SB5 interruption, helping to identify patients at higher risk of failure after switching.

Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) alterations of the face and of the mouth cause aesthetic modifications and disability, impairing self-esteem and quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to verify the effects of two rehabilitation protocols on facial mimic and mouth opening. Methods: A total of 47 SSc patients (40 females and 7 males, mean age ± SD 59.08 ± 10.31 years), were consecutively selected: 22 were randomly assigned to protocol 1 [home exercises for temporomandibular joint (TMJ), mimic, masticatory and cervical spine muscles] and 25 to protocol 2 (home exercises and combined physiotherapeutic procedures performed by a physiotherapist). Each treatment had a duration of 12 weeks with a follow up of 8 weeks. TMJ dysfunction, orofacial involvement, disability, QoL, and safety were assessed at enrollment (T0), at the end of the treatment (T1), and at follow up (T2). Results: Both Protocol 1 and Protocol 2 induced significant improvements of some clinical and clinimetric parameters, but better results were obtained with Protocol 2. In the comparison between the effects of Protocol 1 and Protocol 2 at T1 and T2, a significant difference was observed only for Mouth Handicap in SSc [MHISS; Total ( p = 0.00178] and for MHISS Mouth opening ( p = 0.0098) at T1. No significant difference of indices of short-form 36 was observed. Conclusion: The present data suggest that TMJ involvement in SSc may be managed by rehabilitation treatments. The action of a physiotherapist prescribing and personalizing exercises may induce better therapeutic effects.

Abstract Background Sandoz etanercept (SDZ ETN; GP2015) is an etanercept biosimilar with equivalent efficacy and comparable safety and immunogenicity to reference etanercept (ETN) in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis. Methods EQUIRA was a phase III, double-blind study conducted in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive subcutaneous 50 mg SDZ ETN or ETN, once-weekly, for 24 weeks. At week 24, patients with at least moderate EULAR response in the SDZ ETN group continued SDZ ETN treatment, and those in the ETN group were switched to receive 50 mg SDZ ETN, for up to 48 weeks. Patients received concomitant methotrexate at a stable dose (10–25 mg/week) and folic acid (≥ 5 mg/week). Equivalence between SDZ ETN and ETN for change from baseline in disease activity score including 28 joint count C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) at week 24 (primary endpoint) and comparable safety and immunogenicity profile of SDZ ETN and ETN have previously been demonstrated at week 24. Herein, we present the 48-week results of the study after a single switch from ETN to its biosimilar at week 24. Results The least squares mean (standard error) change in DAS28-CRP from baseline up to week 48 was comparable between “continued SDZ ETN” (− 2.90 [0.12], n = 148) and “switched to SDZ ETN” (− 2.78 [0.13], n = 131) groups. The proportion of patients achieving EULAR good/moderate responses based on DAS28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate and ACR20/50/70 response rates were comparable between the two groups. The proportion of patients with at least one treatment-emergent adverse event was 42.9% in the “continued SDZ ETN” and 38.0% in the “switched to SDZ ETN” groups. Serious adverse events occurred in 4 patients in each of the two groups. After week 24, none of the patients in the switched group developed anti-drug antibodies (ADAs), while 4 patients in the continued SDZ ETN group had single-event, very low titer, non-neutralizing ADAs detected. Conclusions The 48-week results from the EQUIRA study demonstrate that switch from ETN to SDZ ETN in patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis does not impact the efficacy, safety, or immunogenicity of etanercept. Trial registration EudraCT number 2012-002009-23, Registered 19 April 2012—prospectively registered.

Background: Chest computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for the evaluation of systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a radiation-free tool that identifies the B-lines as a main feature of ILD. We aimed to investigate the role of LUS in the evaluation of the extent of SSc-ILD. Methods: Adult SSc patients underwent pulmonary function tests (PFTs), LUS and CT. The CT images were qualitatively, semi-quantitatively (the Wells score on five levels and the categorical Goh et al. staging) and quantitatively (histogram-based densitometry) analysed for ILD. LUS quantified B-lines in 21 intercostal spaces on both the anterior and posterior chest wall. Results: Out of the 77 SSc patients eligible for the study, 35 presented with ILD on CT (21 limited, 14 extensive). Total B-lines significantly differentiated ILD vs. no ILD (median 24 vs. 8, p < 0.001). Posterior and total B-lines significantly differentiated limited from absent ILD, while anterior B-lines distinguished extensive from limited ILD. Total B-lines correlated with the Wells score (r = 0.446, p < 0.001) and MLA (r = −0.571, p < 0.001); similar results were confirmed when anterior and posterior B-lines were analysed separately. Conclusions: LUS is a useful tool to identify SSc-ILD and to correlate with different evaluations of ILD extent and severity.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex connective tissue disease whose earliest clinical manifestations are microvascular tone dysregulation and peripheral microcirculatory abnormalities. Following previous evidence of an association between circulating neurovascular guidance molecules and SSc disturbed angiogenesis, here, we measured the levels of soluble neuropilin 1 (sNRP1), semaphorin 3E (Sema3E), and Slit2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from a large case series of 166 SSc patients vs. 110 healthy controls. We focused on their possible correlation with vascular disease clinical features and applied logistic regression analysis to determine which of them could better reflect disease activity and severity. Our results demonstrate that, in SSc: (i) sNRP1 is significantly decreased, with lower sNRP1 serum levels correlating with the severity of nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) abnormalities and the presence of ischemic digital ulcers (DUs); (ii) both Sema3E and Slit2 are increased, with Sema3E better reflecting early NVC abnormalities; and (iii) higher Sema3E correlates with the absence of DUs, while augmented Slit2 associates with the presence of DUs. Receiver operator characteristics curve analysis revealed that both circulating sNRP1 and Sema3E show a moderate diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, logistic regression analysis allowed to identify sNRP1 and Sema3E as more suitable independent biomarkers reflecting the activity and severity of SSc-related peripheral microvasculopathy.

Background: Ultrasound (US) is useful in monitoring RA patients, with the US7 score allowing grey-scale and power-Doppler (PD) semi-quantitative evaluation of synovitis and teno-synovitis. We evaluated real-life efficacy and safety of Baricitinib, an oral selective JAK1-2 inhibitor, in RA patients using clinical, clinimetric, and US assessments. Methods: Disease activity score in 28 joints calculated with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), disease activity score in 28 joints calculated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), simplified disease activity index (SDAI), visual analogue scale (VAS)-pain, health assessment questionnaire (HAQ), COCHIN scale, adverse events (AE), concomitant medications, laboratory parameters, and US7 were performed/recorded at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months in RA patients starting Baricitinib. Responder/non-responder status was determined according to the EULAR Response Criteria at 3 months. SDAI clinical remission or low disease activity (LDA) were calculated at 3 and 6 months. Results: In 43 enrolled patients, a significant improvement in disease activity and US7 components (except tendon PD) and a reduction of steroid dosage were observed. Responders at 3 months showed a significantly higher reduction of CDAI, SDAI, COCHIN scale, VAS-pain, and US7 synovialPD, compared with non-responders. At 3 and 6 months, remission/LDA was achieved by 12.8/53.8% and 21.6/51.3% patients, respectively. The csDMARD co-treatment was independently associated with remission/LDA at 3 months. Safety-related drop-outs were in line with literature data. The steroid dosage was associated with AE development at 6 months. Conclusion: The real-life data, also obtained with US evaluation, confirmed the Baricitinib efficacy in RA disease control, as well as the utility of assessment during the follow up of disease activity.

Introduction: Viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid (HA) is indicated for non-responders to non-pharmacological therapy, to analgesics or when non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy, safety and costs of three different HA treatments ( Sinovial® Forte , sinovial one and hyalgan). Patients and methods: Ninety patients with grade I/II Kellgren–Lawrence knee osteoarthritis were included in three groups, the first was treated with hyalgan (weekly for 5 weeks), the second with Sinovial® Forte (weekly for 3 weeks) and the third group with a single injection of sinovial one. Results: All three treatments were effective, with an average reduction in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score of 18.9 points for hyalgan, 18.04 points for Sinovial® Forte and 17.92 points for sinovial one. The comparison of the three groups did not show any statistical difference in terms of efficacy. National health system (NHS) and social costs are, respectively, €419.12 and €853.43 for hyalgan, €338.64 and €599.22 for Sinovial® Forte , €221.56 and €308.42 for sinovial one. Conclusion: All three treatments were equally effective with no statistically significant differences; thus, the treatment with sinovial one may be considered as clinically effective as the other two regimens, but with a very efficient cost profile in early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is rare, severe connective tissue disease characterized by endothelial and vascular damage, immune activation, and resulting in inflammation and fibrosis of skin and internal organs, including the heart. SSc is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac involvement is frequent in SSc patients, even though often asymptomatic at early stages, and represents one of the major causes of SSc-related mortality. Heart involvement has a variable clinical presentation, and its pathogenesis is not completely understood. Myocardial fibrosis is traditionally considered the immunopathologic hallmark of heart involvement in SSc. This unique histological feature is paralleled by distinctive clinical and prognostic features. The so-called “vascular hypothesis” represents the most credited hypothesis to explain myocardial fibrosis. More recently, the prominent role of an inflammatory myocardial process has been identified as a cardinal event in the evolution to fibrosis, thus also delineating an “inflammation-driven pathway to fibrosis”. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 has an apical and cardinal role in the myocardial inflammatory cascade and in cardiac dysfunction. The primary aim of this perspective article is: to present the emerging evidence on the role of IL-1 and inflammasome in both SSc and heart inflammation, to review the complex interplay between cellular metabolism and inflammasome activation, and to discuss the rationale for targeted inhibition of IL-1 for the treatment of SSc-heart involvement, providing preliminary experimental and clinical data to support this hypothesis.

In systemic sclerosis (SSc) mortality is mainly linked to lung involvement which is characterized by interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). In SSc, PH may be due to different etiologies, including ILD, chronic thromboembolic disease, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The main tool to screen PAH is transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), which has a sensitivity of 90%, even if definitive diagnosis should be confirmed by right heart catheterization (RHC). The radiological evaluation (i.e., HRTC) plays an important role in defining the possible causes and in monitoring the evolution of lung damage. For PAH, identifying individuals who have borderline elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure needs to be appropriately managed and followed. In the past few years, the strategy for the management of PAH has significantly evolved and new trials are underway to test other therapies. This review provides an overview of the tools to evaluate PAH in SSc patients and on treatment options for these patients.

Aims: Switching from originator to biosimilar is part of current practice in inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (iRMDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondylarthritis (axSpA), with evidences derived from both etanercept (ETN) to SB4-switching randomized controlled trials and real-life registries. We investigated the safety and treatment persistence of ETN/SB4 in a multi-iRMD cohort derived from two rheumatology departments in our region. Methods: Adult patients with iRMDs, treated with ETN for at least 6 months and switched to SB4 in stable clinical condition, were eligible for this retrospective evaluation. Retrospective data on adverse events, loss of efficacy and persistence on treatment were collected until latest available follow-up. Results: A total of 220 patients (85 RA, 81 PsA, 33 axSpA, 14 juvenile idiopathic arthritis and seven other conditions; 142 females, mean age 58 ± 7 years, disease duration 12 ± 4 years, ETN duration 7 ± 4 years) were enrolled, with median follow-up of 12.1 (9.7–15.8) months. A total of 50 patients (22.7%) presented with at least one adverse event, with 36 (16.4%) disease flares and 30 (13.6%: 11 for safety and 19 loss of efficacy) SB4 withdrawals. Cumulative SB4 treatment persistence was 99.1%, 88.6% and 64.6% at 6, 12 and 18 months respectively. Back-switch to ETN was performed in 17/30 cases, the remaining cases were managed with change of biologic disease modifying or conventional synthetic anti-rheumatic drug. Age was the only significant predictor of SB4 interruption at 6 months. Conclusion: Our real-life data confirm the safety profile of switching from ETN to SB4, with slightly higher treatment persistence rates compared with other real-life registries.

Resolvins, the member of specialized pro-resolving mediators, are produced from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a response to an acute inflammatory process in that termination and resolution of inflammation. In the acute inflammation, these lipid mediators limit polymorphonuclear cells infiltration, proinflammatory cytokine production; promote efferocytosis, and regulate several cell types being important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Any dysregulation or defect of the resolution phase result in prolonged, persistent inflammation and eventually fibrosis. Resolvins are implicated in the development of various chronic autoimmune diseases. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a very complicated, chronic autoimmune disorder proceeding with vasculopathy, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity is another important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of SSc. In this review, we will focus on the different roles of this new family of lipid mediators, characterized by the ability to prevent the spread of inflammation and its chronicity in various ways and how they can control the development of fibrotic diseases like SSc.