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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 In recent years, interest in considering multiple facets of diversity has grown among community ecologists. Biological communities are complex systems, and exploring multiple facets can help reveal the main processes that drive diversity patterns. In this paper, we used a metacommunity framework to study the taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional facets of beta diversity in assemblages of aquatic insects (Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera) with data from mountain streams collected in 2 study systems in the Mata Atlântica (Atlantic Forest) of Brazil: 22 streams from the northern coast of the São Paulo State and 33 streams from the southern coast of São Paulo State. We assessed the following: 1) the relative contributions of turnover and nestedness for different facets of beta diversity and 2) the relationships between environmental and spatial factors on the different facets and components of beta diversity. Beta diversities were high for all facets, and turnover was the main component of the taxonomic (based on incidence and abundance) and phylogenetic facets. In contrast, nestedness was an important component of the functional facet. The roles played by environmental and spatial variables varied erratically between the studied facets, insect orders, and study systems. Environment and space were both poor predictors of the different facets of beta diversity. Our results demonstrated that the difficulty of explaining the taxonomic beta diversity observed in other studies of aquatic insect stream metacommunities also arises for other facets of beta diversity (phylogenetic and functional). The high values of turnover found for most facets suggest that conservation strategies should seek to preserve as many streams as possible within a hydrographic network. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Biologia Aquática, Avenida Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Morrinhos, Rua Quatorze, 327, Jardim América Escola Técnica Estadual de Cubatão, Rua Tamoyo, 230, Vila Couto Embassy of Brazil, 10 Customhouse Quay, Level 13, Maritime Tower University of Florida Department of Biology, Bartram Hall, 876 Newell Drive Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Biologia Aquática, Avenida Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário

In the present study, adult specimens of Anacroneuria collected in streams were studied in order to understand the diversity of the genus in Central Brazil. Herein, a new species (A. froehlichi n. sp.) is described, new geographic occurrences are recorded (A. amargosa Righi-Cavallaro & Froehlich, 2013; A. mineira Novaes & Bispo, 2014; A. minuta Klapálek, 1922; A. ofaye Froehlich, 2007; A. payagua Froehlich, 2007; A. singela Duarte & Lecci, 2016; and A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010), and taxonomic comments are made. Additionally, photographs of the paratypes of A. dourada Jewett, 1960 and A. galba Jewett, 1960 are presented. A total of 16 species of Anacroneuria are now recorded in Central Brazil.

Adults of Plecoptera of the family Perlidae were studied from seven municipalities of Roraima State, Brazil. One new species of Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 was discovered and is described. We also report seven species of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 that represent two new country records for Brazil, A. caraca Stark, 1995 and A. cruza Stark, 1995, and five species, A. atrifrons Klapálek, 1922, A. blanca Stark, 1995, A. minuta Klapálek 1922, A. marlieri Froehlich 2001 and A. pictipes Klapálek 1923 that are new records for Roraima State. Additionally, we reported variant specimens of A. marlieri and A. minuta.

The knowledge about the richness and distribution of Brazilian dragonflies is still being unveiled. Over the years, inventories, reviews, and descriptions have been made. These contributions, apart from the taxonomic value, also provide valuable data on the occurrence of species and their distributions, which are rarely accompanied by notes about natural history and behavior. Keeping this legacy in mind, we collected dragonflies between 2011 and 2019 in Minas Gerais state, which resulted in the registration of 90 species, 41 genera and 11 families. Our results also increase distribution data, an important tool for conservation actions, and provide additional information about habitat and biology of species. Resumo: O conhecimento sobre a riqueza e distribuição das libélulas do Brasil ainda está sendo desvelado. Ao longo dos anos, inventários, revisões e descrições foram feitas. Essas contribuições, além do valor taxonômico, também fornecem um conjunto de dados precioso sobre a ocorrência das espécies e suas distribuições, estas que raramente são acompanhadas de anotações sobre história natural e comportamento. Mantendo este legado em mente, nós realizamos coletas de libélulas entre 2011 e 2019 no estado de Minas Gerais, o que resultou no registro de 90 espécies, 41 gêneros e 11 famílias. Nossos resultados aumentam os dados de distribuição, uma ferramenta importante para ações de conservação, e fornecem informações sobre o habitat e a biologia das espécies.

The effects of environmental factors have been considered important for the evolution of morphological complexity in organisms. The water flow exhibits constant disturbance on stream dwellers, independently of their taxonomic group. Thus, we assessed whether two different kinds of organisms (insects and algae) exhibit any ecological similarity by facing stream current. For this, we used several previous studies in order to relate the morphological complexity of insect gills and algal filaments to water velocity, in micro and mesohabitats. The results for micro-scale showed that complex body shape tends to favor taxa that colonize stream areas with lower velocity for both kind of organisms. However, mesohabitats exhibited no relationship between morphology and water velocity. We suggest that morphological complexity in organisms from different lineages (algae and insects) are similarly related to water velocity in stream habitats. Moreover, the methodology of stream samplings must be carefully designed to get more precisely the environmental factors that organisms experience.

The genera Macrogynoplax Enderlein, 1909 and Kempnyia Klapálek, 1914 are reported for the first time from Tocantins State, a new locality record for Brazil. The nymphs of M. matogrossensis Bispo & Neves (2005) and K. goiana Bispo & Froehlich (2004) are described. Additionally, we also describe the female of K. goiana.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T22:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-09-19 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) FAPESC PIBIC program The stoneflies of the family Gripopterygidae have a Gondwanan distribution (Australian, Neotropical. and Andean regions) and include about 300 species in five recognized subfamilies. The subfamily Gripopteryginae is restricted to the Neotropics and the Andean regions of South America, including 15 genera and about 80 species. Tupiperla Froehlich., with 20 species, is the largest genus among the South American Gripopteryginae. The genus has been recorded from Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. In Brazil, Tupiperla has been recorded from southern. southeastern. and the mountainous areas of central and northeastern, primarily from streams of the Atlantic Forest. We studied specimens of Tupiperla collected from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. Herein, five new species of Tupiperla are described: T. pinhoi sp. nov., T. serrulata sp. nov., T. pessacqi sp. nov., T. ubuntu sp. nov., and T. zwicki sp. nov. Univ Sao Paulo, Programa Posgrad Entomol, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, Av Bandeirantes 3900, BR-14040901 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Goias, Lab Ecol Comportamental Aracnideos, Programa Posgrad Ambiente & Soc, Rua Quatorze 327, BR-75650000 Morrinhos, Go, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Biol Aquat, Fac Ciencias & Letras Assis, Av Dom Antonio 2100,Parque Univ, BR-19806900 Assis, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Biol Aquat, Fac Ciencias & Letras Assis, Av Dom Antonio 2100,Parque Univ, BR-19806900 Assis, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/11580-3 FAPESP: 2016/22213-4 CNPq: 303260/2018-1 FAPESP: 12/21196-8 FAPESC: 11323/2012-9

Adults of Anacroneuria Klapálek (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from an unexplored area of the Tocantins State, Brazil were studied. As result, we describe A. zantedeschia n. sp and present new geographic records for the genus. Additionally, we also include comments for A. corae Bispo & Novaes, A. debilis (Pictet), A. marlieri Froehlich, A. minuta Klapálek, A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci and A. otafroehlichi Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci.

Specimens of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and Tupiperla Froehlich 1969 (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae) from the headwater springs of the National Integration River (São Francisco River), Serra da Canastra National Park, in Minas Gerais State, of southeastern Brazil, were studied. A new species, Anacroneuria saofrancisco n. sp. is described and the descriptions of the nymph and the female of A. saofrancisco are also presented.

Specimens of the perlid stonefly Anacroneuria flintorum from different regions of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest along the Atlantic coast of Brazil were studied. In this paper, the nymph of A. flintorum is described based on reared specimens and molecular associations. Additionally, we provide new locality records and comments about variation of the species.

Two new species of the perlid genus Anacroneuria , A. rotunda n. sp and A. pitii n. sp are described from Espirito Santo State, Brazil. Additionally, six species of Anacroneuria and four species of Kempnyia are reported for the first time from Espirito Santo State. Records are also provided for A. debilis , A. subcostalis , K. flava , K. gracilenta, and K. neotropica . An undetermined species of Macrogynoplax based on nymphs is also reported from Espirito Santo State

The effects of habitat complexity have been considered important factors for the evolution of morphological complexity in organisms. We assessed the possible relationship between hydraulic niche conditions and the morphological complexity of algal filaments by sampling four species of macroalgae inhabiting different hydraulic niches in two freshwater streams. These algal species exhibit different fractal dimensions, which were measured by applying a grid method. The results showed that morphological differences are a function of hydraulic niche for stream macroalgae. Algae with complex shape (Nitella wrightii and Batrachosperum puiggarianum) were established in slower flows, while algae with simpler filament shape (Vaucheria sp. and Oedogonium sp.) were more likely to occur in faster water currents. The sites where the species occurred are a reflection of their ability to hold position, which is ultimately driven by their morphology. The influence of flow in stream habitats is an important factor for lotic macroalgae settlement and its effects can be related to evolutionary adjustment of body shape in these environments. We suggest that the morphological structure (here as fractal dimension) of freshwater macroalgae can be considered an adaptation to the costs and benefits exhibited by different hydraulic niches.

The Rensch's rule predicts that male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with body size, while female-biased SSD (FBSSD) decreases. In insects, many groups follow this rule, but the evidence suggests that it is taxon dependent and that the inverse of the rule can occur in species with FBSSD. Therefore, we conducted this study with Gripopterygidae stoneflies (Plecoptera) to describe their pattern of SSD and determine if they follow the Rensch's rule. Our data suggest that stoneflies exhibit FBSSD and do not follow the rule, but a reverse pattern. Our results corroborate other studies that suggest that the Rensch's rule is taxon based and that groups with FBSSD usually fail to obey the rule.

Background Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease that affects more than 2.5 billion people worldwide. Here, we used the dataset of municipality infestation level from the Brazilian Health Ministry with the aim of building vector distribution models to identify epidemiological hotspots. Methods Maxent software was used to predict the environmental suitability of the vector under current and 2050 climatic conditions. We built potential risk maps for current and future epidemiological scenarios in order to provide data for vector control planning. Results The results showed that the current epidemiological status is critical in the coastal region, with 80% of the population in risk areas and 30% in epidemiological outbreak areas. Our results also suggest that the area covered by the vector distribution in Brazil will decrease in future projections in the north, but will spread to the south. Conclusions The results may provide useful information for health agencies and policymakers in focusing efforts in epidemiological hotspots. Therefore, understanding the niche distribution dynamics of Aedes aegypti is an important step towards public health planning for vector control.

Specimens of Perlidae (Plecoptera) from Espírito Santo State in southeastern Brazil were studied. A new species, Anacroneuria ruschii n. sp. is described. Brief remarks on A. debilis (Pictet) and Kempnyia neotropica (JacobsonBianchi) are also presented.

Specimens of Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) from Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil were studied. A new species, Tupiperla sepeensis n. sp. is described. Tupiperla misionera Froehlich 2002 is a new record for Brazil and Gripopteryx reticulata Brauer 1866 and Tupiperla tessellata Brauer 1866 are new records for southern Brazil.

Six species of Anacroneuria are recorded from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and Bacia do Rio Macaé, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil including the description of a new species, A. itatiaiensis. Anacroneuria debilis (Pictet) is redescribed from newly collected specimens. Comments on other Anacroneuria species from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil are also presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-01 The properties of surface roughness have been considered an important factor in algal growth. The most relevant finding is that rougher surfaces supports higher algal accumulation. However, the stimulatory effects of roughness have not been tested so far. Thus, here we carried out an experiment using an increasing level of roughness in two different flow conditions. Hence, we investigated the roughness stimulatory threshold for algae growth under different flow conditions, in order to assess the effect of hydraulic dynamics. In the slower flow, the stimulatory threshold did not occurred (high algal coverage in all roughness levels), while in the faster one it could be observed (algal coverage varies among roughness levels). The drag force in slower flow flume was lower than in faster flume. The low values of drag force may have reduced the effects of roughness, which was highlighted in the fast flow flume. Therefore, we suggest that hydraulic dynamics can regulate the roughness stimulatory threshold mechanisms and the peak of algal accumulation is directly dependent of these conditions. (C) 2014 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved. Univ Sao Paulo, Coll Philosophy Sci & Letters Ribeirao Preto, Dept Biol, BR-14049 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Bot, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Silo Paulo State Univ, Lab Aquat Biol, Assis, SP, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Bot, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

Specimens of Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) from Espírito Santo State and surrounding areas in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, were studied. A new species, Gripopteryx caparao n. sp. is described. The female of Paragripopteryx intervalensis Bispo & Lecci 2011 is described and recorded for a new site. Comments on G. garbei Navás 1936 are presented. New state records are provided for G. cancellata (Pictet 1841), G. reticulata (Brauer 1866), G. juetah Froehlich 1990, G. pilosa Froehlich 1990, P. egena Froehlich 1994, P. intervalensis Bispo & Lecci 2011, P. klapaleki Enderlein 1909, and Tupiperla gracilis (Burmeister 1839).

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo taxonômico da fauna de Plecoptera (Perlidae) da região Sul do Brasil. Nós estudamos material depositado em diferentes coleções, e também novos espécimes coletados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Os adultos foram capturados com puçás na vegetação das margens dos riachos e através de atração luminosa. As ninfas foram coletadas dentro de riachos com o auxílio de redes D. A genitália dos adultos foi diafanizada usando KOH. Como resultado, três novas espécies foram descritas, duas possuem novos registros de ocorrência e quatro tiveram o registro de suas distribuições ampliadas para esta região. This work aimed to make a taxonomic study of the Plecoptera (Perlidae) fauna from southern Brazil. We studied material deposited in different collections, and also new specimens collected along the development of this work. Adults were captured with D-nets in vegetation from the banks of streams and through light attraction. Nymphs were collected in streams with a D-net. The genitalia of adults were diaphanized by KOH. The adults genitalia was cleared using KOH. As a result, three new species were described, two have new records of occurrence and four had record their distributions expanded to this region.

Specimens of Plecoptera collected in Minas Gerais State, Brazil were studied. Twelve previously described species were identified, Anacroneuria boraceiensis Froehlich, 2004, A. debilis (Pictet, 1841), A. itatiaiensis Baldin et al., 2013, A. polita (Burmeister, 1839), A. singularis Righi-CavallaroLecci, 2010, A. stanjewetti Froehlich, 2002, A. terere Righi-CavallaroLecci, 2010, A. vanini Froehlich, 2004, Kempnyia neotropica (Jacobson and Bianchi, 1905), K. obtusa Klapálek, 1916, Tupiperla gracilis (Burmeister, 1839) and T. robusta Froehlich, 1998. Additionally, two new species of Anacroneuria are described, A. paprockii n. sp. and A. mineira n. sp., and a list of species from Minas Gerais State is presented.

We studied specimens of Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) collected from the region of Goiás City, Goiás State, Brazil. Two new species of Anacroneuria, A. meloi BispoNovaes and A. corae BispoNovaes are described and A. debilis (Pictet) is recorded for the first time from Goiás State.

Seven species of Perlidae (Plecoptera) from southeastern Santa Catarina State, (Brazil) were studied: Anacroneuria fiorentini De RibeiroFroehlich, A. ofaye Froehlich, A. trimacula Jewett, Kempnyia mirim Froehlich, K. neotropica (JacobsonBianchi), and K. tenebrosa Klapálek. A new species, A. xokleng is also described.

Specimens of Perlidae (Plecoptera) deposited in the Entomological Collection "Padre Jesus S. Moure" of the Universidade Federal do Paraná and additional material recently collected in Paraná and Santa Catarina states, Brazil were studied. Six previously described species were identified, Anacroneuria debilis (Pictet, 1841), A. cathia Froehlich, 2002, A. polita (Burmeister, 1839), A. trimacula Jewett, 1959, Kempnyia neotropica (Jacoson and Bianchi, 1905) and K. colossica (Navás, 1934). Additionally, a new species, Anacroneuria iguazu n. sp is described.

Novaes, Marcos Carneiro, Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, Gonçalves, Maísa De Carvalho (2016): A new species of Anacroneuria Klapálek 1909 (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Espírito Santo State, southeastern Brazil and comments on additional species. Zootaxa 4208 (1), DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202045

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T06:01:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-13 The Neotropical genus Anacroneuria (Perlidae) is represented by more than 300 species. Among the Brazilian Anacroneu-ria, only the nymphs of two species have been described. In this paper, we described the nymph of A. ofaye Froehlich and an apparatus for rearing this genus. This is the first record of A. ofaye from Paraná State, Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Magnolia Press. Departmento de Biologia USP, Ribeirão Preto Departmento de Ciências Biológicas UNESP, Assis NUPELIA UEM, Maringá Departmento de Ciências Biológicas UNESP, Assis

Specimens of Plecoptera collected in Minas Gerais State, Brazil were studied. Twelve previously described species were identified, Anacroneuria boraceiensis Froehlich, 2004, A. debilis (Pictet, 1841), A. itatiaiensis Baldin et al., 2013, A. polita (Burmeister, 1839), A. singularis Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010, A. stanjewetti Froehlich, 2002, A. terere Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010, A. vanini Froehlich, 2004, Kempnyia neotropica (Jacobson and Bianchi, 1905), K. obtusa Klapalek, 1916, Tupiperla gracilis (Burmeister, 1839) and T. robusta Froehlich, 1998. Additionally, two new species of Anacroneuria are described, A. paprockii n. sp. and A. mineira n. sp., and a list of species from Minas Gerais State is presented.

We studied specimens of Anacroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) collected from the region of Goias City, Goias State, Brazil. Two new species of Anacroneuria, A. meloi Bispo & Novaes and A. corae Bispo & Novaes are described and A. debilis (Pictet) is recorded for the first time from Goias State.

Seven species of Perlidae (Plecoptera) from southeastern Santa Catarina State, (Brazil) were studied: Anacroneuria fiorentini De Ribeiro & Froehlich, A. ofaye Froehlich, A. trimacula Jewett, Kempnyia mirim Froehlich, K. neotropica (Jacobson & Bianchi), and K. tenebrosa Klapalek. A new species, A. xokleng is also described.

Specimens of Perlidae (Plecoptera) deposited in the Entomological Collection "Padre Jesus S. Moure" of the Universidade Federal do Parana and additional material recently collected in Parana and Santa Catarina states, Brazil were studied. Six previously described species were identified, Anacroneuria debilis (Pictet, 1841), A. cathia Froehlich, 2002, A. polita (Burmeister, 1839), A. trimacula Jewett, 1959, Kempnyia neotropica (Jacoson and Bianchi, 1905) and K. colossica (Navas, 1934). Additionally, a new species, Anacroneuria iguazu n. sp is described.

Six species of Anacroneuria are recorded from Parque Nacional do Itatiaia and Bacia do Rio Macae, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil including the description of a new species, A. itatiaiensis. Anacroneuria debilis (Pictet) is redescribed from newly collected specimens. Comments on other Anacroneuria species from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil are also presented.

A coloração pode desempenhar múltiplas funções na vida dos animais, desde termorregulação até proteção contra danos da radiação ultravioleta, aposematismo, camuflagem e atração sexual. Porque essas características dependem da fisiologia do animal, padrões de coloração são altamente influenciados por condições ambientais em que as espécies estão inseridas, podendo assim, variar ao longo de sua distribuição. Estudos sobre as variações desses traços ao longo de diferentes gradientes geográficos são, portanto, fundamentais para a melhor compreensão dos processos ecológicos e evolutivos que moldam a coloração animal. As fêmeas de vespas Mutillidae (formigas-feiticeiras) apresentam padrões de coloração marcantes que são reconhecidos como sinais aposemáticos, formando um dos maiores anéis miméticos do Reino Animal. No entanto, as causas subjacentes à evolução desses padrões de cor permanecem incertas, uma vez que o mimetismo Mülleriano e Batesiano podem não ser as únicas forças seletivas por trás da coloração aposemática. Portanto, no presente estudo, buscamos elucidar se a coloração em formigas-feiticeiras responde a variações bioclimáticas, testando três regras ecogeográficas: a hipótese do Melanismo Térmico; a hipótese da Fotoproteção; e a regra de Gloger. Para isso, utilizamos fotografias de 511 espécimes de fêmeas de vespas Mutillidae distribuídas em 21 países e extraímos dados sobre a coloração na forma dos canais HSV. Por fim, analisamos se a variação na coloração observada é determinada por fatores bioclimáticos, considerando o sinal filogenético: temperatura, radiação solar, umidade e ambientes com baixa luminosidade. Nossos resultados foram consistentes com a hipótese da Fotoproteção e a regra de Gloger. Espécies com coloração mais escura ocuparam habitats com mais vegetação, maior umidade e radiação solar. Animais mais escuros também ocorreram em ambientes mais quentes, sugerindo que Mutillidae não responde às previsões da hipótese do Melanismo Térmico. Nossos resultados ainda sugerem que, em ambientes de floresta, formigas-feiticeiras apresentam menor saturação e heterogeneidade da cor. Já fêmeas com coloração mais avermelhada e mais heterogêneas ocuparam habitats mais abertos. Os resultados apresentados aqui, fornecem as primeiras evidências de que componentes abióticos do ambiente podem agir como filtros ecológicos e forças seletivas sobre os padrões de coloração em formigas-feiticeiras. Finalmente, sugerimos que os estudos utilizando Mutillidae como modelo para complexos miméticos levem em conta que o mimetismo pode estar também sob influência de fatores climáticos e não só de predadores. Color can play multiple roles in the lives of animals, from thermoregulation to protection against damage from ultraviolet radiation, aposematism, camouflage and sexual attraction. Because these traits depend on the physiology of the animal, color patterns are highly influenced by the environmental conditions in which the species are distributed, thus varying throughout their distribution. Studies on the variations of these features over different geographic gradients are, therefore, fundamental for a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes that shape animal coloration. Females of Mutillidae wasps (velvet-ants) have striking color patterns that are recognized as aposematic signals, forming one of the largest mimetic rings in the Animal Kingdom. However, the causes underlying the evolution of these color patterns remain uncertain, since Müllerian and Batesian mimicry may not be the only selective forces behind aposematic color. Therefore, in the present study, we seek to elucidate whether coloration in velvet-ants responds to bioclimatic variations, testing three ecogeographic rules: The Thermal Melanism hypothesis; the Photoprotection hypothesis; and Gloger\'s rule. For this, we used photographs of 511 specimens of female Mutillidae wasps distributed in 21 countries and extracted data on the color in the form of the HSV color channels. Finally, we analyzed whether the variation in color observed is determined by bioclimatic factors, considering the phylogenetic signal: temperature, solar radiation, humidity, and environments with low light. Our results were consistent with the Photoprotection hypothesis and Gloger\'s rule. Species with darker coloration occupied habitats with more vegetation, higher humidity, and solar radiation. Darker animals also occurred in warmer environments, suggesting that Mutillidae do not respond to the predictions of the Thermal Melanism hypothesis. Our results also suggest that, in forest environments, velvet-ants have lower color saturation and heterogeneity. Females with more reddish and heterogeneous color occupied more open habitats. The results presented here provide the first evidence that abiotic components of the environment can act as ecological filters and selective forces on the coloration patterns in velvet-ants. Finally, we suggest that studies using Mutillidae as a model for mimetic complexes consider that mimicry may also be under the influence of climatic factors and not only predators.

Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) includes 54 genera and about 320 species, 100 of them recorded from South America. Although recent molecular analysis does not support all subfamilies, the family is traditionally divided into five subfamilies, being Gripopteryginae endemic to South America, comprising 15 genera and about 80 species. Among the genera of this subfamily, the Neotropical Paragripopteryx Enderlein currently comprises 14 species. The genus occurs along the coastal Brazilian mountains, from northeast of Bahia State to Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, while two species are restricted to Uruguay. According to traditional studies, the intergeneric relationships in Gripopterygidae and the delimitation of the current South American subfamilies (including Gripopteryginae) need to be reviewed. Considering Paragripopteryx, the genus has been defined based only on combination of morphological characters, without synapomorphies, therefore, the genus needs to be better delimited. As an attempt to understand the phylogenetic relationships in these two taxa (Gripopteryginae and Paragripopteryx), we performed two cladistic analyses based on morphological characters. As regards the Gripopteryginae, we used a dataset with 51 characters and 43 terminal taxa. In the case of Paragripopteryx, we used a dataset with 39 characters and 31 terminal taxa. We used Parsimony analysis with equal and implied weighting of characters (varying k-values: k = 315) and considered all characters as nonadditive. In the first approach, we recovered Neopentura semifusca outside the delimitation of Gripopteryginae and closer to Antarctoperlinae. Based on our results and considering the previous morphological analysis, we reclassified this genus in Antarctoperlinae. All other Gripopteryginae remained nested in a clade as sister of Australian Leptoperlinae, being this clade supported by a single synapomorphy: the sixth anal vein fused to wing margin in hind wings. Gripopteryginae taxa were supported by three synapomorphies: the CuA vein forked in forewings; distal margin of central sclerite in T10 protruding/coming out; and the absence of posterior sclerite in T10. Considering the analyses for Paragripopteryx, P. munoai was recovered outside the current delimitation of Paragripopteryx. For this reason, a new genus in Gripopteryginae is proposed to house this species. All other Paragripopteryx species remained nested in a clade supported by a single synapomorphy: the presence of pterostigmatic crossvein in forewings. In parallel to the phylogenetic study, we performed a revision of Paragripopteryx with the description of three new species and synonymy of P. crassila with P. klapaleki. Finally, we present an updated list of Brazilian Gripopterygidae with some notes, and the description of a new species of Tupiperla Gripopterygidae (Plecoptera) compreende 54 gêneros e cerca de 320 espécies, das quais 100 são registradas na América do Sul. Embora análises moleculares recentes não suportem todas as subfamílias, Gripopterygidae tem sido tradicionalmente dividida em cinco subfamílias, sendo Gripopteryginae endêmica da América do Sul, compreendendo 15 gêneros e cerca de 80 espécies. Entre os Gripopteryginae, Paragripopteryx Enderlein compreende atualmente 14 espécies. O gênero ocorre ao longo das montanhas costeiras brasileiras, do nordeste da Bahia ao Rio Grande do Sul, sendo duas espécies restritas ao Uruguai. Estudos taxonômicos têm sugerido que as relações intergenéricas em Gripopterygidae e a delimitação das atuais subfamílias sul-americanas (incluindo Gripopteryginae) necessitam ser revistas. Quanto a Paragripopteryx, o gênero tem sido definido com base em combinação de caracteres morfológicos, sem sinapomorfias, portanto, o gênero precisa ser mais bem delimitado. Como tentativa de compreender as relações filogenéticas nestes dois táxons (Gripopteryginae e Paragripopteryx), realizamos duas análises cladísticas baseadas em caracteres morfológicos. Em relação a Gripopteryginae, uma matriz com 51 caracteres e 43 táxons terminais foi utilizada. No caso de Paragripopteryx, uma matriz com 39 caracteres e 31 táxons terminais foi utilizada. O critério de Parcimônia foi utilizado com pesagens iguais e implícitas dos caracteres (variando os valores de k = 315), sendo todos os caracteres considerados não-aditivos. Na primeira abordagem, Neopentura semifusca foi recuperada fora da delimitação de Gripopteryginae, sendo proximamente relacionada aos Antarctoperlinae. Com base em nossos resultados e considerando a análise morfológica prévia, Neopentura está sendo reclassificado em Antarctoperlinae. Todos os outros Gripopteryginae foram recuperados em um clado como grupo-irmão dos Leptoperlinae australianos. Esse grande clado foi suportado por uma sinapomorfia: sexta veia anal da asa posterior fusionada à margem da asa. Gripopteryginae foi suportado por três sinapomorfias: veia CuA bifurcada na asa anterior; margem distal do esclerito central no tergo 10 saliente/protuberante; e ausência de esclerito posterior no tergo 10. Em relação as análises de Paragripopteryx, P. munoai foi recuperada fora da delimitação atual do gênero. Assim, um novo gênero em Gripopteryginae é proposto para abrigar esta espécie. Todas os outros Paragripopteryx permaneceram em um clado suportado por uma sinapomorfia: presença de veias transversais na célula pterostigmática da asa anterior. Em paralelo ao estudo filogenético, foi realizada uma revisão de Paragripopteryx com a descrição de três novas espécies e a sinonímia de P. crassila com P. klapaleki. Por fim, apresentamos uma lista atualizada de Gripopterygidae do Brasil com notas sobre algumas espécies e a descrição de uma nova espécie de Tupiperla