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The subfamily Gonyleptinae is the second largest in Gonyleptidae, harboring over 100 species. Gonyleptinae is polyphyletic, nestled in the clade K92, and despite its richness, several species of that subfamily have not had their chemicals of the defensive secretions analyzed. Among these are Gonyleptes curticornis (Mello-Leitão, 1940) and G. horridus Kirby, 1819, the latter being particularly important because it is the type species of the genus, which in turn names the subfamily. Gonyleptes horridus is also used in many phylogenetic analyses, be it using morphological or molecular data. The chemical study of the secretions of these two species by GC-MS and NMR 1H showed the presence of 1-(6-isopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-methylbutanone, 1-(6-isopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) isobutanone and 4- methyl-1-hepten-3-one in both species. On the other hand, 4-methyl-1 hexen-3-one, benzaldehyde and 3-octanone were observed only in G. curticornis. Both species are Gonyleptinae and chemical mapping of the group corroborates that vinyl ketones are synapomorphy of K92 and that the compound 1-(6-isopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) isobutanone is synapomorphic to G. curticornis and G. horridus, but homoplastic to the genus Sodreana Mello-Leitão, 1922. 1-(6-(1-methyl-propyl)3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2yl)2-methylbutanone and 4-methyl-1-hepten3-one is also synapomorphic to G. curticornis and G. horridus, but homoplastic in Moreiranula saprophila.

Species of the genus Sadocus Sørensen, 1886 are conspicuous gonyleptids that occur in Chile and Argentina. Here, the genus is revised for the first time and the cladistic analysis based on morphological characters does not corroborate its monophyly unless a phylogenetically unrelated species is excluded (explained further on). A new classification is proposed for the seven species left in the genus and considered valid, of the 13 nominal species previously recognized. Two out of the seven valid species are considered as species inquirendae: Sadocus allermayeri (Mello-Leitão, 1945) [= Carampangue allermayeri Mello-Leitão, 1945] and Sadocus nigronotatus (Mello-Leitão, 1943) [= Carampangue nigronotatum Mello-Leitão, 1943]. The following synonymies are proposed: Sadocus bicornis (Gervais, 1849) [original combination = Gonyleptes bicornis Gervais, 1849] is a junior synonym of Sadocus asperatus (Gervais, 1847) [= Gonyleptes asperatus Gervais, 1847]; Sadocus conspicillatus Roewer, 1913, Sadocus exceptionalis (Mello-Leitão, 1946) [= Araucanoleptes exceptionalis Mello-Leitão, 1946] and Sadocus guttatus Sørensen, 1902 are junior synonyms of the valid name Sadocus polyacanthus (Gervais, 1847) [= Gonyleptes polyacanthus Gervais, 1847]; and Sadocus calcar (Roewer, 1913) [= Lycomedes calcar Roewer, 1913] is a junior synonym of the valid name Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819. Sadocus brasiliensis Soares & Soares, 1949 is not congeneric with Argentinean/Chilean species of the genus according to the cladistic analysis and is here synonymized with Discocyrtus catharinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1923 [= Sadocus catharinensis Mello-Leitão, 1923]).

Abstract Opiliones are highly diverse in the Neotropics. Because of biological constraints, most harvestmen communities are associated with humid forests, exhibiting a high species diversity and endemism in these habitats. Drier formations, such as the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil, are less diverse and still considered under-sampled for the order. This study represents an effort to examine the aforementioned diversity by describing a new Gonyleptidae genus, Sertanejagen. nov., comprising two new species from Ceará state, Sertaneja bicuspidatasp. nov. and Sertaneja crassitibialissp. nov., and one new species from Rio Grande do Norte state, Sertaneja falcatasp. nov. A morphological cladistic analysis consisting of 20 terminals and 72 characters was performed to evaluate monophyly of the new genus and relate it to other Gonyleptidae. The analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree, corroborating Sertanejagen. nov. monophyly and relatedness to Gyndoides springmanni Soares & Soares, 1947, which in turn is the sister group to the DRMN clade. Taking into account the morphological traits and phylogenetic placement of Sertanejagen. nov., we chose to place the new genus in Pachylinae despite its polyphyletic status, given that the Sertanejagen. nov. clade is closely related to one of the Brazilian Pachylinae lineage. A resolution to the Pachylinae conundrum is needed to further explain the subfamily intricacies. Future research requires a larger scope, but currently, based on the new genus monophyly, support, and relatedness, we formally propose its creation and hope to shed light on the possible evolutionary scenarios for the subfamily.

Species of the genus Sadocus Sørensen, 1886 are conspicuous gonyleptids that occur in Chile and Argentina. Here, the genus is revised for the first time and the cladistic analysis based on morphological characters does not corroborate its monophyly unless a phylogenetically unrelated species is excluded (explained further on). A new classification is proposed for the seven species left in the genus and considered valid, of the 13 nominal species previously recognized. Two out of the seven valid species are considered as species inquirendae: Sadocus allermayeri (Mello-Leitão, 1945) [= Carampangue allermayeri Mello-Leitão, 1945] and Sadocus nigronotatus (Mello-Leitão, 1943) [= Carampangue nigronotatum Mello-Leitão, 1943]. The following synonymies are proposed: Sadocus bicornis (Gervais, 1849) [original combination = Gonyleptes bicornis Gervais, 1849] is a junior synonym of Sadocus asperatus (Gervais, 1847) [= Gonyleptes asperatus Gervais, 1847]; Sadocus conspicillatus Roewer, 1913, Sadocus exceptionalis (Mello-Leitão, 1946) [= Araucanoleptes exceptionalis Mello-Leitão, 1946] and Sadocus guttatus Sørensen, 1902 are junior synonyms of the valid name Sadocus polyacanthus (Gervais, 1847) [= Gonyleptes polyacanthus Gervais, 1847]; and Sadocus calcar (Roewer, 1913) [= Lycomedes calcar Roewer, 1913] is a junior synonym of the valid name Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819. Sadocus brasiliensis Soares & Soares, 1949 is not congeneric with Argentinean/Chilean species of the genus according to the cladistic analysis and is here synonymized with Discocyrtus catharinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1923 [= Sadocus catharinensis Mello-Leitão, 1923]).

As part of an ongoing revision of the largest gonyleptid subfamily, Pachylinae, we examined Juticus furcidens Roewer, 1943. This is an elusive species mentioned only in catalogues after its description. In this paper, we redescribe it according to modern standards, including its male genitalia for the first time, which exhibit typical features of the gonyleptid K92 clade. Considering also other features from the body and appendages, we transfer J. furcidens to Gonyleptinae, and we discuss its relationships with other Gonyleptinae sensu stricto. In addition, we present a new record besides those of the type material, clarifying the hitherto imprecise distribution.

Three new species of the Chilean Pachylinae genus, Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 are described: N. bicornutus sp. nov. (Valle de Aconcagua, Zapallar, V Región de Valparaíso), N. maipu sp. nov. (La Rinconada, Quebrada de la Plata, Maipu, Región Metropolitana-Santiago), and N. polyhastatus sp. nov. (El Abanico, VIII Región de Bio-Bío). These three new species were included in a cladistic analysis that resulted in two equally most parsimonious trees (238 steps, C.I. = 0.38; R.I. = 0.51), corroborating the monophyly of Nanophareus. The proposed synapomorphies for Nanophareus remain largely unchanged: an external row of enlarged tubercles inserted amongst small ones on the lateral margin of dorsal scutum; the ventro-basal margin of the pedipalpal tibia curved at 90° in lateral view; and retrolateral seta on pedipalpal tibia with an apically bifid socket (socket and seta longer than pedipalpal tibia length), with additional small setae distally. The sister group of Nanophareus, as well as its subfamilial placement, are still unsettled issues that are here further discussed.

Praelibitia Roewer, 1956 and its type species, Praelibitia titicaca Roewer, 1956, are respectively synonymized with Platygyndes Roewer, 1943 and its type species Platygyndes titicaca Roewer, 1943, and furthermore the genus is transferred from the Gonyleptidae to the Cosmetidae. On the basis of domed and unarmed ocularium, increased number of granules on scutal areas, unarmed dorsal scutum and general body shape, Platygyndes seems to be closely related to Moselabius Roewer, 1956 and Caracarana Roewer, 1956. External morphological characters that are useful to revealing relationships among cosmetid genera are discussed.

The arachnids of the order Opiliones (harvestmen) produce substances used in defense. In the present paper, we analyzed 22 species of Gonyleptidae to explore the use of defensive substances in taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Thirty-seven different compounds were detected, 18 of which were preliminarily identified. These compounds were mapped onto a phylogenetic tree showing the relationships within the Gonyleptidae. Data from Cosmetidae were used as an outgroup. Five ketones and six alkyl phenols were reported for the first time in harvestmen.

Males of the Neotropical harvestman Ampheres leucopheus (Mello-Leitao 1922) were observed guarding egg-batches attached to the undersurface of leaves. As recorded for other paternal harvestmen, males of A. leucopheus guard egg-batches containing eggs in different developmental stages as well as newly hatched nymphs. This is the second case of paternal care recorded among gonyleptids and the fifth in the order Opiliones.

The monotypic genus Temucus Roewer, 1943, originally placed in Pachylinae (Gonyleptidae) is transferred to the Cranainae (Cranaidae) and synonymized with Phalangodus Gervais, 1842, therefore Phalangodus palpiconus (Roewer, 1943) comb. nov. is proposed. The synonymy is based on the following features: (i) the outline of dorsal scutum type alpha; (ii) the thickened pedipalpal claw in males; (iii) pedipalpal femur with a few ventral enlarged tubercles restricted to the median ventral region, and a conspicuous group of very large and acuminated tubercles basally; (iv) ventral plate of penis with a rather elevated number of cylindrical, straight and sharp distal pairs of setae and a notorious reduction in the number of the basal pairs of setae; (v) penis stylus straight, its distal tip rounded in a mushroom-like shape without stylar caps. The record of P. palpiconus to Chile is doubtful. We also propose the revalidation of Iquitosa Roewer, 1943, hitherto considered a junior synonym of Phalangodus. Iquitosa is revised and the male of its type species, I. poecilis, is reported for the first time. Aguaytiella GoodnightGoodnight, 1943, a monotypic genus which superficially resembles Iquitosa is also revised. In this article, we report data of male genitalia of Iquitosa and Aguaytiella, providing redescriptions and diagnoses of those genera and species, and a discussion of their relationship with other cranaids.

We describe for the first time the behavior “Intense Leg Tapping (ILT)” being used in a prey-predator context between the Neotropical harvestman Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer 1913) and the syntopic spider Ctenus ornatus (Keyserling 1877). Previously, the harvestman's repeated fast dorsoventral movements of legs II had only been described during conspecific male-male interactions. We suggest it has a defensive function.

Fonckia Roewer, 1913 is revised and two new species are described in it: Fonckia contulmo sp. nov., from Monumento Nacional Contulmo, Araucania, Chile, diagnosed mainly by the enlarged tubercles on the lateral margins of the dorsal scutum, between the median region of scutal area II and the posterior margin of the scutal area III; and Fonckia sosia sp. nov., from Parque Nacional Conguillio, Malleco, Chile, distinguished mainly by the absence of a dorso-basal apophysis on femur IV of the male and a spiniform, enlarged retroapical tubercle on tibia IV of the male. We propose the generic synonymy of Diconospelta Canals, 1934 under Fonckia Roewer, 1913, and the specific synonymy of D. vazferreirae Mello-Leitao, 1946 under F. processigera (Sorensen, 1902). We also propose the new combination F. gallardoi (Canals, 1934) comb. nov. As a consequence, the genus is henceforth composed of four species. We present an identification key for the species of Fonckia, as well as diagnoses and a discussion of the Chilean Pachylinae.

As part of an ongoing revision of the family Gonyleptidae, we have identified many species that are synonyms of previously described species or misplaced in this family. This article summarizes these findings, adding previously unavailable information or correcting imprecise observations to justify the presented taxonomic changes.The following new familial or subfamilial assignments are proposed: Nemastygnus Roewer, 1929 and Taulisa Roewer, 1956 are transferred to Agoristenidae, Agoristeninae; Napostygnus Roewer, 1929 to Cranaidae; Ceropachylinus peruvianus Roewer, 1956 and Pirunipygus Roewer, 1936 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Ampycinae; Gyndesops Roewer, 1943, Haversia Roewer, 1913 and Oxapampeus Roewer, 1963 are transferred to Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae.The following generic synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes Mello-Leitão, 1922 = Centroleptes Roewer, 1943; Acrographinotus Roewer, 1929 = Unduavius Roewer, 1929; Gonyleptes Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium Bertkau, 1880; Mischonyx Bertkau, 1880 = Eugonyleptes Roewer, 1913 and Gonazula Roewer, 1930; Parampheres Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides Roewer, 1917; Pseudopucrolia Roewer, 1912 = Meteusarcus Roewer, 1913; Haversia Roewer, 1913 = Hoggellula Roewer, 1930.The following specific synonymies are proposed for the family Gonyleptidae: Acanthogonyleptes singularis (Mello-Leitão, 1935) = Centroleptes flavus Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Geraeocormobius sylvarum Holmberg, 1887 = Discocyrtus serrifemur Roewer, 1943, syn. n.; Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884) = Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Weyhia brieni Giltay, 1928, syn. n.; Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923 = Gonyleptes banana Kury, 2003, syn. n.; Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819 = Collonychium bicuspidatum Bertkau, 1880, syn. n., Gonyleptes borgmeyeri Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Gonyleptes curvicornis Mello-Leitão, 1932, syn. n., Metagonyleptes hamatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n. and Paragonyleptes simoni Roewer, 1930, syn. n.; Gonyleptes pustulatus Sørensen, 1884 = Gonyleptes guttatus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Haversia defensa (Butler, 1876) = Sadocus vallentini Hogg, 1913, syn. n.; Liogonyleptoides minensis (Piza, 1946) = Currala bahiensis Soares, 1972, syn. n.; Megapachylus grandis Roewer, 1913 = Metapachyloides almeidai Soares & Soares, 1946, syn. n.; Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) = Gonazula gibbosa Roewer, 1930 syn. n.; Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819) = Xundarava holacantha Mello-Leitão, 1927, syn. n.; Parampheres tibialis Roewer, 1917 = Metapachyloides rugosus Roewer, 1917, syn. n.; Parapachyloides uncinatus (Sørensen, 1879) = Goyazella armata Mello-Leitão, 1931, syn. n.; Pseudopucrolia mutica (Perty, 1833) = Meteusarcus armatus Roewer, 1913, syn. n.The following new combinations are proposed: Acrographinotus ornatus (Roewer, 1929), comb. n. (ex Unduavius); Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884), comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes); Gonyleptes perlatus (Mello-Leitão, 1935), comb. n. (ex Moojenia); Mischonyx scaber (Kirby, 1819), comb. n. (ex Gonyleptes); and Neopachyloides peruvianus (Roewer, 1956), comb. n. (ex Ceropachylus).The following species of Gonyleptidae, Gonyleptinae are revalidated: Gonyleptes atrus Mello-Leitão, 1923 and Gonyleptes curvicornis (Roewer, 1913).

A new species of Pickeliana Mello-Leitão, 1932, P. albimaculata sp. nov., is described from Jussari, Bahia, Brazil. It can be easily distinguished from the already described species by the presence of white spots on mesotergal area I and anal opercle. It is similar to P. pickeli Mello-Leitão, 1932 by the presence of a large, ventro-apical pointed tubercle on femora III-IV. A cladistic analysis was performed adding a new character to the available character matrix, the presence of a large and ventro-apical pointed tubercle on male femur IV. According to this analysis, P. albimaculata sp. nov. is sister species of P. pickeli. Additionally, we present an identification key and an update on the geographical distribution of species of this genus in northeastern Brazil. Uma nova espécie de Pickeliana Mello-Leitão, 1932, P. albimaculata sp. nov., é descrita oriunda de Jussari, Bahia, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser distinguida das demais pela presença de manchas brancas na área I e no opérculo anal. Assemelha-se a P. pickeli Mello-Leitão, 1932 devido à presença de tubérculos ventroapicais grandes no fêmur III e IV. Uma análise cladística foi realizada adicionando um novo caráter à matriz disponível, a presença de tubérculo ventro-apical grande, acuminado no fêmur IV do macho. De acordo com essa análise, P. albimaculata sp. nov. é espécie-irmã de P. pickeli. Novos registros de distribuição geográfica na região Nordeste do Brasil e uma chave de determinação das espécies do gênero são apresentados.

The arachnids of the order Opiliones (harvestmen) have a pair of scent glands opening at the sides of the body, the substances of which are used in defense. Several types of behavioral, morphological and chemical defensive mechanisms have been assigned to the order as a whole, although some of these tactics were restricted to particular groups. Only around 25 species have been studied from this perspective so far. In the present paper, we analyzed 33 species (mostly from the largest harvestmen family, the Gonyleptidae) aiming at recognizing the usefulness of the defensive characters in taxonomy and evolutionary biology. We observed the morphology of the gland opening (ozopore) area and the defensive behavior, and their relationship, and mapped these traits on an available phylogenetic hypothesis of relationship within Gonyleptidae. As outgroups, we analyzed Cosmetidae and Stygnidae. Combining the observed behavioral characters of the emission of defensive secretion (near the ozopore, with liquid displacement through an integumentary groove, or in form of a jet) with the morphological types of the gland opening (direction of the integumentary dome that surrounds the gland opening, presence of two openings and the relationship between their sizes, and presence of a V-shaped cut at the anterior opening), we recognized eight patterns. In addition, we could examine the evolution of such traits within Gonyleptidae.

The monotypic genus Temucus Roewer, 1943, originally placed in Pachylinae (Gonyleptidae) is transferred to the Cranainae (Cranaidae) and synonymized with Phalangodus Gervais, 1842, therefore Phalangodus palpiconus (Roewer, 1943) comb. nov. is proposed. The synonymy is based on the following features: (i) the outline of dorsal scutum type alpha; (ii) the thickened pedipalpal claw in males; (iii) pedipalpal femur with a few ventral enlarged tubercles restricted to the median ventral region, and a conspicuous group of very large and acuminated tubercles basally; (iv) ventral plate of penis with a rather elevated number of cylindrical, straight and sharp distal pairs of setae and a notorious reduction in the number of the basal pairs of setae; (v) penis stylus straight, its distal tip rounded in a mushroom-like shape without stylar caps. The record of P. palpiconus to Chile is doubtful. We also propose the revalidation of Iquitosa Roewer, 1943, hitherto considered a junior synonym of Phalangodus. Iquitosa is revised and the male of its type species, I. poecilis, is reported for the first time. Aguaytiella Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943, a monotypic genus which superficially resembles Iquitosa is also revised. In this article, we report data of male genitalia of Iquitosa and Aguaytiella, providing redescriptions and diagnoses of those genera and species, and a discussion of their relationship with other cranaids.

The Chilean genus Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 is revised and three new species are described: N. araucanus sp. nov. (typelocality: Parque Nacional La Campana, Valparaiso, Chile); N. bipartitus sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional La Cam-pana, Valparaiso, Chile); N. bosqenublado sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, Coquimbo, Chile). Thetype species, N. palpalis Roewer, 1929, is redescribed and a lectotype is designated. A cladistic analysis was performedusing these three new species plus N. palpalis and 14 more laniatorid species, and a data matrix of 72 characters: Sevenfrom the ocularium, 22 from the dorsal scutum, one from the venter, one from the chelicera, eight from the pedipalp, 24from male legs, and nine from male genitalia. Two equally most parsimonious trees were found (L = 210; C.I. = 0.41; R.I.= 0.51). Nanophareus was recovered as nested within a paraphyletic subfamily Pachylinae. The genus Nanophareus wasfound to be monophyletic based on the following exclusive synapomorphies: An external row of enlarged tubercles in-serted among small ones on lateral margin of the dorsal scutum (innapplicable in N. bosqenublado); the ventro-basal mar-gin of pedipalpal tibia curved 90 degrees in lateral view; and retrolateral seta of the pedipalpal tibia with a socket apically bifid (socket and seta longer than pedipalpal tibia length).

Iandumoema setimapocu sp.n. is described from the cave Lapa do Zu, Coraao de Jesus, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new species is closely related to Iandumoema uai Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996 in the subfamily Pachylinae, from which it differs by the following features: Male femur IV straight; the male apophysis on coxa IV directed obliquely backward; eyes depigmented; tubercles on femur IV close to each other, separated by about one diameter; male pedipalpal tibia with ectal setae IiiIi; lack of median setae on ventral plate of penis. Iandumoema is the first exclusively troglobitic genus of Opiliones in Brazil that contains two species.

We herein propose transfer of the two monotypic genera Globibunus (type-species G. rubrofemoratus Roewer, 1912) and Rivetinus (type-species R. minutus Roewer, 1919) to the subfamily Zamorinae (Agoristenidae) and Ramonus (typespecies R. conifrons Roewer, 1956), previous placed in Agoristenidae, to the Prostygninae (Cranaidae) based on several characteristics of male genitalia. These transfers are corroborated by a cladistic analysis, which also recovered the three currently recognized agoristenid subfamilies.

Eusarcus Perty 1833 is one of the oldest described genera of Pachylinae, comprising 36 species distributed from northeastern to southern Brazil (including the central west region), northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. The genus is reviewed and a new classification is proposed based on a cladistic analysis. A cladistic analysis was performed with the 34 valid species of Eusarcus and 11 species belonging to certain Gonyleptidae subfamilies. The data matrix has 67 characters: 14 from dorsal scutum and pedipalp, 38 from male legs and 15 from male genitalia. Two equally parsimonious trees were found (L=319; C.I.=0.26, R.I.=0.61). Pygophalangodus gemignanii uruguayensis Ringuelet 1955a and Pygophalangodus gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitão 1931b are here elevated to the category of species, and the following new combinations are proposed: E. catharinensis (Mello-Leitão 1927); E. berlae (Mello-Leitão 1932); E. gemignanii (Mello-Leitão 1931b); E. signatus (Roewer 1949); E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a); E. uruguayensis (Ringuelet 1955a). The following generic synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus Perty 1833 (type species E. armatus Perty 1833) = Metagraphinotus Mello-Leitão 1927 (type species M. catharinensis Mello-Leitão 1927), Pareusarcus Roewer 1929 (type species P. corniculatus Roewer 1929), Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitão 1931b (type species P. gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitão 1931b) and Antetriceras Roewer 1949 (type species A. signatus Roewer 1949). The following specific synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus hastatus Sørensen 1884 = Pucrolioides argentina Roewer 1913, E. guimaraensi H. Soares 1945, Jacarepaguana pectinifemur Piza 1943, Canestrinia canalsi Mello-Leitão 1931a, and E. maquinensis H. Soares 1966b; E. armatus Perty 1833 = E. curvispinosus Mello-Leitão 1923b, and Enantiocentron montis Mello-Leitão 1936; Eusarcus catharinensis (Mello-Leitão 1927) = E. antoninae Mello-Leitão 1936, E. perpusillus Mello-Leitão 1945, E. tripos Mello-Leitão 1940, and Metagraphinotus trochanterspinosus Soares & Soares 1947b; E. nigrimaculatus Mello-Leitão 1924 = Pareusarcus centromelos Mello-Leitão 1935a, E. furcatus Roewer 1929, Orguesia armata Roewer 1913, and Pareusarcus corniculatus Roewer 1929; E. oxyacanthus Kollar in Koch 1839a = Enantiocentron doriphorus Mello-Leitão 1932, and E. spinimanu Mello-Leitão 1932; E. pusillus Sørensen 1884 = E. vervloeti B. Soares 1944c; E. berlae Mello-Leitão 1932 = Metagraphinotus arlei Mello-Leitão 1935a. Metapucrolia armata (Sørensen 1895) is revalidated, transferred to Eusarcus and considered as a species inquirenda. A new name, Eusarcus metapucrolia is proposed for this species to avoid homonymy with the type species of Eusarcus, E. armatus Perty 1833. Eusarcus aberrans Mello-Leitão 1939a is considered as a species inquirenda. The male of E. teresincola Soares & Soares 1946a is described. Female of the following species are described: E. bifidus Roewer 1929; E. dubius B. Soares 1943b; E. insperatus B. Soares 1944a; E. schubarti Soares & Soares 1946a; E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a). The following new species are described from Brazil: E. acrophthalmus (type locality: Bahia, Ilhéus, Parataquicé); E. alpinus (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena, Parque Estadual do Desengano); E. caparaoensis (Minas Gerais, Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó); E. cavernicola (Goiás, São Domingos, Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca, Lapa da Angélica); E. didactylus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Órgãos); E. garibaldiae (Santa Catarina, Itajaí); E. geometricus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Órgãos); E. manero (Rio de Janeiro, Maricá, Itaipuaçu); E. matogrossensis (Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães); E. mirabilis (Minas Gerais, Marliéria, Parque Estadual Rio Doce); E. sergipanus (Sergipe, Itabaiana, Parque Nacional de Itabaiana) and E. tripectinatus (Minas Gerais, Rio Preto). The holotype of E. curvispinosus is proposed as the neotype of E. armatus Perty 1833, the type material of which has been lost. Lectotypes for the following species were designated: E. aduncus; E. hastatus; E. oxyacanthus.

Dentre os opiliões neotropicais, Gonyleptidae se destaca por ser a família mais rica em número de espécies, organizada em 17 subfamílias. Dessas, Gonyleptinae e Pachylinae abrigam a maior parte das espécies de Gonyleptidae. Pachylinae é a maior subfamília, e é considerado polifilético. Em trabalhos recentes, foi proposto um clado chamado de Pachylinae sensu stricto, composto pelos seguintes gêneros chilenos: Acanthopachylus Roewer, 1913; Acanthoprocta Loman, 1899; Metagyndes Roewer, 1913 e Pachylus Koch, 1839 (gênero tipo da subfamília). Dentre eles, Metagyndes destaca-se por ser o gênero mais numeroso em espécies e ser o grupo irmão de Pachylus+Acanthopachylus. Neste trabalho, Metagyndes e os gêneros putativamente próximos filogeneticamente Calcarogyndes Mello-Leitão, 1932 e Pseudogyndes Mello-Leitão, 1932 são revisados e incluídos em uma análise cladística para testar o seu monofiletismo. Das 12 espécies nominais ao todo, oito são válidas, das quais cinco são conhecidas pelos machos. A matriz utilizada na análise cladística inclui essas cinco espécies de Metagyndes conhecidas pelos machos e 18 espécies dos grupos externos, com 72 caracteres. A análise resultou em uma única árvore mais parcimoniosa (pesos iguais, 208 passos; I.C. = 0,43, I.R. = 0,61). Metagyndes é monofilético, sustentado pelas seguintes sinapomorfia exclusivas: armação prolateral central em formato quase cônico, curvado posterior e dorsalmente, de ponta romba (em vista dorsal) e formato triangular do ápice do processo ventral da glande, com um ramo lateral de cada lado, formando um leque. A relação próxima de Metagyndes com os demais Pachylinae sensu stricto é sustentada pela área escutal III com par paramediano de tubérculos rombos grandes (tão grande quanto o diâmetro do olho); fêmur IV com apófise retroventral apical em formato espiniforme sinuosa e processo ventral da glande de comprimento muito curto (haste muito reduzida). Neste trabalho, são propostas as seguintes sinonímias: Metagyndes martensii (Sørensen, 1902) = Pseudogyndes subsimilis (Mello-Leitão, 1932); Metagyndes pulchellus (Loman, 1899) = Metagyndes roeweri (Soares & Soares, 1954). A combinação Metagyndes calcar (Roewer, 1913) é restaurada. Metagyndes laeviscutatus Roewer, 1943, Metagyndes innatus Roewer, 1929 e Pseudogyndes marginatus (Roewer, 1961) são propostas como species inquirendae. Metagyndes intermedia Roewer, 1913 é sinônimo júnior de Neogonyleptes docilis (Butler, 1876) e Metagyndes chilensis Roewer, 1943, é transferido para Neogonyleptes, recebendo o nome Neogonyleptes occultus (Roewer, 1943) para evitar homonímia com Neogonyleptes chilensis (Roewer, 1913). Among the Neotropical harvestmen, Gonyleptidae stands out as the richest family in number of species that are organized in 17 subfamilies. Of those, Gonyleptinae and Pachylinae harbor most of Gonyleptidae species. Pachylinae is the largest subfamily and polyphyletic. Recent studies proposed a clade called Pachylinae sensu stricto that is composed of the following Chilean genera: Acanthopachylus Roewer, 1913; Acanthoprocta Loman, 1899; Metagyndes Roewer, 1913 and Pachylus Koch, 1839 (type genus of the subfamily). Among those, Metagyndes is noteworthy for being the richest genus in number os species and sister group of Pachylus+Acanthopachylus. In this study, Metagyndes and the genera putatively close phylogenetically, Calcarogyndes Mello-Leitão, 1932 and Pseudogyndes Mello-Leitão, 1932, are revised and included in an cladistic analysis to test their monophyly. Eight out of the 12 nominal species are considered valid, of which five are also known from males. The character matrix used in the cladistic analysis includes those five species of Metgyndes which males are known and 18 species of the outrgoups, with 72 characters. The analysis resulted in a single most parsimonious tree (equal weight, 208 steps; CI = 0.43; RI = 0.61). Metagyndes is monophyletic, supported by the following exclusive synapomorphies: prolateral central armature almost conical in shape, curved posterior and dorsally, with blunt apex (in dorsal view) and the apex of glans ventral process triangular shaped, with lateral branches in each side, forming a fan. The close relationship of Metagyndes with the remaining Pachylinae sensu stricto is supported by the scutal area III with a paramedian pair of large, blunt tubercles (as large as the eye diameter); femur IV with spiniform sinuous retroventral apical apophysis and very short glans ventral process (reduced stem). In this work, the following synonymies are proposed: Metagyndes martensii (Sørensen, 1902) = Pseudogyndes subsimilis (Mello-Leitão, 1932); and Metagyndes pulchellus (Loman, 1899) = Metagyndes roeweri (Soares & Soares, 1954). The combination Metagyndes calcar is restored for Calcarogyndes calcar (Roewer, 1913). Metagyndes laeviscutatus Roewer, 1943, Metagyndes innatus Roewer, 1929 and Pseudogyndes marginatus (Roewer, 1961) are proposed as species inquirendae. Metagyndes intermedia Roewer, 1913 is junior synonym of Neogonyleptes docilis (Butler, 1876), and Metagyndes chilensis Roewer, 1943, is transferred to Neogonyleptes, receiving the replacement name Neogonyleptes occultus (Roewer, 1943) to avoid homonymy with Neogonyleptes chilensis (Roewer, 1913).

As cavernas presentes em litologias ferruginosas são pequenas quando comparadas com as encontradas em litologias areníticas, e calcárias, por exemplo, sendo consideradas ambientes únicos e importantes em termos mundiais. Tais ambientes sofrem grandes ameaças, em especial devido à atividade de mineração. Um dos grupos taxonômicos frequentemente amostrados nesses ambientes são os aracnídeos da ordem Opiliones. Estes animais são geralmente higrófilos e podem ser encontrados também em florestas úmidas do entorno das cavidades. Os ambientes epígeo e hipógeo apresentam diferenças marcantes entre si e, por tal motivo, representam ambientes para testar modelos ecológicos interessantes. Através da aplicação do método de diversidade funcional é possível agrupar espécies segundo seus traços funcionais, independentemente de sua classificação taxonômica e/ou filogenia. As regiões escolhidas são o Monumento Natural Estadual da Serra da Piedade, em Caeté e o Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras, em Belo Horizonte. A diversidade funcional FD foi maior nos ambientes epígeos, embora com uma diferença pequena, ao testarmos cavernas em fitofisionomias de mata atlântica e campos rupestres. Quando consideramos apenas as cavernas em campos rupestres ferruginosos a FD hipógea foi maior. As cavidades, em especial nos campos rupestres avaliados, não foram filtros ambientais para os opiliões, e sim, refúgios, sendo a conservação da integridade destas importante para a conservação do grupo estudado. Caves in ferruginous lithologies are small compared to those found in sandstone lithologies and limestone for example, being considered unique and important environments in the world. Such environments suffer great threats, especially due to mining activity. One of the taxonomic groups frequently sampled in these environments are the arachnids of the order Opiliones. These animals are generally hygrophilous and can also be found in humid forests around the caves. The epigeal and hypogeal environments show marked differences between themselves and, for this reason, represent environments where to test interesting ecological models. Through the application of the functional diversity method, it is possible to group species according to their functional characteristics, regardless of their taxonomic classification and/or phylogeny. The chosen regions are the Monumento Natural Estadual da Serra da Piedade in Caeté and the Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras, in Belo Horizonte. The functional diversity FD was greater in epigean environments, although with a small difference, when testing caves in phytophysiognomies of atlantic forest and rupestrian fields. When we considered only the caves in ferruginous rupestrian fields, the hypogeal FD was greater. The cavities, especially in the rupestrian fields evaluated, were not environmental filters for harvestmen, but refuges, and the maintenance of their integrity being important for the conservation of the studied group.

O clado K92 reune opiliões de cinco subfamílias de Gonyleptidae: Caelopyginae, Hernandariinae, Sodreaninae, Progonyleptoidellinae e Gonyleptinae. As duas últimas subfamílias foram recuperadas como grupos não monofiléticos em análises filogenéticas prévias. Esses estudos contaram com uma pequena amostragem do grupo e basearam-se em diferentes conjuntos de dados (morfológicos, moleculares e comportamentais, ecológicos e químicos). Nós apresentamos a filogenia de K92 mais abrangente até o momento, baseada na abordagem de evidência total e otimização direta de evidências molecular e morfológica. A análise foi construída com o uso de quatro marcadores mitocondriais e nucleares (COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA e 28s rRNA) e 140 caracteres morfológicos. O conjunto de dados foi obtido de 115 terminais do grupo-interno. Uma nova proposta de classificação é apresentada, com a descrição de duas novas subfamílias: Acanthogonyleptinae subf.nov. e Mischonyxinae subf.nov.. Um novo gênero é descrito: Amazonaleptes gen.nov.. Os gêneros Acanthogonyleptes, Megapachylus, Moreiranula e Uracantholeptes são transferidos para Acanthogonyleptinae subf.nov.. Os gêneros Deltaspidium, Mischonyx e Multumbo são transferidos para Mischonyxinae subf.nov.. Stygnobates é revalidado e Multumbo dimorphicus é restituída ao gênero Multumbo. Os gêneros Currala, Friburgoia, Geraeocormobius, Guatubesia, Holoversia, Neosadocus, Progonyleptes, Progonyleptoides, Stygnobates e Tupacarana são considerados Gonyleptidae incertae sedis. As seguintes sinonímias em nível genérico foram feitas: Deltaspidium = Adhynastes; Gonyleptes = Gonyleptellus; Mischonyx = Urodiabunus; Metagyndes = Triaenomeros; Piassagera = Pseudotrogulus; Progonyleptoidellus = Mitopernoides. As seguintes espécies apresentam nova combinação: Deltaspidium orguensis (Soares & Soares, 1945), Deltaspidium tenue (Roewer, 1930), Metagyndes olivaceae (Roewer, 1913), Mischonyx arlei (Mello-Leitão, 1935), Mischonyx bresslaui (Roewer, 1927), Mischonyx clavifemur, (Mello-Leitão, 1927), Mischonyx convexus, (Mello-Leitão, 1931), Mischonyx reitzi (Vasconcelos, 2005), Mischonyx spinifrons (Mello-Leitão, 1932), , Piassagera telluris, (Roewer 1932), Piassagera pagu, (DaSilva & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2010), Piassagera trotskyi, (DaSilva & Pinto-da-Rocha, 2010), Progonyleptoidellus variabilis (B. Soares, 1945) e Roeweria marmorata (Mello-Leitão, 1939) The clade K92 is composed of five subfamilies of Gonyleptidae: Caelopyginae, Hernandariinae, Sodreaninae, Progonyleptoidellinae and Gonyleptinae. The latter two subfamilies were recovered as non-monophyletic groups in previous phylogenetic analyzes. These studies had a small sample of the group and were based on different data sets (morphological, molecular and behavioral, ecological and chemical). We present the most comprehensive K92 phylogeny to date, based on the total evidence approach and direct optimization of molecular and morphological evidence. The analysis was constructed using four mitochondrial and nuclear loci (COI, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and 28s rRNA) and 140 morphological characters. The dataset was built from 115 terminals of the ingroup. A new classification proposal is presented, with the description of two new subfamilies: Acanthogonyleptinae subf.nov. and Mischonyxinae subf.nov.. A new genus is described: Amazonaleptes gen.nov.. The genera Acanthogonyleptes, Megapachylus, Moreiranula and Uracantholeptes are transferred to Acanthogonyleptinae subf.nov.. The genera Deltaspidium, Mischonyx and Multumbo were transferred to Mischonyxinae subf.nov.. Stygnobates is revalidated and Multumbo dimorphicus is restored to Multumbo. The following new genera synonymies were done: Deltaspidium = Adhynastes; Gonyleptes = Gonyleptellus; Mischonyx = Urodiabunus; Metagyndes = Triaenomerus; Piassagera = Pseudotrogulus; Progonyleptoidellus = Mitopernoides. The genera Currala, Friburgoia, Geraeocormobius, Guatubesia, Holoversia, Neosadocus, Progonyleptes, Progonyleptoides, Stygnobates and Tupacarana are considered Gonyleptidae incertae sedis. The following species presente new combination: Deltaspidium orguensis (Soares & Soares, 1945), Deltaspidium tenue (Roewer, 1930), Metagyndes olivaceae (Roewer, 1913), Mischonyx arlei (Mello-Leitão, 1935), Mischonyx bresslaui (Roewer, 1927), Mischonyx clavifemur, (Mello-Leitão, 1927), Mischonyx convexus, (Mello-Leitão, 1931), Mischonyx reitzi (Vasconcelos, 2005), Mischonyx spinifrons (Mello-Leitão, 1932), Piassagera telluris, (Roewer 1932), Piassagera pagu, (DaSilva & Pinto-da-Rocha), 2010, Piassagera trotskyi, (DaSilva & Pinto-da-Rocha), 2010, Progonyleptoidellus variabilis (B. Soares, 1945) and Roeweria marmorata (Mello-Leitão, 1939)

Barychelidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders that has been typically considered as consisting of three subfamilies (Barychelinae, Sasoninae and Trichopelmatinae). The subfamily Trichopelmatinae, however, has also been considered as potentially belonging to Theraphosidae. Lack of information about this subfamily has compounded many problems in the understanding of its systematic standing. Therefore, a taxonomic revision and cladistics analysis of the subfamily is presented, vying to resolve the relationships within this group. The study also aims to: redescribe the type material, provide pictures for the type material, analyze specimens from several collections, and possibly describing new species and/or unknown male or female individuals, and develop a taxonomic key of Trichopelmatinae. A cladistics analysis was performed, including all the species of Trichopelmatinae, in addition to some species of Barychelidae, Theraphosidae, Paratropididae and Nemesiidae. The data matrix with 60 taxa and 95 characters was analyzed with implied character weighting, in which six different values of concavities (k) were used. The chosen cladogram was the one obtained with the values of k for 4, 5 and 6, as they showed the shortest cladogram length and highest fit number. The results presented show that Trichopelmatinae is a monophyletic group, which is now comprised of three genera (Psalistops Simon, 1889, Reichlingia (Rudloff, 2001) and Trichopelma Simon, 1888). Additionally, Trichopelmatinae are herein transferred to Theraphosidae. Several species are synonymized: P. montigena Simon, 1889, P. tigrinus Simon, 1889 and P. zonatus Simon, 1889 with P. melanopygius Simon, 1889; T. corozalis (Petrunkevitch, 1929) with T. insulanum (Petrunkevitch, 1926); P. maculosus Bryant, 1948 with P. fulvus Bryant, 1948; P. opifex (Simon, 1889) and P. solitarius (Simon, 1889) with Schismatothele lineata Karsch, 1879. The following transfers are also done: P. fulvus, P. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988, P. venadensis Valerio, 1986 andP. steini (Simon, 1889) to Trichopelma; P. gasci Maréchal, 1996 to Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875; T. astutum Simon, 1889 to Euthycaelus Simon, 1889; T. maddeni Esposito & Agnarsson, 2014 to Holothele Karsch, 1879; T. flavicomum Simon, 1891 and T. illetabile Simon, 1888 to the subfamily Sasoninae. The species T. illetabile, P. nigrifemuratus Mello-Leitão, 1939, T. spinosum (Franganillo, 1926), T. scopulatum (Fischel, 1927) and T. eucubanum Özdikmen & Demir, 2012 are considered as nomina dubia. Moreover, 1 new species of Psalistops (P. sp. nov. 1) and 11 new species of Trichopelma (T. sp. nov. 1, T. sp. nov. 2, T. sp. nov. 3, T. sp. nov. 4, T. sp. nov. 5, T. sp. nov. 6, T. sp. nov. 7, T. sp. nov. 8, T. sp. nov. 9, T. sp. nov. 10 and T. sp. nov. 11) are described. Both genera have their distribution mapped and new occurrences documented. The results of the analysis showed that the revision of Trichopelmatinae allowed for a better understanding of its systematic standing and also provided with some important information about the families Barychelidae and Theraphosidae. This highlights that a more comprehensive cladistics analysis, with even more representatives from all the included families would potentially help resolve and define better the systematic standing of both families. Barychelidae é uma família de aranhas migalomorfas que contém tipicamente três subfamílias (Barychelinae, Sasoninae e Trichopelmatinae). A subfamília Trichopelmatinae, entretanto, também já foi considerada como pertencendo à Theraphosidae. Falta de informações sobre essa subfamília acarreta em vários problemas no entendimento de sua posição sistemática. Para tentar resolver essa questão, a revisão taxonômica e análise cladística da subfamília são aqui apresentadas, de froma a colaborar no entendimento dos relacionamentos dentro desse grupo. O estudo também pretende: redescrever o material tipo, fornecer imagens do material tipo, analisar espécimes de diversas coleções, e possivelmente descrever novas espécies e/ou indivíduos machos ou fêmeas desconhecidos, assim como desenvolver chave taxonômica de Trichopelmatinae. Foi realizada análise cladística incluindo todas as espécies de Trichopelmatinae, além de algumas espécies de Barychelidae, Theraphosidae, Paratropididae e Nemesiidae. A matriz de dados com 60 táxons e 95 caracteres foi analisada com pesagem de caráter implícita, em que 6 diferentes valores de concavidades (k) foram utilizados. O cladograma escolhido foi aquele obtido com as concavidades 4, 5 e 6, pois eles demonstraram os cladogramas mais curtos e maior valor de fit. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram que Trichopelmatinae é um grupo monofilético, que agora é composto por três gêneros, (Psalistops Simon, 1889, Reichlingia (Rudloff, 2001) e Trichopelma Simon, 1888). Adicionalmente, as espécies de Trichopelmatinae são transferidos para Theraphosidae. Várias espécies são sinonimizadas: P. montigena Simon, 1889, P. tigrinus Simon, 1889 e P. zonatus Simon, 1889 com P. melanopygius Simon, 1889; T. corozalis (Petrunkevitch, 1929) com T. insulanum (Petrunkevitch, 1926); P. maculosus Bryant, 1948 com P. fulvus Bryant, 1948; P. opifex (Simon, 1889) e P. solitarius (Simon, 1889) com Schismatothele lineata Karsch, 1879. As seguintes transferências também são feitas: P. fulvus, P. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988, P. venadensis Valerio, 1986 e P. steini (Simon, 1889) para Trichopelma; P. gasci Maréchal, 1996 para Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875; T. astutum Simon, 1889 para Euthycaelus Simon, 1889; T. maddeni Esposito & Agnarsson, 2014 para Holothele Karsch, 1879; T. flavicomum Simon, 1891 e T. illetabile Simon, 1888 para a subfamília Sasoninae. As espécies T. illetabile, P. nigrifemuratus Mello-Leitão, 1939, T. spinosum (Franganillo, 1926), T. scopulatum (Fischel, 1927) e T. eucubanum Özdikmen & Demir, 2012 são consideradas como nomina dubia. Além disso, 1 nova espécie de Psalistops (P. sp. nov. 1) e 11 novas espécies de Trichopelma (T. sp. nov. 1, T. sp. nov. 2, T. sp. nov. 3, T. sp. nov. 4, T. sp. nov. 5, T. sp. nov. 6, T. sp. nov. 7, T. sp. nov. 8, T. sp. nov. 9, T. sp. nov. 10 and T. sp. nov. 11) são descritas. Espécies de ambos os gêneros têm suas distribuições mapeadas e novas ocorrências documentadas. Os resultados da análise demonstraram que a revisão de Trichopelmatinae permitiu um melhor entendimento de seu posicionamento sistemático e também forneceu algumas informações importantes sobre as famílias Barychelidae e Theraphosidae. Isso demonstra que uma análise cladística mais abrangente, com mais representantes de todas as famílias incluídas, poderia ajudar a resolver e definir melhor a sistemática de ambas as famílias.

O gênero Sadocus Sørensen, 1886 é revisado pela primeira vez e uma análise cladística foi feita para testar seu monofiletismo e suas relações internas, além disso, a chave de identificação das espécies é apresentada. Uma nova classificação é proposta baseada nos resultados da análise cladística. São reconhecidas cinco espécies válidas das 5 espécies válidas das 14 nominais, sendo quatro sinonímias propostas: Sadocus bicornis (Gervais, 1849) em Sadocus asperatus (Gervais, 1847), S. conspicillatus Roewer, 1913, S. exceptionalis (Mello-Leitão, 1946) e S. guttatus Sørensen, 1902 em S. polyacanthus (Gervais, 1847) e S. calcar (Roewer, 1913) em Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819; duas Species inquerendae: S.allermayeri (Mello-Leitão, 1945) e S. nigronotatus (Mello-Leitão, 1943) e duas transferidas para outros gêneros: Roeweria brasiliensis (Soares & Soares, 1949) e Metagyndes planiceps (Guérin-Méneville, 1838). Além é feita a descrição de Metagyndes sp.n., exemplar usado por Roewer na redescrição da espécie Metagyndes planiceps (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), que se tratava de uma espécie diferente da descrição original. A matriz de dados utilizada na análise cladística possui cinco terminais de Sadocus e mais 15 terminais como grupo externo, compreende 53 caracteres baseados na morfologia masculina, sendo 18 pertencentes a estruturas morfológicas externas presentes no escudo dorsal e tergitos livres, dois pertencentes a quelícera, dois pertencente ao pedipalpo, 20 pertencentes as pernas e 11 pertencentes a genitália. A análise resultou em uma árvore mais parcimoniosa com 195 passos (C.I.= 32; R.I.=45) cuja otimização aplicada foi ACCTRAN. Sadocus constitui um clado monofilético e pectinado, sustentado por duas sinapomorfias: formato gama triangular do escudo dorsal e bula da quelícera lisa The genus Sadocus Sørensen, 1886 is revised for the first time and a cladistic analysis was performed to test its monophyly and internal relationships, a dicotomous key of species was presented. A new classification based on cladistic analysis is proposed. Five species are considered valid of the 14 nominal species currently recognized, being synonymyzed are, Sadocus bicornis (Gervais, 1849) as Sadocus asperatus (Gervais, 1847), S. conspicillatus Roewer, 1913, S. exceptionalis (Mello-Leitão, 1946) and S. guttatus Sørensen, 1902 as S. polyacanthus (Gervais, 1847), and S. calcar (Roewer, 1913) as Gonyleptes horridus Kirby, 1819; two Species inquerendae: S. allermayeri (Mello-Leitão, 1945) and S. nigronotatus (Mello-Leitão, 1943), and two transferred to other genus: Roeweria brasiliensis (Soares & Soares, 1949) and Metagyndes planiceps (Guérin-Méneville, 1838). The description of Metagyndes sp.n. is made, a specimen that Roewer used for the redescription of the species Metagyndes planiceps (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), it was a different example of the original description. The cladistic analysis was performed with five species of Sadocus and the outgroup is composed of fifteen species. The character matrix comprises 53 morphological characters from males, 18 characters are of external morphological features of the dorsal scute and free tergites, two of the chelicerae, two of the pedipalp, 20 of the legs and 11 of the genitalia. The analysis resulted in one most parsimonious tree with 195 steps (C.I.= 32; R.I=45) and the ACCTRAN optimization was applied. Sadocus is a monophyletic and pectinate group clade, supported for two synapomorphies: the Gamma triangular shape of dorsal scutum and a smooth chelicerae bula

O gênero Metalibitia Roewer, 1912 é revisado pela primeira vez e uma análise cladística foi feita para testar seu monofiletismo e suas relações internas, além disso, a chave de identificação das espécies e a descrição de uma espécie nova são apresentadas. Uma nova classificação é proposta baseada nos resultados da análise cladística. São reconhecidas nove espécies válidas das 11 espécies nominais, sendo duas sinonímias propostas: Metalibitia maculata (Roewer, 1914) e Metalibitia arenosa (Mello-Leitão, 1939) em Metalibitia argentina (Sørensen, 1884) e uma nova espécie é descrita, Metalibitia/ sp. n. (localidade-tipo: município de Abunã, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil). A matriz de dados utilizada na análise cladística possui dez espécies de Metalibitia e oito terminais como grupo externo, compreende 65 caracteres baseados na morfologia masculina, sendo 18 pertencentes às estruturas morfológicas externas presentes no escudo dorsal e tergitos livres, dos quais dois são caracteres referentes à coloração; 20 referentes à genitália masculina; 21 pertencentes às pernas; cinco pertencentes ao pedipalpo e um referente à quelícera. A análise resultou em duas árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com 198 passos (C.I.= 0,50; R.I.= 0,56), sendo aqui apresentada a árvore de consenso com 204 passos (C.I.= 0,49; R.I.= 0,54), cuja otimização aplicada foi ACCTRAN. Metalibitia constitui um grupo monofilético, sustentado por três sinapomorfias de genitália masculina não homoplásticas e não-ambíguas: espinhos apicais retos na placa ventral do pênis, presença de prolongamento membranoso na região lateral mediana da placa ventral do pênis e inserção da glande na região mediana da placa ventral. Há a formação de dois clados no gênero e dois subclados, estes diferenciados principalmente pela quantidade de tubérculos do trocanter IV. The genus Metalibitia Roewer, 1912 is revised for the first time and a cladistic analysis was performed to test its monophyletism and its internal relationships, a dicotomic key of species was presented and a new species was described. A new classification based on cladistic analysis is proposed. Nine species are considered as valid of the 11 nominal species currently recognized, being synonymyzed Metalibitia maculate (Roewer, 1914) and Metalibitia arenosa (Mello-Leitão, 1939) as Metalibitia argentina (Sørensen, 1884) and a new species is described (type-locality: Abunã, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil). The cladistic analysis was performed with 10 species of Metalibitia and outgroup is composed of eight species. The character matrix comprises 65 morphological characters from males, being 18 belonging to external morphology features on dorsal scute and free tergites, including two features regarding to color, 20 to male genital, 21 to legs, 5 to pedipalp and one to chelicerae. The analysis resulted in two trees equally parsimonious with 198 steps (C.I.= 0.50; R.I.= 0.56), the strict consensus tree with 204 steps (C.I.= 0.49; R.I.= 0.54), and the ACCTRAN otimization was applied. Metalibitia is a monophyletic group, supported for three synapomorphies of the male genitalia non-homoplastics and unambiguous: straight apical setae on the ventral plate of the penis, membranous prolongation on region median lateral on ventral plate of the penis and insert of the penis glans on median region of the ventral plate. Two main groups and two subclades were obtained in genus, whose mainly separation is based on the tubercles of the trochanter IV.

A monofilia da subfamília Cteninae é testada com uma análise cladística usando o método da parcimônia. O resultado da análise demonstra que a subfamília é polifilética como atualmente delimitada. A monofilia de Cteninae requer a exclusão do gênero Celaetycheus e de cinco espécies de Ctenus, C. anahitiformis, C. bulimus, C. inazensis, C. miserabilis e C. tarsalis. A subfamília é composta por Ctenus, gênero que contém a espécie-tipo da família, e pelos gêneros Africactenus, Amauropelma, Anahita, Centroctenus, Isoctenus, Ohvida, Parabatinga, Petaloctenus, Phoneutria, Thoriosa, Trogloctenus e pelo menos mais sete linhagens independentes. A subfamília Cteninae pode ser reconhecida por uma sinapomorfia não-ambígua: campo mediano do epígino protuberante. O clado Cteninae também é sustentado por cinco sinapomorfias ambíguas: êmbolo fixo por membrana, apófise média em forma de copo, condutor hialino, mais largo que longo, quatro dentes na retromargem da quelícera e quelícera com dentículos intermarginais. Apenas duas sinapomorfias descritas acima estão presentes em todas as espécies de Cteninae usadas na análise: o setor mediano do epígino protuberante e a apófise média em forma de copo. O gênero Ctenus, com maior número de espécies da família (cerca de 240), aparece como um grupo polifilético como atualmente delimitado. A monofilia de Ctenus requer a exclusão de 22 espécies usadas nesta análise. As 12 espécies que permanecem em Ctenus sensu estrito formam um clado sustentado por duas sinapomorfias nãoambíguas: campo mediano do epígino com região da abertura de copula projetada e abertura de copulação como um lobo. Alguns padrões evolutivos observados na análise são discutidos. O gênero Celaetycheus Simon é revisado e transferido para a subfamília Calocteninae com base nos resultados da análise cladística de Cteninae. A espécie-tipo, Celaetycheus flavostriatus Simon, é redescrita e oito espécies novas são descritas, todas coletadas no Estado da Bahia, Brasil: Celaetycheus sp. 1 de Uruçuca e Barro Preto; Celaetycheus sp. 2 de Mascote, Pau Brasil, Jussari e Camacan; Celaetycheus sp. 3 de Coaraci, Itagibá e Jequié; Celaetycheus sp. 4 de Prado e Itamarajú; Celaetycheus sp. 5 de Salvador, Mata de São João, Cachoeira e Cruz das Almas; Celaetycheus sp. 6 de Porto Seguro; Celaetycheus sp. 7 de Ilhéus e Uruçuca; Celaetycheus sp. 8 de Camacan. A espécie Celaetycheus modestus Bryant é transferida para o gênero Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit. Um mapa de distribuição das espécies é fornecido. A cladistic analysis using the parcimony method is used to test the monophyly of the subfamily Cteninae. The results of the analysis indicate that the subfamily is poliphiletic as currently delimited. The monophyly of Cteninae requires the exclusion of the genus Celaetycheus and five Ctenus species, C. anahitiformis, C. bulimus, C. inazensis, C. miserabilis and C. tarsalis. The subfamily is composed by Ctenus, the genus which contain the type species of the family, and by the genera Africactenus, Amauropelma, Anahita, Centroctenus, Isoctenus, Ohvida, Parabatinga, Petaloctenus, Phoneutria, Thoriosa, Trogloctenus and at least more seven independent lineages. The subfamily Cteninae can be recognized by one non-ambiguous synapomorphy: swollen median field of the epigynum. The Cteninae clade is also supported by five ambiguous synapomophies: embolus fixed by membranous area, cup-shaped median apophysis, hyaline conductor wider than long, four teeth in the chelicerae retromargin and chelicerae with intermarginal denticles. Only two of the synapomorphies described above are present in all Cteninae species used in the analysis: swollen median field of the epigynum and cup-shaped median apophysis. The genus Ctenus, with the high number of species of the family (about 240), appears as a poliphylec group as currently delimited. The monophyly of Ctenus requires the exclusion of 22 species used in this analysis. The 12 species which remain in Ctenus sensu strict form a clade supported by two non-ambiguous synapomorphies: median field of the epigynum with area of the copulatory opening projected and copulatory opening as a lobe. Some evolutive patterns observed in the analysis are discussed. The genus Celaetycheus Simon is revised and trasferred to the subfamily Calocteninae with basis on the new results of the cladistic analysis of Cteninae. The type species, Celaetycheus flavostriatus Simon is redescribed and eight new species are described, all collected in the State of Bahia, Brazil: Celaetycheus sp. 1 from Uruçuca and Barro Preto; Celaetycheus sp. 2 from Mascote, Pau Brasil, Jussari and Camacan; Celaetycheus sp. 3 from Coaraci, Itagibá and Jequié; Celaetycheus sp. 4 from Prado and Itamarajú; Celaetycheus sp. 5 from Salvador, Mata de São João, Cachoeira and Cruz das Almas; Celaetycheus sp. 6 from Porto Seguro; Celaetycheus sp. 7 from Ilhéus and Uruçuca; Celaetycheus sp. 8 from Camacan. The species Celaetycheus modestus Bryant is transferred to Ohvida Polotow & Brescovit. A distribution map is provided.

Este trabalho revisou os opiliões do gênero Neopachylus Roewer, 1913 (Pachylinae, Gonyleptidae), propôs uma hipótese filogenética com base na metodologia cladística, elaborou chave de identificação das espécies, tanto para machos quanto para fêmeas, e determinou a distribuição geográfica das espécies. A análise cladística foi feita com as sete espécies de Neopachylus, sete outras espécies de Pachylinae, e cinco de outras subfamílias de Gonyleptidae como grupo externo. A matriz é composta por 69 caracteres, sendo oito de genitália masculina, 26 de estruturas morfológicas externas presentes no escudo dorsal e tergitos livres, e 35 de estruturas presentes nas pernas dos machos. Uma única árvore foi encontrada (C=206, IC=44, IR=59). Neopachylus constitui um grupo monofilético sustentado por 10 sinapomorfias, grupo-irmão de Gonyleptes horridus. O gênero pode ser definido principalmente por características das armações das pernas IV e pênis. Duas espécies, com descrições originais baseadas em exemplares fêmeas, foram sinonimizadas, Neopachylus marginatus em Neopachylus serrinha, e Neopachylus incertus em Neopachylus nebulosus. A distribuição geográfica é restrita, sendo encontrados somente na região sul do Brasil, nos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul A taxonomic review of the genus Neopachylus ,a cladistic analysis and a key for the males and females are presented. The cladistic analysis was performed with all seven of the currently valid species of the genus Neopachylus. In addition to these species, the cladistic analysis was performed with seven other Pachylinae species, and five species of other Gonyleptidae subfamilies. The character matrix comprised 69 characters: 8 from male genitalia, 26 from the general external morphology and 35 from male legs. The analysis resulted in only one most parsimonious trees (C=206, IC=44, IR=59). Neopachylus arose as a monophyletic group, sister-group of Gonyleptes horridus, supported by 10 synapomorphies. The genus is supported mainly by characters of legs armature and penis. Two species, described by females, were synonymized. Neopachylus marginatus is considered a synonym of Neopachylus serrinha and Neopachylus incertus considered a synonym of Neopachylus nebulosus. The geographic distribution is restrict to the South of Brazil, occurring among the Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states

As 10 especies nominais de Promitobates foram utilizadas na analise cladistica da subfamilia Mitobatinae. A especie P. ornatus (Mello-Leitao, 1922), amplamente distribuida e polimorfica, foi decomposta em quatro unidades monomorficas e sua taxonomia testada durante a analise cladistica. Outras duas especies que apresentaram polimorfismos (P. hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945 e P. viridigranulatus Soares & Soares, 1946) tambem foram separadas em duas unidades distintas. A analise cladistica foi efetuada com mais 20 especies de Mitobatinae, representando os 11 generos que formam a subfamilia e mais cinco representantes de Gonyleptidae. A matriz e composta por 75 caracteres, sendo 19 pertencentes a genitalia masculina; 27 as estruturas morfologicas externas presentes no escudo dorsal, tergitos livres e pedipalpos; 20 referentes as estruturas presentes nas pernas dos machos e 10 de coloracao. Duas arvores igualmente parcimoniosas foram encontradas (L=257, C.I=0.38; R.I=0.72). Mitobatinae e monofiletico, sustentado por cinco sinapomorfias nao ambiguas e grupo-irmao de Despirus parvulus (Roewer, 1927). Mitobatinae e composto por dois grandes clados; [1] um grupo que possui corpo grosseiramente retangular e machos e femeas com a coxa e o trocanter IV inermes, ou com apofises muito reduzidas, incluindo os generos: Ischnotherus, Encheiridium, Metamitobates, Ruschia, Mitobatula e Mitobates e [2] um segundo grupo que apresenta corpo grosseiramente piriforme e dimorfismo sexual na coxa e trocanter IV, com os machos apresentando principalmente forte armacao externa na coxa e apofises no trocanter, incluindo os generos: Discocyrtoides, Longiperna, Neoancistrotus e Promitobates. O genero Promitobates Roewer 1913 e revisado e uma classificacao e proposta baseada nos resultados da analise cladistica. O genero era composto por 10 especies nominais, destas, quatro sao consideradas validas: P. bellus (B. Soares, 1945); P. hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945; P. ornatus (Mello-Leitao, 1922) e P. viridigranulatus (Soares & Soares, 1946). Tres sinonimias sao propostas: P. hauseri (Sylhavy, 1979) e considerado sinonimo de P. viridigranulatus, P. margaritatus Roewer, 1931, sinonimo de P. ornatus e P. mendax H. Soares, 1945, sinonimo de P. hatschbachi. P. granulosissimus Mello-Leitao, 1932 e P. hexacanthus Koch, 1839 sao consideradas species inquirendae. Com base nos resultados da analise de P. ornatus separado em unidades distintas na analise cladistica, P. intermedius e P. nigripes sao revalidadas e, juntamente com P. ornatus, abrigam as quatro unidades monomorficas do complexo P. ornatus. Quatro especies novas sao descritas: P. sp.n1 (localidade-tipo: Ano Bom, Santa Catarina); P. sp. n2 (localidade-tipo: Reserva Morro Grande, Sao Paulo); P. sp.n3 (Localidade-tipo: Ribeirao Pires, Sao Paulo) e P. sp.n4 (Localidade-tipo: Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro). A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Mitobatinae is presented. All 10 of the currently valid species of the genus Promitobates Roewer, 1913 were taken into account. Promitobates ornatus (Mello-Leitao, 1922), a polymorphic and widespread species, was initially broken into four sub-units and its taxonomy addressed with the results of the cladistic analysis. The other two polymorphic species, P. hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945 and P. viridigranulatus Soares & Soares, 1946, were also broken into two sub-units. In addition to these species, the cladistic analysis was performed with 20 other Mitobatinae species, representing the 11 genera of the subfamily, and 5 species of other Gonyleptidae genera . The character matrix comprised 75 characters: 19 from male genitalia, 27 from the general external morphology, 20 from male legs and 10 from coloration. Two equally parsimonious trees were obtained (L=257, C.I=0.38; R.I=0.72). Mitobatinae arose as a monophyletic group, sister to Despirus parvulus (Roewer, 1927). The subfamily was divided into two major groups: [1] one that possesses the body roughly rectangular and males and females with coxa and trochanter IV without large apophysis, including the genera: Ischnotherus Kury, 1991, Encheiridium Kury, 2003, Metamitobates Roewer, 1913, Ruschia Mello-Leitao, 1940, Mitobatula Roewer, 1931 and Mitobates Sundevall, 1833 and [2] one that possesses the body roughly piriform and an evident sexual dimorphism of coxa and trochanter IV, with males with a large apophysis on coxa and tubercles on trochanter IV, including the genera: Discocyrtoides Mello-Leitao, 1923, Longiperna Roewer, 1929, Neoancistrotus Mello-Leitao, 1927 and Promitobates. A taxonomic review of the genus Promitobates Roewer 1913 and a new classification, supported by the cladistc analysis results, are presented . Promitobates comprised 10 described species of which four are considered valid: P. bellus (B. Soares, 1945); P. hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945; P. ornatus (Mello-Leitao, 1922) and P. viridigranulatus (Soares & Soares, 1946). The following species are synonymized: P. hauseri (Sylhavy, 1979), considered a senior synonym of P. viridigranulatus (Soares & Soares, 1946); P. margaritatus Roewer, 1931 considered a senior synonym of P. ornatus (Mello-Leitao, 1922) and P. mendax H. Soares, 1945, considered a senior synonym of P. hatschbachi H. Soares, 1945. Promitobates granulosissimus Mello-Leitao, 1932 and P. hexacanthus Koch, 1839 are considered species inquirendae. Based on the results of the cladistc analysis, with P. ornatus separated in four subunits, P. intermedius (Mello-Leitao 1935) and P. nigripes (Mello-Leitao, 1935) are revalidated. Four new species are described: P. sp. n1 (type-locality: Ano Bom, Santa Catarina); P. sp. n2 (type-locality: Reserva Morro Grande, Sao Paulo); P. sp.n3 (type-locality: Ribeirao Pires, Sao Paulo) and P. sp.n4 (typelocality: Jacarepagua, Rio de Janeiro).

Uma peculiaridade bem conhecida da Ordem Opiliones é seu modo de defesa através do uso de substâncias químicas, sintetizadas em um par de glândulas exócrinas, cujas aberturas se localizam na lateral do prossoma e reconhecidas como ozóporo. Na sub-Ordem dos Laniatores, objeto deste estudo, alguns padrões anatômicos foram identificados a partir de imagens obtidas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O material biológico estudado faz parte do acervo do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo e do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Ozóporos posicionados na margem lateral do escudo dorsal foram encontrados nas famílias Triaenonychidae, Agoristenidae, Biantidae, Cosmetidae, Epedanidae, Escadabiidae, Fissiphalidae, Minuidae, Phalangodidae, Samoidae, Stygnidae, Stygnommatidae, Zalmoxidae, e em Podoctidae, sendo neste último quase ventral. Apenas em Cranaidae e em Manaosbiidae foram encontrados ozóporos posicionados na porção mais dorsal do prossoma. Muitos são os que apresentam apófise na coxa que de fato representam uma barreira ou apenas têm o potencial de obstrução da saída da secreção de defesa, dependendo da mobilidade da perna. Em Triaenonychidae, observou-se uma grande apófise obliterando o ozóporo em Larifugela, sendo que em Biacumontia nota-se uma apófise similar, mas de tamanho consideravelmente reduzido. Cosmetidae também apresenta uma apófise na coxa II, próxima ao ozóporo que se apresenta circular e posicionado sobre um domo. Escadabiidae, Epedanidae e Fissiphalidae apresentam a abertura do ozóporo sobre um discreto domo e canais laterais bem delimitados por uma série de tubérculos, sendo o canal vertical desta última família melhor definido. Na espécie estudada de Phalangodidae, vale ressaltar a presença de um canal transversal ligando, pela região dorsal, os canais laterais. Minuidae e Zalmoxidae apresentam uma abertura discreta voltada à porção posterior do corpo One of the most conspicuous characteristics of the individuals of the order Opiliones is their chemical defensive mechanisms. The chemicals are produced by a pair of exocrine glands, which open at the lateral anterior area of the body above the coxae of legs 2-3 in Laniatores. These glands openings at the carapace are named ozopore. Previous studies of different species of the laniatorean family Gonyleptidae have shown that there are different morphologies of the ozopore area, which are directly related to different types of defensive behavior performed by the animals. This led us to study representatives of different families (the most as possible) in order to obtain an evolution overview of the ozopore area morphology within Laniatores. We used scanning electronic microscopy techniques. The ozopore is located in a dorsal position only in Manaosbiidae and Cranaidae; and at the lateral margin of the scutum in Triaenonychidae, Agoristenidae, Biantidae, Cosmetidae, Epedanidae, Escadabiidae, Fissiphalidae, Minuidae, Phalangodidae, Samoidae, Stygnidae, Stygnommatidae, Zalmoxidae and Podoctidae (in this family, it is nearly ventral). Commonly, there is a large apophysis of coxa 2 projecting above the ozopore and probably with the function of helping to define the direction of the flow of the defensive chemicals. In Triaenonychidae, a huge apophysis was observed in Larifugella (rendering difficult to observe the exact location of the ozopore), whereas in Biacumontia a remarkably smaller one was noticed. The ozopore is round in Cosmetidae, Agoristenidae (Agoristeninae) and Stygnidae (some Stygninae), it is ovoid in Biantidae (Biantinae), Epedanidae, Minuidae, Phalangodidae, Podoctidae, Stygnidae (some Stygninae), Stygnommatidae and Zalmoxidae; and a slit in the others. Regularly it is located on an integumentary dome. From each ozopore there is a lateral channel (or lateral row of tubercles) running posteriad. In Phalangodidae, the lateral channels present some transversal channels, which probably enhance the spreading of the defensive liquid.