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RESUMO A Termorretificação é um método que se utiliza visando incrementar as propriedades físicas, químicas e mecânicas da madeira, expondo amostras a temperaturas elevadas. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se as melhorias e implicações proporcionadas pela termorretificação nas espécies amazônicas Angelim Vermelho, Cedro, Quaruba e Muiracatiara, quanto às alterações nas propriedades físicas, alterações na coloração, possíveis trincas, além disso, foi realizada a identificação anatômica destas espécies. A termorretificação foi realizada a temperaturas de 130, 150 e 170 °C. As maiores alterações na coloração foram evidenciadas nas espécies Angelim Vermelho e Muiracatiara. O aparecimento de trincas foi observado, principalmente, a 170 °C. A perda de massa foi diretamente proporcional ao emprego de maiores temperaturas. Alterações na densidade da madeira foram verificadas após o processo de termorretificação, com destaque para o Angelim Vermelho, seguindo um padrão linear com redução da densidade de acordo com o aumento das temperaturas aplicadas. Os ensaios da variação volumétrica revelaram uma redução da higroscopicidade das espécies tratadas em relação às testemunhas, exceto para o tratamento do Angelim Vermelho a 130 ºC. A análise anatômica possibilitou a identificação até nível de espécie, sendo as espécies estudadas: Dinizia excelsa Ducke, Cedrela fissilis Vell, Astronium ulei Mattick e Vochysia maxima Ducke, para Angelim Vermelho, Cedro, Muiracatiara e Quaruba. ABSTRACT Thermal rectification is a method that is used to increase the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the wood, exposing samples to high temperatures. In the present study, the improvements and implications provided by thermal rectification in the Amazon species Angelim Vermelho, Cedro, Quaruba and Muiracatiara were evaluated, regarding changes in physical properties, changes in color, possible cracks, in addition to the anatomical identification of these species. Thermal rectification was carried out at temperatures of 130, 150 and 170 °C. The greatest changes in color were observed in the species Angelim Vermelho and Muiracatiara. The appearance of cracks was observed mainly at 170 °C. The loss of mass was directly proportional to the use of higher temperatures. Changes in the density of the wood were verified after the thermal rectification process, in which Angelim Vermelho stands out following a linear pattern with reduced density according to the increase in applied temperatures. The tests of the volumetric variation revealed a reduction of the hygroscopicity of the treated species in relation to the controls, except for the treatment of Angelim Vermelho at 130 ºC. The anatomical analysis allowed the identification up to species level, being the studied species: Dinizia excelsa Ducke, Cedrela fissilis Vell, Astronium ulei Mattick and Vochysia maxima Ducke, for Angelim Vermelho, Cedro, Muiracatiara and Quaruba.

The main objective of this work was to establish a correlation between natural aging with artificial aging in medium density particleboards produced with polyurethane resin of castor oil and Pinus sp. For such correlation, climatological parameters at São Carlos city, São Paulo state Brazil were used. The established correlation was that 20 cycles would be proportional to the same degradation of two months of exposure under natural aging. The relation between physical and mechanical properties with the effects provided by number of months (M) on the natural aging with number of cycles (Nc) on the artificial aging was obtained with cubical polynomial regression models. In general, for physical properties, 20 Nc represents 7 to 8 months and for mechanical properties, 11 to 12 months, with exception to internal bonding, with 8 months of natural aging. The equations which best represent the relation between Nc and M were thickness swelling at 2h and water absorption at 2 h and 24 h, with R² above 93%., The main objective of this work was stabilizing correlation between natural aging with artificial aging in medium density particleboards produced with polyurethane resin of castor oil and Pinus sp. It was done using climatological parameters at São Carlos city, Brazil and a calculation methodology. And it was calculated that 20 cycles would be proportional the same degradation of two months of exposition of natural aging. There was reduction in the mechanical properties over time for weathering. The relation between physical and mechanical properties with the effects provide by number of months (M) in the natural aging with number of cycles (Nc) in the artificial aging was obtained with cubical polynomial regression models. In general, for physical properties 20 Nc are around at 7 and 8 months, and for mechanical properties are around at 11 and 12 months, with exception internal bonding with 8 months. The expectative with the calculation was 20 Nc is the same two months of outdoor exposition. The equations that best represent relation between Nc and M were thickness swelling at 2h and water absorption at 2 h and 24 h, with R² larger 93%.

The objective of this research is to evaluate the possibility of use of tropical hardwood species (Amburana cearensis and Cedrella fissilis) for grilling plank production. Physical, chemical and organoleptic properties were evaluated and compared with properties of a well-used wood specie for grilling plank across Europe and USA, Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). For chemical analysis, three techniques were used: hydro distillation, soxhlet and head space. Normality test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for the comparison between Thuja plicata and tropical hardwoods. The results of organoleptic, chemical and statistical analysis demonstrated the possibility of use of Amburana cearensis and Cedrella fissilis on grilling plank production, with no volatile compound present in these species being toxic, low apparent density and Nerolidol presence, chemical compound used as flavoring agent, enabling their use as grilling planks.

This paper proposes the assessment of particleboards based on the Circular Economy (CE) approach, in which wood wastes and bio-resins are used to produce circular construction materials and compare them with conventional panels made of synthetic polymers and virgin wood particles. The use of discarded wood in particleboards aims to provide circular routes for this solid waste instead of the landfill after use. In addition, two bio-based polyurethane (PU) and urea–formaldehyde (UF) polymers are compared for the production of particleboards. The alternative particleboards are made with raw wood shavings of the species Pinus taeda, Pinus elliotti and Eucalyptus urograndis, without sifting processing. The particleboards are evaluated by the screw pull-out tensile test, three-point bending test, swelling after water immersion and colourimetry. Additional analyses such as surface roughness, thermal conductivity, apparent porosity and scanning electronic microscopy are performed for the characterisation of the panels. The technical viability of particleboards is obtained by mechanical analysis for higher density composites of PU polymers and eucalyptus wood. Finally, a life cycle assessment of particleboards made from recycled wood and bio-resins reveals that all scenarios for the production of particleboards in a CE approach are environmentally benign alternatives, reducing up to 95% of the environmental impacts to human toxicity, abiotic depletion and other impacts compared to the traditional and linear scenario. The best circular scenarios are more sustainable than linear scenarios, especially for the cases of particleboards are made with medium densities involving eucalyptus or pinus wood wastes and PU polymer.

Resumo Neste trabalho foi investigada a influência da inclusão de frações mássicas de cimento Portland (CP-V ARI) [0%, 10%, 20% e 30%] a título de simular parcelas de resíduo de construção civil que tenha frações cimentícias não hidratadas na produção de painéis de partículas compostos de madeira de Pinus sp. e resina poliuretana à base de mamona, buscando avaliar o potencial de painéis produzidos com adição de materiais granulares como resíduos de construção civil. A caracterização física e mecânica de painéis MDP com adição de cimento foi feita com o auxílio da norma brasileira NBR 14810 e da análise de variância (ANOVA), sendo analisadas as propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Foram fabricados 4 painéis de 400 mm x 400 mm x 10 mm com partículas de Pinus sp. e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona com teor de adesivo igual a 10% em relação à massa seca de partículas, para cada tratamento, totalizando 16 painéis. Para cada painel foram retirados 3 corpos de prova (CP) para avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas. A adição de frações mássicas de cimento acima de 10% impactou negativamente as propriedades mecânicas dos painéis, por ter diminuído os valores de MOE e MOR. As propriedades de densidade, absorção e inchamento se mantiveram dentro dos requisitos da norma. Abstract This research study investigates the influence of the inclusion of Portland cement mass fractions (CP-V ARI) [0%, 10%, 20% and 30%] on the production of composite wood panels made with Pinus sp. and castor oil-based polyurethane resin, with the aim of evaluating the potential of panels produced with the addition of granular materials as construction waste. The characterisation was performed with the aid of the Brazilian standard NBR 14810 and an analysis of variance (ANOVA), analysing the physical and mechanical properties. Four 400 mm x 400 mm x 10 mm panels were manufactured for each treatment, totalling 16 panels. For each panel, 3 test specimens (CP) were taken for an evaluation of their physical and mechanical properties. The addition of mass fractions of cement larger than 10% are detrimental to the mechanical properties of the panels, reducing the MOE and MOR values. The density, absorption and swelling properties remained within the requirements of the standard.

The search for materials made from renewable sources and free from toxic substances is a global trend towards a cleaner production, and this can be extended to the development of wood-based panels. World production of wood-based panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, which represents an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood-based panels has been facing some gaps and challenges regarding the toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives applied to the manufacture of panels. Faced with these problems, the aim of this study was to assess the technical feasibility and environmental aspects of manufacturing a particleboard made with wood waste and epoxy based ink-waste as adhesive. To this end, the particleboard reinforcement phase was made of particles of wood waste of Pinus sp. and Teak (Tectona grandis) species, while residual ink resin-based epoxy was used as alternative adhesive to reduce demand for urea formaldehyde resin. Particleboards were manufactured and tested by varying some production parameters, namely: low, medium and high-density panel classifications; 20, 30 and 40% epoxy resin content; and mixture of Pinus and Teak wood waste particles from 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. Physical-mechanical performance of the manufactured particleboards were evaluated according to ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009) Standard Codes. Statistical analyzes based on Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test the influence of each individual factor (density, adhesive percentage and fraction of Pinus/Teak particles) and their interactions under the physical-mechanical properties. Results showed a satisfactory performance in terms of physical and mechanical properties for treatments with high density (up to 0.80 g/cm³), 30–40% epoxy based ink-waste adhesive and 50–100% Teak wood particles. In most of the cases, the evaluated properties were superior to the compared requirements available at Standard Codes. Finally, it was developed an environmental performance of the particleboards based on a simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, and results highlighted some positive environmental aspects as well as social-economic benefits, especially for suppliers of wood waste and resin epoxy residues, and also due to minimization of air releases of free formaldehyde and energy consumption in the production of panels.

Efforts have been done in order to decrease the human dependence on petroleum materials. This idea can be applied for wood adhesives and wood products. This study proposes to evaluate laminated veneer lumber (LVL) panels of Hevea brasiliensis produced with castor oil-based polyurethane and resorcinol formaldehyde in different grammages. Six rubber tree (12 years old) with diameters at breast height (DBH) > 25 cm were harvested to generate veneers (500 x 500 x 2 mm; length, width, and thickness, respectively) for the panels production. The veneers were pre classified by a non-destructive impulse excitation method (Sonelastic system). Seven veneers were arranged in the same grain direction to produce each LVL. The following grammages were used for each adhesive type: 240, 280 and 320 g.m-². The volumetric swelling of the panels, glue line strength under dry, wet and post-boiling conditions, and stiffness and strength in static bending tests in flatwise and edgewise positions were evaluated. The glue line was evaluated by optical microscopy. The panels with grammages of 240 g.m-² had the highest volumetric swelling for both adhesives. As the grammage increased from 240 to 280 g.m-², the panel volumetric swelling decreased 32.53% for the resorcinol formaldehyde adhesive and 21.42% for the castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive. The panels glued with the vegetal polyurethane adhesive presented the best results for shear strength in the glue line. No significant statistical differences were found between the compositions for static bending. The results indicate that rubber wood glued with vegetal polyurethane has the potential to be used for production of LVL panels and consequently replace the petroleum based adhesives.

Ceramic pigments based on chromium-doped yttrium aluminate (YAl1-XCrXO3; x = 0.01; 0.03 and 0.05 mol%) were obtained by using chemical combustion method. Chemical processes with and without the use of mineralizers were employed. The modifications in the structure, morphology, optical and thermal properties caused by the inserted agents in the aluminate network were investigated by means of the following techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet–visible region (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), and CIELab colorimetric coordinates. The pigments were applied to ceramic pieces and the color stability was evaluated. XRD patterns results coupled with Rietveld refinement analyses showed a pronounced phase evolution for the samples containing mineralizers. This confirmed the effectiveness of these constituents for the formation of yttrium aluminate perovskite phase. The UV–Vis spectra showed greater reflectance in samples without mineralizers, while FTIR spectroscopy Analysis showed bands of vibration related to Al3+ coordinated octahedrally for both systems. Samples with the presence of mineralizer agents showed morphology similar to a cube with the presence of primary aggregated particles as revealed by FEG-SEM. The colorimetric pigments data showed values of the a* coordinate, which is related to red color components. This value was higher for the powder in the system with mineralizers as well as in the pigments that were employed on the ceramic pieces.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1678-86212018000300227.pdf: 888905 bytes, checksum: 22fd990606591d5846a362f4864d3623 (MD5) Resumo Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a influência do período de exposição ao intemperismo (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 meses), do tipo de agente preservante (CCA ou CCB) e do tipo de revestimento superficial (resina à base de óleo de mamona ou à base de água com filtro solar) nos valores da rugosidade (Ra) de painéis de partículas fabricados com madeira de Pinus sp. e resina poliuretana à base de mamona, assim como, investigar a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade em função dos valores dos parâmetros colorimétricos (L*, a* e b*). Os valores de rugosidade (entre 0,07 e 2,82 µm) foram inferiores a 12,5 µm, o que categoriza os painéis produzidos na classe N10 da norma ABNT NBR 8404 (1984), evidenciando assim, a potencialidade dos compósitos fabricados. O uso do revestimento com resina poliuretana forneceu os menores valores da rugosidade, além disso, as rugosidades dos painéis envelhecidos durante os quatro meses foram estatisticamente equivalentes, o que demonstra o bom desempenho dos materiais fabricados quanto às intempéries, e a boa qualidade obtida dos modelos de regressão multivariáveis (R2 = 77,02%) evidenciam a possibilidade da estimativa da rugosidade por meio de parâmetros colorimétricos. Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of the period of exposure (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 months), the type of preservative agent (CCA and CCB) and the surface coating type (castor oil based polyurethane resin; water-based open pore coating with sunscreen) in the roughness values (Ra) of particleboards manufactured with wood Pinus sp.and castor oil based polyurethane resin, as well as to investigate the possibility of roughness estimation as a function of the measurements of colorimetric parameters (L*, a* and b*). The results of the roughness values (between 0.07 µm and 2.82 µm) were lower than 12.5 µm, which categorizes the panels produced in the N10 class of ABNT NBR 8404 (1984) standard, thus showing the potentiality of the composites manufactured. The use of the castor oil based polyurethane resin coating gave the lowest values of roughness and the roughness values of the aged panels during the four months were statistically equivalent, evidencing the good performance of the fabricated materials. The good quality obtained from the multivariable regression models (R2 = 77.02%) show the possibility of estimating the roughness by colorimetric parameters. Universidade de São Paulo Universidade Federal de São Carlos Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho

RESUMO – A utilizacao do preservante CCA (sais de cromo, cobre e arsenio) tem sido questionada devido ao impacto relacionado a dispersao, principalmente, do cobre e do arsenio para o ambiente, antes de sua completa fixacao na madeira. Outra questao se relaciona a disposicao indevida dos residuos provenientes da madeira tratada, viabilizando a lixiviacao devido a maior area passivel desses rejeitos sujeita a tal fenomeno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a producao de paineis de particulas, avaliando o efeito da adicao de residuos de Pinus sp. tratado com sais de cromo, cobre e arsenio (CCA), em associacao com material da mesma especie sem preservantes, alem de alteracoes no teor de adesivo poliuretano a base de mamona empregado na producao. As propriedades dos paineis produzidos foram determinadas conforme recomendacoes da NBR 14810-3: 2006. Por meio de analise estatistica, observou-se que a adicao da madeira tratada proporcionou desempenho superior no inchamento em espessura (2 h), ao passo que esse insumo utilizado na mesma proporcao que a madeira sem preservantes foi significante, obtendo os melhores resultados na adesao interna. Os modulos de ruptura e de elasticidade na flexao nao sofreram influencia das variacoes nos insumos utilizados nos paineis. Os paineis, em grande parte, apresentaram-se em conformidade com os principais requisitos nesse âmbito, mostrando a possibilidade da utilizacao dos referidos insumos na producao, alem da obtencao de um produto com consideravel apelo ambiental. Palavras-chave: Pinus sp.; Paineis aglomerados; Tratamento CCA. PARTICLEBOARDS USING WASTES FROM CCA-TREATED Pinus sp. AND RESIN FROM BIOMASS

Reference Abstract OSB (oriented strand boards) are wood based products that substitute plywood boards, usually used as structural elements, especially with part of formwork for reinforced concrete members as beams, slabs and columns. In this context, the stiffness properties are highly important. This study aimed to evaluate, with the aided of three points static bending test, the modulus of elasticity of OSB using recommendations of the European Standard EN 310:1993, combined with an alternative method of calculation based on the least square method. In this case, three displacement values are taking in account to stiffness determination, improving reliability on it. Results of the ANOVA indicated no statistical equivalence between moduli of elasticity obtained by the two methods of calculation. Modulus of elasticity of this technique proved to be 7% lower than the elastic modulus obtained by standard EN 310:1993, revealing be important the use of suggested approach.

Natural resource exploration is growing, highlighting woods and joinery waste, wood industries and the like. This study presents homogeneous particleboard (PPH) roughness characterization manufactured from treated wood waste. Normative document with values of Brazilian Technical Standard Association ABNT NBR 8404 (1984), was adopted as a reference. The results show that the manufactured PPH showed roughness class N 10, with roughness values (Ra) of less than 12.5 microns.

USP - Universidade de Sao Paulo / EESC - Escola de Engenharia de Sao Carlos, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, n. 400

This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical performance of laminated composite materials (fiberglass, carbon, sisal, palm fiber) in epoxy matrix as reinforcement in wood particleboards of Pinus sp. with bicomponent polyurethane resin from castor oil. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were investigated using a three-point bending test. Single-layered laminated plates were used to reinforce traction of specimens obtained from boards. MOE and MOR of materials developed without reinforcements exceeded limits in ABNT standards both NBR 12810-2:2002 and A208.1:199, proving therefore their feasibility. In all investigated cases, inclusion of reinforcements led to higher values for both MOE and MOR. Composites in fiberglass presented the best results. RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desempenho mecânico do emprego de materiais compósitos laminados (fibras de vidro; carbono; sisal; piaçava) em matriz epóxi, como reforço em painéis de partículas de madeira Pinus sp. com resina poliuretana bicomponente, derivada de óleo de mamona. Foram investigados, com o uso do ensaio de flexão estática a três pontos, o módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e o módulo de ruptura (MOR). Os compósitos laminados foram fabricados com camada única, reforçando à tração os corpos de prova obtidos dos painéis. Os resultados do MOE e do MOR dos materiais desenvolvidos sem a inclusão dos reforços superaram os limites contidos nos documentos normativos ABNT NBR 14810-2:2002 e A208.1:199, comprovando a viabilidade dos materiais elaborados. Em todos os casos investigados, a inclusão dos reforços conduziu a valores superiores, tanto para o MOE quanto para o MOR, apresentando os compósitos em fibras de vidro os melhores resultados.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade da produção de painéis OSB feitos com espécies de madeira da caatinga do nordeste do Brasil - marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Muell. Arg.), jurema-branca (Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke) e catanduva (Piptadenia moniliformis Benth.) - e resina poliuretana bicomponente derivada de mamona. As propriedades investigadas foram: densidade aparente; inchamento em espessura e absorção de água, ambos em 2 h e 24 h; módulo de elasticidade e resistência na flexão, na direção paralela e na direção perpendicular ao painel; adesão interna e arrancamento de parafuso em relação à face, conforme as normas europeias EN. Os resultados das propriedades físicas e mecânicas obtidas evidenciaram a possibilidade da produção em laboratório de painéis OSB com as três espécies analisadas, conforme valores médios e variabilidade de propriedades equivalentes às chapas fabricadas em escala industrial, além de comparados aos requisitos da norma EN 300 (EUROPEAN..., 2006) para painéis dos tipos OSB/3 e OSB/4. Pela análise de variância, os painéis OSB fabricados com strands de madeiras de catanduva apresentaram os melhores resultados para as propriedades mecânicas; para as físicas, os melhores desempenhos foram provenientes dos painéis feitos com madeira de marmeleiro e jurema-branca. This research study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) production using wood species from the Brazilian Northeast's Caatinga: marmeleiro (Croton sonderianusMuell. Arg.), jurema-branca (Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke) and catanduva (PiptadeniamoniliformisBenth.) and castor-oil polyurethane bicomponent resin. The properties investigated were: density; thickness swelling and water absorption (2 hours and 24 hours); modulus of elasticity and bending strength in the parallel and perpendicular directions; internal bond and resistance to screw withdrawal from the face, according to EN standards. The results of the analysis of the physical and mechanical properties showed the possibility of manufacturing OSB with the cited species in the laboratory, according to the mean values and the variability of properties equivalent to those panels produced on industrial scale, and compared to EN standard requirements for OSB/3 and OSB/4. Variance analysis showed that OSB panels containing catanduva wood strands yielded the best results in terms of mechanical properties, as for the physical properties, the best performances were those of panels made with the marmeleiro and jurema-branca species.

Anatomical and physico-chemical properties of residual natural fibers (sugarcane bagasse, coconut fibers and peanut hulls) were characterized in order to evaluate their potential for use in the production of particleboard. The bulk density was determined by helium pycnometer and the chemical characteristics by using an electronic pH meter (for pH determination) on fibers dissolved in acidic and neutral detergents (to determine the levels of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The anatomical characteristics were established using scanning electron microscopy coupled with an X-ray detector system, as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicated similarities and differences between physico-chemical and anatomical characteristics of the residual lignocellulosic fibers when compared with the Pinus sp. wood commercially employed in particleboard production. Bulk density and pH for residual lignocellulosic fibers and Pinus sp. wood presented analogous values. Similar amounts of cellulose and lignin were identified between waste fibers and Pinus sp. wood. The presence of silica was identified in coconut fiber, peanut hull and sugarcane bagasse waste fibers, and may affect the mechanical characteristics of panels. Coconut and sugarcane bagasse fibers show surface pores with diameters ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 μm, below the 5 μm identified for Pinus sp. wood. Both fibers present pores distributed over their entire surface, whereas peanut hull fibers have no pores on their surface. This characteristic contributes to resin dispersion among particles, reflecting positively on the physical–mechanical properties of the panels. Particleboards produced with residual lignocellulosic fibers present similar physical–mechanical properties to those of Pinus sp. wood panels.

Wood-based panels have been widely used around the world in various segments of timber industry. Thus, alternative raw-materials have been systematically researched in order to reduce of wood demand in particleboard production. The aim of this work was to produce and evaluate particleboards of Eucalyptus grandis and oat hulls (Avena sativa), bonded under pressure with castor oil based polyurethane resin, in the proportion of 10% relative to the dry mass of the particles. The percentages of particles used per material were: Eucalyptus grandis 100, 85, 70 e 0% and oat hulls 0, 15, 30 e 100%, respectively. Physical-mechanical performance of the panels produced was evaluated based on standards ABNT NBR 14810:2006[1] and BS EN 312:2003[2]. By analysis of variance (ANOVA), the fraction of particles of Eucalyptus grandis was significant only in the modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending. Panels produced with 100% oat hulls presented highest value of MOR.

This paper discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse in two different fiber lengths (5 mm and 8 mm) of the same density as a raw material for the production of particleboards, using castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive. The quality of the product that can be manufactured industrially was evaluated based on density, thickness swell (TS), absorption (WA), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) in static bending and internal bond (IB), according to the Brazilian NBR 14.810:2006 standard. The results revealed a significant difference between the particleboards made with 5-mm-long fibers and those made with 8-mm-long fibers. An analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that the interparticle spaces are filled with castor oil-based two-component polyurethane adhesive, contributing to improve the physicomechanical properties of the particleboards. A durability assessment based on accelerated aging tests shows that waterproofed particleboards can be used in moist environments.

This work aimed to evaluate the bending strength (MOR) and the bending modulus of elasticity (M OE) of particle boards manufactured with Pinuselliottii and Eucalyptusgrandis species and the addition of waste of Pinuselliottii tree pruning, using a bicomponent polyurethane resin-based castor oil as an adhesive. We prepared nine different experimental conditions, six of the composition of particles of wood (Pinus and Eucalyptus) with pruning residue(30%, 50% and 70% waste) and other three made with 100% of each one of the three types of part icle used, evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The panels were prepared by adding 12% of polyurethane resin on the mass particle with a mo isture content of 11%, using compaction pressure of 4.5 MPa and hot pressing of 90 o C. The results showed that the inclusion of pruning residues reduced significantly the strength and stiffness properties of the panels when compared with the materials manufacture dintegrally with Pinusor Eucalyptus particles. The MOR of the materials in all conditions test ed was less than the 18 MPa, limit value set by the Brazilian standard, shown to be necessary to adjust the parameters process used for the achievement of the regulatory requirements.

No presente trabalho, considera-se o estudo do potencial de utilização de resíduos da casca de amendoim, com o intuito de agregar valor a este material, por meio da fabricação de painéis de partículas aglomeradas com resina ureia-formaldeído, prensados à temperatura de 100 ºC. A qualidade dos painéis foi avaliada com base nas prescrições do documento normativo ASTM D 1037:2006 por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos de densidade, inchamento em espessura, absorção de água e flexão estática. Os painéis avaliados apresentaram densidade média variando de 0,69 a 0,83 g cm-3, MOR 4,37 a 5,34 MPa e MOE 590 a 700 MPa, para painéis com e sem tratamento preservativo. É possível afirmar, baseando-se no documento normativo ANSI A208.1:1993, que o material apresenta potencial para utilização em ambientes internos, como revestimento superficial de residências, construções agrícolas, setor moveleiro e decorativo. Recomenda-se a intervenção no processo de fabricação do painel, para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e possibilitar o uso estrutural do material. In this study, the potential use of residues of peanut husks was verified, in order to add value to these materials through the manufacture of panels of particleboards. For this procedure, it was used urea-formaldehyde resin and the panels were mechanical pressed at a temperature of 100 ºC. The quality of the panels was evaluated based on the prescriptions of the normative document ASTM D 1037:2006, through physical and mechanical tests of characteristics, such as: density, swelling in thickness, water absorption and static bending. The panels evaluated showed bulk density varying between 0,69 a 0,83 g cm-3, MOR and MOE between 4,37 - 5,34 MPa and 590 - 700 MPa respectively, for panels with and without preservative treatment. It is possible to claim, based in the normative document ANSI A208.1:1993, that the material presents a potential for use in internal areas as superficial covering of residential buildings, agricultural buildings, furniture and decorative sectors. Intervention in the board production process is recommended, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the material and enable its structural use.

Particleboards of sugar cane bagasse and castor oil resin - production and properties. Here we present a study of the potential use of agro-industry residues (sugar cane bagasse) in order to add value to these materials through the manufacture of particle boards and evaluation of the physical and mechanical performance. For this, we used polyurethane monocomponent and bicomponent resin based on castor oil. The quality of the products was evaluated based on the requirements of normative documents NBR 14810 (ABNT, 2006b), with determination of the density, swelling, absorption, elasticity modulus (MOE) and strength in static bending (MOR). After analyzing the results, the panels presented average density 0.93 g cm -3 , average MOR and MOE 24.4 and 2432 MPa, respectively, being classified according to the indicative of the ANSI A208.1 (1993), as material of high density, recommended for industrial use. The resin based on castor oil was efficient as a matrix polymer for making composites based on sugar cane bagasse.

Se ha investigado la eficiencia de la técnica de ultrasonido para determinar parámetros físicos y mecánicos de Tableros de Virutas Orientadas (OSB) de tipo comercial, fabricados en Brasil. Entre los productos derivados de la madera, el OSB es uno que ha sido crecientemente utilizado en subsistemas constructivos alrededor del mundo. Por otro lado, la aplicación de métodos no destructivos se ha tornado prometedora en materiales a base de madera. Para este trabajo se ensayaron tableros de uso estructural OSB/3, uno con 15mm de espesor y el otro con 25mm. Los valores medios de velocidad obtenidos en tableros OSB en las direcciones longitudinal y transversal, así como la significativa correlación lineal entre algunas propiedades físico-mecánicas, valores de velocidades y de constantes dinámicas, sugieren la posibilidad de uso del método de ultrasonido en el control de calidad del OSB

No desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram analisados conceitos e propostas visando evidenciar a possibilidade de mudanças tecnológicas para favorecer o crescimento sócio-econômico da região do nordeste do Brasil. Sobre ela ainda paira um conceito pré-estabelecido: trata-se de região sem possibilidade de prover suas próprias necessidades. É preciso reverter esta situação com a melhoria das condições de vida dos habitantes do sertão nordestino por meio da implementação das idéias como as relacionadas ao reflorestamento e ao desenvolvimento sustentável. A presente proposta tem como foco a utilização das espécies de madeiras do nordeste, abrangendo as que resistem à prolongada estiagem da região. São sugeridos os procedimentos para a fabricação de chapas de partículas com matéria prima das espécies: Angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) e Jurema Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), todas freqüentes na região nordeste do Brasil. Também são apresentados os resultados das propriedades físicas e mecânicas: densidade, inchamento, absorção, intemperismo artificial, resistência à tração paralela às faces; módulo de ruptura, limite de proporcionalidade e módulo de elasticidade na flexão estática, e arrancamento de parafusos. Os ensaios foram realizados segundo as recomendações do documento normativo 1037:1996, da ASTM. Os resultados foram comparados com as propriedades das chapas usualmente comercializadas, obtendo-se valores altamente satisfatórios. In the development of this work, concepts were analyzed and proposed seeking to evidence the possibility of technological changes for the socio-economic growth of the Brazilian northeast region. It still hovers a pré-established concept about Brazilian northeast: it is treated as an area without possibility of providing its own needs. It is necessary to revert this situation with the improvement of its life conditions through the execution of the ideas as the related to the reforestation and to the maintainable development. The present proposal has as focus the use of northeast wood species, embracing the ones that resist prolonged drought of the area. Procedures are suggested to the production of particleboard with the species: Angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) and Juremapreta (Mimosa tenuiflora), all frequent in the northeast area of Brazil. The results of the physical and mechanical properties are also presented: density, thickness swelling, absorption, artificial weathering, natural weathering, tension parallel to surface, tension perpendicular to surface, modulus of rupture, proportionality limit and modulus of elasticity in the static bending, and nail-head withdrawal test. The rehearsals were accomplished according to the recommendations of the normative document: 1037/1996, ASTM. The results were compared with the properties of the usually marketed boards, and high satisfactory values were obtained.

A dissertação enfoca as possibilidades e desenvolvimento de estudos das espécies de madeiras do Nordeste do Brasil para uso em habitação. Desenvolveu-se um breve estudo antropológico para reconhecimento da região. No Brasil, os maiores centros de estudos das espécies de madeira estão localizados da região sul e sudeste, desta forma foi feito um estudo tecnológico e a caracterização de uma das espécies de madeira do agreste do NE - Mimosa Caesalpiniaefolia Benth - Sabiá. Os resultados obtidos de caracterização anatômica, mecânica e física, foram bastante satisfatórias. Foram abordadas: resistência à compressão paralela e normal às fibras, tração paralela e normal às fibras, cisalhamento, fendilhamento. No âmbito de caracterização física foram analisados a retratibilidade e densidade. Microscopicamente, foi analisado as lâminas para obtenção de resultados no que tange as fibras, raios e vasos. Através destes estudos, conclui-se que a espécie em questão, tem possibilidades positivas para aplicação na habitação, bem como no uso da construção civil. Deduziu-se ainda que as espécies de madeira do agreste do NE, podem ter melhor proveito, a partir de evolução e apoio técnico, incluindo a possibilidade de reflorestamento. In Brazil, the biggest study centers of wood species are located in the south and southeast regions. A brief study to reconnaissance of the area has been done. This dissertation discusses the possibilities and the development of wood species studies in the brazilian northeast with the purpose of being used in habitation. A technological study to characterize one of the wood species from the northeast rural area (dry area) - Mimosa Caesalpiniaefolia Benth - Sabiá, has been developed. The results obtained from the anatomical, mechanical and physical characterizations have been very satisfactory. What has been analyzed: strength to parallel and normal compression to the fibers, parallel and normal tension to the fibers, sheer and clefting. Concerning the physical characterization, the retractility and the density were analyzed. Microscopically, the plates used in order to obtain results concerning the fibers, rays and vases, were analyzed. It was possible to conclude from these studies that the species in question have positive possibilities to be applied to habitation, as well as to civil construction usage. Furthermore, we could also conclude that the wood species from the northeast agreste could be better used if there are evolution and technical support, including the possibility of reforestation.

As especies utilizadas na arborizacao urbana requerem periodicas podas para atender aosrequisitos peculiares das essencias e para garantir a seguranca em relacao as redes eletricase de telefonia. O grande volume de material oriundo das podas tem potencial para, naforma de particulas, ser empregado na producao de paineis para emprego na confeccaode moveis e para aplicacao como componente de edificacoes. No presente trabalho, utilizaram-se residuos de poda de arvores de Canelinha (Nectandra lanceolata), obtidos na cidadede Sao Carlos (SP). Foram produzidos paineis de madeira aglomerada, tendo comoadesivo a resina poliuretana bicomponente a base de oleo de mamona, desenvolvida noInstituo de Quimica de Sao Carlos, da USP. Os parâmetros de processo foram: particulasde dimensao maxima 2,8 mm; porcentagem de adesivo 16%; temperatura de prensagem:90oC; tempo de prensagem: dez minutos. Os ensaios para avaliacao do desempenho dospaineis produzidos foram feitos de acordo com as recomendacoes da NBR 14810:2006,da Associacao Brasileira de Normas Tecnicas. Os resultados evidenciaram a viabilidadetecnica da referida producao, pois boa parte dos requisitos normativos foi atingida. Ajustesnos parâmetros de processo, principalmente no que tange a temperatura de prensagem,serao necessarios para que os paineis atendam a todos os requisitos da NBR 14810:2006

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:28:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-27844530682.pdf: 327455 bytes, checksum: 8648f36e2d4cebc4fab6d8f335055049 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-01 The compaction rate, the relation between the density of the wood panel and the density of the wood used for producing the particles, is an indicator of the product's densification. Among the various types of wood panels, particleboards are widely employed in the lumber industry, mainly for the furniture production. This paper presents a study of the relation between the compaction rate and the properties of tensile strength perpendicular to surface, Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) obtained from a static bending test, thickness swelling and water absorption (2 and 24 hours). These properties were calculated according to the Brazilian ABNT, NBR 14810 standard. Particleboards were produced using the species Pinus elliotti and adhesive ureaformaldehyde. The relation was established by a multiple linear regression, and the most appropriate statistical models were determined. The estimated models indicate statistically significant effects of water absorption in 2 hours and MOR in the particleboards' compaction rate. Interunit Area of Materials Sciences and Engineering University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador Saocarlense, 400, Centro, 135666-590 Sao Carlos - SP São Carlos School of Engineering University of São Paulo Department of Statistics ICT Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT Bauru College of Engineering Paulista State University - UNESP Bauru College of Engineering Paulista State University - UNESP

Os painéis de partículas multicamadas são comercializados atualmente e produzidos em sua maioria com partículas de madeira, porém a associação de subprodutos como o bagaço de cana e o sargassum residual para a produção desses painéis ainda carece de estudos. Esta pesquisa foi estruturada pelo potencial de utilização de subprodutos de biomassa agroindustrial (bagaço da cana-de-açúcar) e resíduo de Sargassum Pelágico oriundo de fenômenos de arribadas, baseando-se na produção de painéis de partículas multicamadas de média densidade e visando apresentar finalidades que agregassem valor a esses subprodutos, bem como se apresentar como uma alternativa para mitigar os impactos gerados pela problemática das arribadas de sargassum. As partículas das matérias-primas dos painéis confeccionados foram aglomeradas com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona (12% na camada interna e 15% nas camadas externas). Em uma primeira etapa da pesquisa foram confeccionados painéis com bagaço de cana com densidades de 600 e 750 kg/m³, afim de avaliar a melhor composição como painel referência para as etapas posteriores, onde os painéis com densidade de 750 kg/m³ atenderam a todos os requisitos físico-mecânicos estabelecidos pela norma NBR 14180-2:2018, para painéis do tipo 2, uso não estrutural em condições secas. Devido ao ineditismo do estudo ao utilizar partículas de sargassum como matéria-prima para produção de painéis, foi realizado um estudo preliminar confeccionando painel multicamadas composto por duas camadas externas de bagaço de cana e a camada interna por partículas de sargassum, aplicando as mesmas configurações do painel elegido como referência (densidade de 750 kg/m³ e proporção de massa em 20%-60%-20%). Os resultados dessa etapa indicaram que a introdução de sargassum como matéria-prima de painéis de partículas acarreta instabilidade dimensional, uma vez que as amostras avaliadas apresentaram elevados valores de inchamento em espessura. Por fim, na última etapa foram produzidos painéis multicamadas com teores de sargassum de 50% e 40% que atingiram aos requisitos mínimos de propriedades físico-mecânicos estabelecidos pela NBR 14810-2:2018, com exceção da propriedade de inchamento em espessura, indicando que o sargassum pode ser utilizado como preenchimento em painéis quando utilizado em menores teores e podendo se apresentar como uma via alternativa para mitigar os impactos gerados pelos fenômenos de arribadas. Multilayer particleboards are currently marketed and produced mostly with wood particles, but the association of by-products such as sugarcane bagasse and residual sargassum for the production of these panels still lacks studies. This research was structured by the potential use of agro-industrial biomass by-products (sugarcane bagasse) and Pelagic Sargassum residue from cliff phenomena, based on the production of medium density multilayer particle boards and aiming to present purposes that add value to these by-products, as well as present themselves as an alternative to mitigate the impacts generated by the problem of sargassum cliff. The particles of the raw materials of the panels were agglomerated with two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil (12% in the inner layer and 15% in the outer layers). In a first stage of the research, panels were made with sugarcane bagasse with densities of 600 and 750 kg/m³, in order to evaluate the best composition as a reference panel for the later stages, where the panels with a density of 750 kg/m³ met all the physical-mechanical requirements established by the NBR 14180-2:2018 standard, for type P2 panels, non-structural use in dry conditions. Due to the novelty of the study when using sargassum particles as raw material for the production of panels, a preliminary study was carried out making a multilayer panel composed of two external layers of sugarcane bagasse and the internal layer of sargassum particles, applying the same configurations as panel chosen as reference (density of 750 kg/m³ and mass proportion of 20%-60%-20%). The results of this step indicated that the introduction of sargassum as a raw material for particle board causes dimensional instability, since the samples evaluated showed high values of swelling in thickness. Finally, in the last stage, multilayer panels were produced with sargassum contents of 50% and 40% that reached the minimum requirements of physical-mechanical properties established by NBR 14810-2:2018, with the exception of the property of swelling in thickness, indicating that sargassum can be used as a filler in panels when used in lower levels and may present itself as an alternative way to mitigate the impacts generated by the phenomena of cliff.

A produção de painel de partículas aumentou nas últimas décadas devido à necessidade de otimizar o uso de madeira e ao aumento da demanda na indústria moveleira. As principais matérias-primas para a fabricação de painéis de partículas são as madeiras de pinus e eucalipto e a resina de ureia formaldeído (UF). Como alternativa, estudos utilizam resíduos lignocelulósicos da agroindústria como bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (BCA) e resina poliuretana (PU) à base de óleo de mamona como matérias-primas, as quais possuem requisitos físicos e mecânicos que atendem aos padrões brasileiros e internacionais de função não estrutural e uso interno em condições secas. No entanto, os estudos de impactos ambientais dessa substituição são limitados. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos ambientais de um painel de partículas de média densidade (MDP) fabricado com partículas de BCA e eucalipto e resina UF e PU de mamona através da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). A avaliação do berço ao portão de 1 m³ de painel MDP foi realizada com cinco composições diferentes. O inventário considerou o banco de dados Ecoinvent 2.01 e SICV Brasil. Os potenciais impactos ambientais foram avaliados pelo software GaBi 6, método de Avaliação de Impacto de Ciclo de Vida (AICV) ReCiPe, incluindo 18 categorias de impacto em nível midpoint. Os resultados indicam que o principal impacto ambiental foi da produção da resina UF. O potencial de impacto da resina PU de mamona foi menor em 14 categorias quando comparado à resina UF. A produção de BCA teve maior impacto que o eucalipto para categorias de ecotoxicidade terrestre e em água doce, além de eutrofização de água doce. O eucalipto apresentou maior potencial de impacto para categorias de Ocupação de Solo Agrícola e Transformação de Solo Natural. O painel com melhor desempenho ambiental para oito categorias de impacto foi uma mistura de BCA e eucalipto com resina PU de óleo de mamona, com redução de até 80% no potencial de impacto comparado ao painel convencional. O painel de desempenho ambiental inferior foi o MDP convencional para 11 categorias. A identificação dos impactos ambientais pode auxiliar em melhorias dentro do sistema de produto e a ACV de diferentes matérias-primas pode ser usada como uma estratégia ambiental para matérias-primas. Particle board production has increased in last few decades due to the need to optimize wood use and increasing demand in the furniture industry. The main raw materials for the manufacture of particle board are pine and eucalyptus woods and formaldehyde urea resin (UF). Alternatively, studies use lignocellulosic residues from agribusiness such as sugarcane bagasse (SB) and castor oil-based polyurethane resin (PU) as raw materials, which have physical and mechanical requirements that meet Brazilian and international standards to non-structural functions and internal use in dry conditions. However, the environmental impact studies of this substitution are limited. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of a medium density particle board (MDP) manufactured with SB and eucalyptus particles and castor oil PU and UF resin through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The cradle to gate evaluation of 1 m³ MDP panel was performed with five different compositions. The inventory considered the database Ecoinvent 2.01 and SICV Brazil. Potential environmental impacts were assessed by the GaBi 6 software and ReCiPe Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method, including 18 impact midpoint categories. The results indicate that the main environmental impact was the production of UF resin. The impact potential of castor oil PU resin was lower in 14 categories when compared to UF resin. The BCA production had higher impact than eucalyptus for Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecotoxicity categories, as well as Freshwater Eutrophication. Eucalyptus presented higher impact potential for Agricultural Soil Occupation and Natural Soil Transformation categories. The best performing environmental panel for eight impact categories was a blend of BCA and eucalyptus with castor oil PU resin, with a reduction of up to 80% of the impact potential to the conventional panel. The lower environmental performance panel was the conventional MDP to 11 categories. The hotspots identification can assist to improve the product system and the LCA of different raw materials could be used as an environmental strategy to choose eco-friendly inputs.

Os resíduos agrossilvopastoris, se dispostos de maneira inadequada, são fontes de impactos ao meio ambiente por meio da adição excessiva de matéria orgânica no solo e na água e, se queimados, geram gases poluentes que intensificam o efeito estufa. O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de café e o maior consumidor do produto no mundo, como consequência, a geração de resíduos sólidos do beneficiamento do café no país é bastante significativa. Estima-se uma geração de aproximadamente 4 milhões de toneladas de resíduos do café no Brasil em 2020. Por isso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um material compósito, na forma de painel de partículas aglomeradas, utilizando o resíduo agrossilvopastoril casca de café e a resina poliuretana de óleo de mamona para sua utilização na construção civil. Esse material compósito pode agregar valor econômico ao resíduo, evitar disposições inadequadas e atender à crescente demanda da indústria de painéis de madeira. Foram confeccionados compósitos com cascas de café provenientes dos processos de beneficiamento do fruto cafeeiro por via seca e por via úmida, com a adição das fibras vegetais de juta, coco e sisal. Os compósitos foram caracterizados com relação as suas propriedades mecânicas na flexão estática e físicas de granulometria e umidade. A composição com a fibra de sisal se mostrou mais adequada para a produção do compósito. Dessa forma, foi realizado um estudo com novas composições através de um planejamento fatorial com diferentes composições de resina, presença ou ausência de fibras de sisal, casca de café obtida pela via seca e diferentes parâmetros de produção: temperatura e pressão. As propriedades aferidas nessa etapa foram de adesão interna, módulo de elasticidade e módulo de ruptura na flexão estática, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura e densidade aparente. Suas propriedades térmicas e acústicas também foram aferidas e foi obtido o coeficiente de absorção sonora e a condutividade térmica desses novos painéis produzidos. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram promissores e o compósito demonstrou potencial de aplicação na construção civil para ser utilizado como móveis, forros, divisórias, placas termo acústicas e elemento de vedação não estrutural para ambientes internos. Ademais, com o intuito de determinar os efeitos ambientais causados pelos resíduos gerados no processamento dos grãos de café, esse trabalho também teve como objetivo a classificação dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos cultivos cafeeiros pela normalização brasileira, que os classifica em perigosos ou não perigosos e ainda os resíduos não perigosos são classificados em não inertes ou em inertes. Como resultado, os resíduos sólidos receberam a classificação II-A, não perigoso e não-inerte. Agricultural waste if inappropriately disposed is a source of environment impacts through the excessive addition of organic matter in the soil, water and if burned generate polluting gases that intensify the greenhouse effect. Brazil is the largest coffe producer and exporter and the largest consumer of the product, as a consequence, the generation of this solid residues in the country is quite significant. It is estimated that approximately 4 million tonnes of coffee waste were generated in Brazil in 2020. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a composite material, in the form of agglomerated particle board, using the agricultural coffee husk residue and castor oil – based polyurethane adhesive for it use in civil construction. This composite material can add economic value to the waste, avoid inappropriate destinations and respond to the growing demand of the wood panel industry. Composites were made with coffee husks from two different processes: dry and wet, with the addition of vegetable fibers such as jute, coconut and sisal. The composites were characterized according to their mechanical properties: Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and physical: particle size analysis and humidity. The composition with sisal fiber proved to be more suitable for the production of the composite. For this reason, a study with new compositions was carried out through a factorial design with different resin compositions, presence or absence of sisal fibers, coffee husks obtained through the dry process and different production parameters: temperature and pressure. In this step, the properties measured were internal bond, MOE and MOR, water absorption, thickness swelling and apparent density. Its thermal and acoustic properties were also assessed. The sound absorption coefficient and thermal conductivity were obtained. The experimental results were promising and the composite showed potential for its use in the civil construction industry to be used as and non-structural element for indoor environments, furniture, partitions and as insulating and acoustic panels. In addition, in order to determine the environmental effects caused by the residues , this work also aimed classifying the solid residues by Brazilian standardization, which are classified as hazardous or non-hazardous; and non-hazardous waste is classified as non-inert or inert. As a result, solid waste was classified as II-A, non-hazardous and non-inert.

O presente trabalho propôs o estudo de desempenho de painéis sanduíche formados por núcleo de painéis de partículas de fibras da casca de coco verde e de madeira pinus, Pinus sp., conformado por placas de fibrocimento de forma a produzir um compósito com propriedades associadas. Os painéis sanduíche foram avaliados por ensaio físico e mecânico, determinaram-se a densidade média de cada tratamento e as tensões de face e núcleo dos painéis sanduíche. Termicamente foram avaliados por equações analíticas e analisados por requisitos normativos. Inicialmente foram analisadas as propriedades físicas das matérias primas e dos componentes das faces e do núcleo. A placa de fibrocimento que compôs as faces foi analisada por ensaios físicos, mecânicos e térmico. Os resultados das propriedades foram comparados com referências normativas e de empresas que fabricam e avaliam produtos de fibrocimento similares. Para a produção dos painéis aglomerados de partículas que formaram os núcleos utilizou-se a fibra da casca de coco verde, Cocos nucifera, em substituição parcial as partículas de madeira pinus, Pinus sp., na proporção de 30 % e 70% respectivamente. O adesivo utilizado nos painéis de subprodutos da agroindústria foi a resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Foram produzidos e avaliados painéis com três densidades, sendo 350 kg/m3 (baixa), 600 kg/m3 (média) e 850 Kg/m3 (alta). Os painéis de partículas foram avaliados por ensaios físicos, mecânicos e térmico. Como parâmetro de comparação de resultados um painel comercial de média densidade MDP foi avaliado da mesma forma. Os resultados dos testes de todos componentes e dos painéis sanduíches produzidos, foram comparados e analisados em atendimento às normas que os regem e com produtos comercializados nos setores da construção civil. A partir dos resultados concluiu-se que os painéis sanduíche com núcleo de subprodutos da agroindústria apresentaram propriedades similares ao painel sanduíche com núcleo de MDP comercial e aos painéis sanduíche de vedação produzido por empresas da indústria da construção civil. O estudo demonstrou a potencialidade técnica da possível aplicação do painel sanduíche como componente ou elemento em sistemas construtivos na construção civil. The present work proposes the study of sandwich panel performance formed by homogeneous particleboard panels of green coconut shell fibers and pinus wood particles, coated with nonasbestos cement flat sheets in order to produce a composite with associated properties. The sandwich panel was evaluated by physical and mechanical tests. The physical test determined the density mean of each treatment, and the mechanical test obtained the sandwich panels face and core tensions, thermally was evaluated by analytical equations and analyzed by standards requirements. Firstly, the physical properties of the raw materials of the facings and cores were analyzed according to the standard requirements. The fiber cement board that composed the faces was tested in physical, mechanical and thermal tests. The results of the properties tested were compared with references of technical standards and manufactured similar industrial products in accordance with current standards for cementitious products. For the production of the panels, the fiber of the green coconut shell, Cocos nucifera, was used in partial substitution of the pine wood particles, Pinus sp., in the proportion of 30% and 70% respectively. The adhesive used in the panels of agro-industry by-products was the bicomponent resin based on castor oil. Panels with densities ranging from low 350 kg/m3, medium 600 kg/m3 and high 850 kg/m3 were produced. The particleboards were evaluated by mechanical, physical and thermal tests. As a parameter of comparison of results a MDP medium density commercial panel (density between 551 Kg/m3 and 750 kg/m3) was tested in the same conditions. The results of the tests of all constituent components and the sandwich panels and were compared and analyzed in compliance with the current standards and commercial products market in the construction sectors. The results concluded that the sandwich panel particleboard core made by-products of agro-industry presented similar properties of the sandwich panel of commercial MDP core and those from construction industrial products. The study demonstrated that the technical capability of the possible application of the sandwich panel as a component or element in constructive systems of the civil construction.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir e ensaiar painéis OSB (Oriented Strand Board) com resíduo de madeira Balsa (Ochroma Pyramidale) proveniente de reflorestamento, aglomerados com resinas uréia-formaldeído (UF), fenol-formaldeido (FF) e poliuretana à base de óleo mamona (PU-Mamona), e os caracterizar por meio de ensaios termo-físico-mecânicos e microestruturais. A escolha da madeira Balsa residual ocorreu devido a fatores como baixa densidade, alta resistência específica, elevada taxa de crescimento e disponibilidade de matéria-prima. Inicialmente as partículas de madeira Balsa foram caracterizadas por ensaios físicos, químicos (densidade por picnometria de gás hélio, pH e composição química) e microestruturais (microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV, espectroscopia de infra-vermelho - FTIR, Difração de Raios-X - DRX e termogravimetria - TG). As resinas foram caracterizadas por ensaios microestruturais (DRX, FTIR e TG-DSC). A partir dessas informações foram produzidos painéis de madeira Balsa em escala laboratorial de baixa e média dendidade com partículas do tipo strand de resíduo de madeira Balsa aglomerado com as referidas resinas, os quais foram caracterizados por ensaios físicos (inchamento em espessura, absorção de água e densidade aparente), mecânicos (flexão estática e adesão interna), microestruturais (MEV, FTIR, DRX e TG-DSC) e ensaios de condutividade térmica. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com as indicações da norma européia EN 300:2006 e indicaram que apenas os painéis OSB de madeira Balsa residual aglomerada com resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona atendem os requisitos estabelecidos para painéis OSB de Classe 1 de uso interno e não-estrutural. The objective of this work was to produce and test OSB (Oriented Strand Board) with residual wood balsa (Ochroma Pyramidale) from reforestation, agglomerated with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, phenol-formaldehyde (FF) and oil-based polyurethane castor bean (PU-Mamona), and characterize them by means of thermo-physical-mechanical and microstructural tests. The choice of residual Balsa wood occurred due to factors such as low density, high specific strength, high growth rate and availability of raw material. Initially the particles of Balsa wood were characterized by physical, chemical tests (density by helium gas picnometry, pH and chemical composition) and microstructural (Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM, infrared spectroscopy - FTIR, X- Ray Diffraction DRX and Thermogravimetry - TG). The resins were characterized by microstructural tests (XRD, FTIR and TG-DSC). Based on this prior information, OSB wood panels were produced in laboratory scale of low and medium density with strand type particles of wood residue Balsa agglomerated with refered resins, which were characterized by physical tests (swelling in thickness, absorption of water and (static flexural and internal adhesion), microstructural (SEM, FTIR, XRD and TG-DSC) and thermal conductivity tests. The results obtained were compared to the European standard EN 300: 2006 and indicated that only OSB panels of wood Residual Balsa agglomerated with polyurethane resin based on castor oil comply with the requirements established for Class 1 OSB panels for internal and non-structural use.

No presente trabalho, considerou o estudo do potencial de utilização de sacos de cimento e embalagens de longa vida com o intuito de agregar valor a esses resíduos, mediante a fabricação de painéis de partículas para uso como forro em protótipos de galpões avícolas. Para fabricação desse material foi utilizado sacos de cimento descartados nas obras civis, embalagens longa vida residuais e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) Caracterização da matéria-prima (sacos de cimento); 2) Efeito da densidade e teor de resina nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas de painéis de partículas de saco de cimento; 3) Avaliação do desempenho de embalagens longa vida e verniz como revestimentos dos painéis selecionados na etapa anterior; 4) Determinação do desempenho térmico de protótipos de aviários executados em escala reduzida e distorcida com forro de painel de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram: Em razão do painel com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina ter apresentado melhor desempenho nas propriedades investigadas, essa combinação foi selecionada para avaliar o desempenho do material (físicas, mecânicas e térmicas) quando revestido com embalagens longa vida, adotando a testemunha e o verniz como um revestimento comparativo. Dentre os revestimentos avaliados, os painéis com embalagens de longa vida, foram superiores aos revestidos com verniz, quando comparados as suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas. Dessa maneira, painéis com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina revestidos embalagens longa vida, foram testados como forro quanto ao desempenho térmico (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em protótipos em escala reduzida e distorcida, mediante a determinação de índices de conforto térmico (Entalpia e IAPfc) para aves de corte. A associação do forro sob o protótipo permitiu reduzir a temperatura interna do ar e dos índices de conforto térmico na primavera, verão e outono, enquanto que no inverno não foi constatado eficácia do material. Dentre as estações estudadas, o verão e a primavera, demonstraram serem as épocas mais críticas para criação de aves corte em instalações avícolas que apresentem características semelhantes aos protótipos experimentais. In this study, the study of the potential use of cement bags and long-life packaging is considered in order to add value to this waste, by manufacturing particleboards as insulating panels in poultry house facilities. For the production of this material cement bags discarded in civil works, long-life packaging discarded by consumers and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil base were used. The study was structured in four steps: 1) Characterization of the raw material (cement bags), 2) Effect of the density and the level of resin on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cement particles bag panels, 3) Evaluation of long-life packaging and varnish as a coating of selected panels in precedent step and 4) Evaluation of thermal performance of poultry prototypes in reduced and distorted scale with the long-life packaging as a coating material. The cement bags were disintegrated and transformed into particles with the 8% of moisture content. Subsequently, these particles were mixed with bicomponent polyurethane based on castor oil resin and taken into a planetary mixer (MT120) in order to homogenize the mixture of the particles with the resin. Panels were made for three different densities (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g.cm-3) with two resin levels (12 and 15%) and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Because the panel with 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin have shown a better performance in the investigated properties, this combination has been selected to evaluate the performance of the material (physical, mechanical and thermal) when coated with long-life packaging, adopting the control and the varnish as a comparative coating. Among the evaluated coatings, panels with long-life packaging, presented higher performance than those coated with varnish regarding their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, the combination of 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin coated long-life packages were tested as lining according the thermal performance (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in prototypes and small-distorted scale by determining thermal comfort indices (Enthalpy and IAPfc) for broilers. The association of lining under the prototype reduced indoor air temperature and thermal comfort indices in spring, summer and autumn, while during the winter no effectiveness of the material was observed. Among the studied seasons, the spring and summer, proved to be the most critical time for cut birds breeding in poultry houses that have characteristics similar to experimental prototypes.

As placas de madeira aglomerada, amplamente empregadas para fabricação de móveis, estão consolidadas no mercado, mas merecem especial atenção devido ao seu alto custo quanto aos adesivos empregados e principalmente à vulnerabilidade à umidade se caso entre em contato com a mesma. Diante os fatos, este trabalho apresenta uma nova alternativa de adesivo, empregado por meio de aparas de isopor (EPS), largamente encontrados como resíduos, e o mesmo, ao envolver as partículas de madeira, material também empregado para a fabricação dos painéis, o torna apto para emprego em ambientes ligados diretamente à umidade, sejam eles internos ou externos à edificação. Com isso, o presente trabalho apresenta a elaboração e a proposta de utilização de um novo produto em forma de painel de madeira, produzido com serragem residual de serrarias, como partículas, e EPS (isopor) dissolvido, como adesivo, que possam ser empregados também na construção civil. Assim, foram produzidos painéis com quatro espécies de resíduos de madeira: pinus, eucalipto, teca e peroba. De cada uma das amostras, foram confeccionados dez painéis para a avaliação das características física, mecânica e outros ensaios. Dos resultados de caracterização física, pode-se concluir que os painéis estão conforme padrões exigidos pela norma brasileira NBR 14.810-2 - \"Chapas de madeira aglomerada\" da ABNT (2006b), e, devido aos baixos valores de inchamento, são adequados à utilização em ambientes úmidos e/ou externos. Dos resultados de caracterização mecânica, os painéis apresentaram bons resultados quanto à ligação interna e compressão, indicando ser promissor o uso de isopor como adesivo bem como sua utilização atrelada a painéis de fechamento. Entretanto, como os resultados de flexão estática não foram satisfatórios, prova-se que tais painéis não podem ser solicitados estruturalmente. Quanto aos outros ensaios realizados, todos os resultados foram favoráveis e, se utilizados conforme especificações técnicas, tornam-se coerentes para empregos em edificação. Como resultado, observou-se que os painéis podem ser produzidos e utilizados no mercado da construção civil, certificando que o produto pode ser empregado de forma segura, desde que sejam conhecidas suas funções, tempo de uso e manutenções necessárias. Desta forma, pretende-se contribuir para a produção e a análise de novos materiais que possam colaborar com a melhoria ambiental. The particleboards, which are widely employed to manufacturing furniture, are established in the market, but they deserve a special attention due to their high cost considering the adhesives used on them and, paramountly, due to their vulnerability to humidity if on contact with their own parts. Facing the facts, this work presents a new alternative adhesive, applied with Styrofoam trims (EPS), usually found as residues, it may be used for involving the particles of wood, which are also used for manufacturing of the panels, and it makes it suitable for the use in environments directly related to humidity, whether it is internal or external to the building. Therewith, this work introduce the explanation and the proposition of the use of a new product in the shape of wood panel, produced with residual sawdust from sawmills, as particles and the EPS (Styrofoam) dissolved as an adhesive, which might also be used in construction. So, panels have been produced with four kinds of residual wood: pine, eucalyptus, teak and peroba. From each one of the samples, it has been manufactured ten boards for the evaluation of the physical and mechanical characteristics and other tests. From the results of physical description, it may be concluded the panels are in conformity with the requirements of the Brazilian standard NBR 14810-2 - \"Particleboards\" from ABNT (2006b), and due to low swelling values are appropriate to use it in humid and or outdoor environments. The results of mechanical description, the panels have shown satisfying results as for the internal connection and compression, indicating it is promising the use of Styrofoam as an adhesive and also its use in cable management panels. However, since the results of the static bending were not sufficient, it is proved such panels cannot be ordered, structurally. As for the other tests, all the results were positive and if they were used according to the technical specifications, they would become consistent for the application in construction. As a result, it was observed the panels might be produced and used in the market of construction, confirming the product may be applied safely as long as their functions are recognized, useful life, and required maintenance. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the production and analysis of new materials which may collaborate to improvement of the environment.

O presente trabalho considerou o potencial de utilização de subprodutos da agroindústria como casca de coco verde e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, com o intuito de agregar valor a esses materiais, por meio da fabricação de chapas de partículas multicamadas (3 camadas: 2 camadas externas - CE e uma camada interna - CI), utilizando resina poliuretana bi-componente à base de óleo de mamona (PU-mamona). As chapas produzidas foram avaliadas por ensaios termo-físico-mecânicos: condutividade térmica, densidade aparente, perfil de densidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura, flexão estática, flexão dinâmica, tração perpendicular, arranchamento de parafuso, dureza Janka e abrasão, com objetivo de verificar as características do material e indicá-lo para usos específicos; microestrutural: microscopia eletrônica de varredura visando identificar características microestruturais do compósito para interpretar as propriedades físico-mecânicas do produto; durabilidade: envelhecimento natural para expor o material a condições ambientais externas e envelhecimento acelerado para exposição a condições internas. Os resíduos utilizados, o adesivo PU-mamona e os parâmetros de produção adotados mostraram-se adequados para fabricar chapas de partículas multicamadas de baixa (529 kg/m3) e média (692 kg/m3) densidade. O ensaio de condutividade térmica permitiu classificar as chapas em estudo na categoria de materiais isolantes onde os valores estiveram entre 0,14 e 0,17 W/m.K. Os perfis de densidade obtidos permitiram observar a variação da densidade ao longo da espessura das chapas e indicou diferenças entre as chapas homogêneas e multicamadas. As chapas multicamadas apresentaram melhores propriedades físico-mecânicas, em comparação com as chapas de partículas homogêneas e atenderam os requerimentos estabelecidos pelos documentos normativos nacionais e internacionais. Os resultados de envelhecimento natural e acelerado indicaram que as chapas em estudo (homogêneas e multicamadas) são sensíveis às condições de exposição externas (temperatura, umidade e radiação) e às condições extremas de exposição interna (umidade e radiação UVB). This study considered the potential use of agro-industrial wastes like green coconut shell and sugarcane bagasse in order to add value to those materials, by mean fabrication of multilayer particleboards (3 layers: 2 external layers - EL and internal layer - IL), using castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive. The particleboards were evaluated using physic-mechanics tests: density, density profile, water absorption, thickness swelling, static flexure, dynamic flexural, perpendicular traction, screw pullout, Janka hardness and abrasion with the objective to verify the material characteristics and to indicate specific uses, microstructural: Scanning electron microscopy looking to identify microstructural characteristics of composite to interpret the physic-mechanics properties of product, durability: natural aging to expose the material to external environmental conditions and accelerated aging for exposure to indoor conditions. The residues used, the castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive and the parameters of production adopted; proved to be suitable for making multilayer particleboard of low (529 kg/m3) and medium (692 kg/m3) density. The thermal conductivity test allowed to classify the plates in the category of insulating materials with values between 0,14 e 0,17 W/m.K. The density profiles obtained made possible to observe the change of density along the thickness of the boards and showed differences between the homogeneous and multilayer sheets. The multilayer boards presented better physical and mechanical properties in comparison with the homogeneous particleboards and complied with the standards national and international. The results obtained after the natural and accelerated aging indicated that the plates being studied (homogeneous and multilayer) are sensitive to external exposure conditions (temperature, humidity and radiation) and to the extreme conditions of internal exposure (moisture and UVB radiation).