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Abstract Background Aedes albopictus, commonly known as the Asian tiger mosquito, has become one of the most invasive mosquito species. Over the last 5 decades, it has been introduced and established in various tropical and temperate regions worldwide. First reported in Europe in 1979 in Albania and later in Italy in 1990, the species is now established in 13 European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) countries and 337 regions (2023). In Portugal, Ae. albopictus was first detected in the Algarve and Penafiel regions in 2017, followed by Alentejo in 2022 and Lisbon in 2023. This mosquito species poses a significant public health risk as a vector for numerous pathogenic viruses, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Methods Aedes albopictus collected in Lisbon in 2023 were analyzed using cytochrome c oxidase I (COX) gene sequencing to understand their genetic relationships. Results Our data indicate that the Ae. albopictus mosquito populations detected in three locations in Lisbon in 2023 correspond to recent but distinct introduction events. Conclusions Although there has been no local transmission of Aedes-transmitted viruses in mainland Portugal to date, the spread of the mosquito and increased international travel increase the risk of Aedes-borne disease outbreaks. The ongoing spread of Ae. albopictus in the country and the confirmed multiple introductions in new locations raise awareness of the need to monitor mosquito vectors to control and prevent autochthonous Aedes-borne disease outbreaks. Graphical Abstract

Given the increasing pressure on water bodies, it is imperative to explore sustainable methodologies for wastewater treatment and reuse. The simultaneous presence of multiples contaminants in complex wastewater, such as the liquid effluents from biogas plants, can compromise biological treatment effectiveness for reclaiming water. Vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands were established as low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment technologies to treat the liquid fraction of digestate from municipal organic waste with metals, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes, to allow its reuse in irrigation. Twelve lab-scale planted constructed wetlands were assembled with gravel, light expanded clay aggregate and sand, testing four different treating conditions (liquid digestate spiked with oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, or ofloxacin, at 100 μg/ L, or without dosing) during 3 months. Physicochemical parameters (pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nutrients, metals, and antibiotics), the microbial communities dynamics (through 16S high-throughput sequencing) and antibiotic resistance genes removal (qPCR) were monitored in influents and effluents. Systems removed 85.8%–96.9% of organic matter (as COD), over 98.1% of ammonium and phosphate ions, and 69.3%–99.4% of nitrate and nitrite ions, with no significant differences between the presence or absence of antibiotics. Removal of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr exceeded 82% in all treatment cycles. The treatment also removed oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine and ofloxacin over 99%, and decreased intl1, tetA, tetW, sul1 and qnrS gene copies. Nonetheless, after 3 months of ofloxacin dosing, qnrS gene started being detected. Removal processes relied on high HRT (14 days) and various mechanisms including sorption, biodegradation, and precipitation. Microbial community diversity in liquid digestate changed significantly after treatment in constructed wetlands with a decrease in the initial Firmicutes dominance, but with no clear effect of antibiotics on the microbial community structure. Removals above 85% and 94% were observed for Streptococcus and Clostridium, respectively. Results suggest that vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands were a suitable technology for treating the liquid digestate to reuse it in irrigation agricultural systems, contributing to the circular bioeconomy concept. However, a more profound understanding of effective wastewater treatment strategies is needed to avoid antibiotic resistance genes dissemination.

Phlebotomine sand flies play a crucial role in both human and veterinary medicine, acting as vectors for Leishmania parasites and most known phleboviruses. In Portugal, the REVIVE program, a comprehensive national surveillance network under the Ministry of Health, has included sand fly surveys since 2016. REVIVE aims to identify existing sand fly species in the country, determine which pathogens are circulating among them, and provide actionable insights for prevention and control measures when necessary. In this way, annually, from May to October, health technicians collect sand flies across mainland Portugal with CDC light traps. The collected sand flies are sent to the Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research for species identification and molecular screening of pathogens. On 21 September 2023, Toscana virus (TOSV), a well-known phlebovirus in the Mediterranean region due to its capacity to cause neurological disease, was detected in a pool of 30 sand flies collected in Algarve, the southernmost region of Portugal. A 668 bp partial sequence of the nucleoprotein gene shows similarity with TOSV strains from Spain. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of TOSV in its vector in this country, having previously only been reported in vertebrate hosts. These findings highlight the important role of ongoing surveillance efforts in monitoring and understanding the dynamics of sand fly-borne diseases in Portugal.

Panicum virgatum and Pennisetum alopecuroides, two non-food bioenergy crops, were evaluated for their capacity to phyto-manage trace metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, and Cu) from municipal solid waste digestate after its application to a marginal soil. For that, 90-day vertical soil column mesocosm (columns with 0.6 × 0.2 m) experiments were carried out to assess 1) the impact of digestate application on the health of marginal soil, 2) plant effect on digestate-borne trace metals’ mobility along the soil profile (measuring total metal levels and fractionation in different soil layers by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and 3) plant growth performance and trace metal (Pb, Zn, and Cu) uptake capacity. The results showed that trace metals were mostly confined in the 0–0.2 m soil horizon over the course of the experimental period, migrating from the digestate-amended soil layer (0–0.1 m) to the layer underneath (0.1–0.2 m) within the first 21 days and remaining stable afterward. No evidence of the trace metals’ mobility to deeper soil layers was detected. Migration of trace metals was reduced in the presence of P. virgatum and P. alopecuroides, suggesting a phytoremediation (phytostabilization) effect. For both plant species, no trace metal accumulation in the roots was observed (bioconcentration factor 1). The growth of both plants was positively affected by municipal solid waste digestate application, which also improved soil quality (increased concentration of total organic carbon and available phosphorus, as well as cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity).

In the Old World, phlebotomine sand flies from the genus Phlebotomus are implicated in the transmission of Leishmania spp. parasites (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and viruses belonging to the genus Phlebovirus (Bunyavirales: Phenuiviridae). Two of the five sand fly species known to occur in Portugal, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Ph. ariasi, the former being the most ubiquitous, are recognized vectors of Leishmania infantum, which causes visceral leishmaniasis, the most prevalent form of leishmaniasis in the country. Phlebotomus perniciosus is also the vector of the neurotropic Toscana virus, which can cause aseptic meningitis. Entomological surveillance is essential to provide fundamental data about the presence of vectors and the pathogens they can carry. As such, and given the lack of data in Portugal, an entomological survey took place in the Algarve, the southernmost region of the country, from May to October 2018. Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed in order to detect the presence of the above-mentioned pathogens in sand fly pools. Not only were both Leishmania parasites and phleboviruses detected during this study, but more importantly, it was the first time their co-circulation was verified in the same sand fly population collected in Portugal.

Introduction: Digestate originating from anaerobic digestion of non-source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is produced abundantly worldwide and generally discarded in landfills. However, it can be a valuable resource for many bioeconomy strategies as land restoration, only if a consolidated understanding of the contaminants’ presence and behaviour in digestate-amended soil is achieved. This study aimed to investigate the fate of trace metals, namely Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr found in the digestate, along the soil profile after digestate application on soil, and the influence that other contaminants as pharmaceutical compounds can have on their behaviour in the soil system.Methods: For that, a 90-day soil column experiment was conducted using a fine loamy sand soil topped with a layer of digestate-amended soil. Digestate-amended soil had a soil to digestate proportion of 14 to 1 (dry weight). Two experimental conditions were tested: soil amended with digestate, and soil amended with digestate spiked with the antidiabetic drug metformin. Soil samples were taken at 4 depths on days 1, 7, 21, 35 and 90, and total trace metals concentrations and fractionation were determined via atomic absorption spectroscopy.Results: Results showed that Zn, Cu, Pb ad Cr initially present in the digestate were transferred from the digestate-amended soil layer to the underlying soil layer over time, although in low amounts. Nevertheless, no transfer was detected to the deeper soil layers. Trace metals in soil were predominantly in immobile and less bioavailable forms associated with clay and silicate mineral groups, whereas in the digestate-amended soil they were in more bioavailable forms, which could be related to metals’ migration in the soil layers below. Results also show that the presence of metformin had no influence on trace metal behaviour, giving insight also on possible interactions with other potentially present contaminants as microplastics.Conclusion: The current study showed that OFMSW digestate can be a promising organic nutrient-rich matrix for land restoration even if it may contain high metals’ concentrations because low metal mobility along the soil profile can be expected.

Designed with the purpose of emphasizing the importance of dance teaching strategies in the cognitive, psychomotor and socio-affective’ harmonious development of the dance student, this article reflects on the concepts underlying the pedagogical-didactic intervention in dance. Thus, this study addresses the teaching styles, as definition and concept, the intervention models and their influence on pre-active teacher decisions, and a comprehensive set of teaching strategies, regarding the dance student or the dance class. Subsequently, the best practices in dance teaching that dance teachers should privilege are summarized, highlighting the best practices of instruction and feedback, of organization/management of the class, and of relational climate/discipline. / Construído com o objetivo de enfatizar a importância das estratégias de ensino no desenvolvimento harmonioso aos níveis cognitivo, psicomotor e socioafetivo do estudante de dança, este artigo reflete sobre os diversos conceitos subjacentes à intervenção pedagógico-didática em dança. Assim, são abordados neste estudo os estilos de ensino, enquanto definição e conceito, os modelos de intervenção e sua influência nas decisões pré-ativas do professor de dança e um conjunto abrangente de estratégias de ensino, tendo em conta o aluno de dança ou a turma. Posteriormente são apresentadas, de modo sintético, boas práticas de intervenção do professor no que respeita às dimensões de ensino de dança, destacando boas práticas de instrução-feedback, de organização/gestão de aula, de clima relacional e de disciplina na aula, e que os professores de dança devem privilegiar.

Abstract Background Mothers’ reports about pregnancy, maternity and their experiences during the perinatal period have been associated with infants’ later quality of attachment and development. Yet, there has been little research with mothers of very preterm newborns. This study aimed to explore mothers’ experiences related to pregnancy, premature birth, relationship with the newborn, and future perspectives, and to compare them in the context of distinct infants’ at-birth-risk conditions. Methods A semi-structured interview was conducted with women after birth, within the first 72 h of the newborn’s life. A total of 150 women participated and were divided in three groups: (1) 50 mothers of full-term newborns (Gestational Age (GA) ≥ 37 weeks; FT), (2) 50 mothers of preterm newborns (GA 32–36 weeks; PT) and (3) 50 mothers of very preterm newborns (GA

Introduction: Toscana virus (TOSV) is an emerging sandfly-borne virus within the Phlebovirus genus. Although most infections caused by this virus present as asymptomatic or with minimal symptomatology, TOSV may emerge as a febrile disease or sporadic cases of neurological disease such as meningitis or meningoencephalitis. This pathogen is distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin, along with the spatial distribution of its recognized sandfly vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. Portugal, after Italy, was the second country considered endemic for this virus, with the first case of acquired infection published in 1985. Although little is known about the circulation of this virus in Portugal, the laboratory diagnosis of TOSV is available at the Centre for Vectors and Infectious Diseases Research of the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (CEVDI/INSA), since 2007. The aim of this study is to report the results of the diagnosis of TOSV at the CEVDI/INSA, between 2009 and 2018. Material and Methods: The diagnosis of TOSV in the CEVDI/INSA is included in the arboviruses and vector-borne neurotropic viruses panels or can be performed, when specified, for TOSV only. Direct detection is made in cerebrospinal fluid samples and is available for TOSV by specific real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by conventional real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for sequencing purposes, if positive. For indirect diagnosis, performed in serum samples, an in-house immunofluorescence assay for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against TOSV is used. A commercial immunofluorescence assay consisting in a mosaic of four phleboviruses is also available, in which, in addition to TOSV, antibody detection for sandfly fever Naples virus, sandfly fever Sicilian virus and sandfly fever Cyprus virus can be done. All diagnostic tests requested by clinicians to the CEVDI/INSA for arboviruses, neurotropic viruses and/or TOSV between January 2009 and December 2018, were included in this study. Results: During the study period, the CEVDI/INSA received samples from 608 patients with diagnostic requests for TOSV. Five acute TOSV infections and one acute sandfly fever Sicilian virus infection were confirmed in serum samples. Three other patients had serological evidence of previous contact with the virus. Two of the six patients with acute infection developed febrile syndrome, and the other four presented with neurological disease: meningitis (n = 2), meningoencephalitis (n = 1) and severe depression of consciousness (n = 1). These infections were most likely acquired in the districts of Faro (3), Lisbon (2) and Setúbal (1). Discussion: In Portugal, the number of laboratory diagnostic requests for TOSV is low when compared to the numbers of requests for other less prevalent vector-borne viruses. The Faro district presented the highest number of TOSV-specific diagnostic requests which seems to indicate a higher level of recognition by clinicians in that region. Febrile syndrome and neurological disease were the clinical manifestations that were present in acute cases. In this study, in addition to the Faro district, recent infections were also detected in the districts of Lisbon and Setúbal. It is probable that TOSV may be distributed throughout the mainland territory since its main vector is present from north to south. In 2017, the sandfly fever Sicilian virus was associated for the first time with human disease in our country, thus alerting to the circulation of this phlebovirus. Conclusion: Even though the number of identified cases in Portugal is low, TOSV circulates and causes disease in our country. The diagnosis of this and other phleboviruses should not be neglected in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndrome and viral meningitis and meningoencephalitis, especially during the warmer months, when the vector’s activity is higher.

Tracking the within-patient evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is key to understanding how this pandemic virus shapes its genome toward immune evasion and survival. In the present study, by monitoring a long-term COVID-19 immunocompromised patient, we observed the concurrent emergence of mutations potentially associated with immune evasion and/or enhanced transmission, mostly targeting the SARS-CoV-2 key host-interacting protein and antigen.

According to ICTV, there are currently 66 known phlebovirus species. More than 40 of these viruses were isolated or detected in phlebotomine sandflies and some of them are known pathogens. In Portugal, information about sandfly-borne phleboviruses is scarce and scattered sandfly-borne diseases are neglected and often not considered in differential diagnoses. The main objective of this work was to gather the existing information and to raise awareness about the circulating phleboviruses in this country. To date, Massilia and Alcube phleboviruses have been isolated from sandflies in southern Portugal. Human infections with Toscana and Sicilian phleboviruses have been reported, as well as seroprevalence in cats and dogs. More studies are needed in order to understand if the viruses isolated during the entomological surveys have an impact on human health and to fully understand the real importance of the already recognized pathogens in our country.

A prática de ensino-aprendizagem de danças tradicionais na educação formal, apesar de prever a sua realização longe do ambiente cultural original, deve ser encarado como um fenómeno de conhecimento, enriquecimento e diálogo intercultural e etno-artístico, específico do património tradicional e coreográfico das culturas envolvidas. Ao existir nos curricula da formação inicial universitária e sendo a universidade um espaço plural de formação, integradora de diversidade cultural, nacional e internacional, o ensino das danças tradicionais constitui-se como uma área de investigação, de prática em contexto e de aprendizagem colaborativa do repertório tradicional e comunitário através de novas, contemporâneas e dinâmicas narrativas etnocoreográficas, inclusivas e integradoras das culturas comunitárias envolvidas.

Aedes albopictus, along with Ae. aegypti, are key arbovirus vectors that have been expanding their geographic range over the last decades. In 2017, Ae. albopictus was detected for the first time at two distinct locations in Portugal. In order to understand how the Ae. albopictus populations recently introduced in Portugal are genetically related and which is their likely route of invasion, we performed an integrative cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI)- and mitogenome-based phylogeographic analysis of mosquitoes samples collected in Portugal in 2017 and 2018 in the context of the global Ae. albopictus diversity. COI-based analysis (31 partial sequences obtained from 83 mosquitoes) revealed five haplotypes (1 to 5), with haplotype 1 (which is widely distributed in temperate areas worldwide) being detected in both locations. Haplotypes 2 and 3 were exclusively found in Southern region (Algarve), while haplotype 4 and 5 were only detected in the North of Portugal (Penafiel, Oporto region). Subsequent high discriminatory analyses based on Ae. albopictus mitogenome (17 novel sequences) not only confirmed a high degree of genetic variability within and between populations at both geographic locations (compatible with the Ae. albopictus mosquito populations circulating in Europe), but also revealed two mitogenome mutational signatures not previously reported at worldwide level. While our results generally sustain the occurrence of multiple introduction events, fine mitogenome sequence inspection further indicates a possible Ae. albopictus migration within the country, from the Northern introduction locality to the Southern region. In summary, the observed scenario of high Ae. albopictus genetic diversity in Portugal, together with the detection of mosquitoes in successive years since 2017 in Algarve and Penafiel, points that both Ae. albopictus populations seem to be already locally established, as its presence has been reported for three consecutive years, raising the public health awareness for future mosquito-borne diseases outbreaks.

In the last two decades, molecular surveys of arboviruses have enabled the identification of several new viruses, contributing to the knowledge of viral diversity and providing important epidemiological data regarding possible new emerging viruses. A combination of diagnostic assays, Illumina sequencing and phylogenetic inference are here used to characterize two new Massilia phlebovirus strains isolated from sandflies collected in the Arrábida region, Portugal. Whole genome sequence analysis enabled their identification as reassortants and the recognition of genomic variants co-circulating in Portugal. Much is still unknown about the life cycle, geographic range, evolutionary forces and public health importance of these viruses in Portugal and elsewhere, and more studies are needed.

We report a case of a laboratory-confirmed Dengue and Chikungunya viruses co-infection imported from India to Portugal in early November 2016. The patient developed fever, retro-orbital pain and generalized myalgia after returning from Delhi, Jaipur, Agra, Rishikesh, Goa and Mumbai. This case highlights the importance of these arboviruses to public health in India where high rates of co-infection have been reported in the last few years, and demonstrates how challenging the laboratory diagnosis of imported co-infection cases can be in non-endemic areas.

Pretende-se com a presente reflexão traçar o percurso da formação e do ensino da dança no ensino oficial português, quer ao nível do ensino público (básico e secundário) quer ao nível do ensino privado e cooperativo (vocacional e profissional). Analisam-se as diferenças entre ensino genérico, especializado e artístico, no que concerne à dança no Sistema educativo e destaca-se a investigação desenvolvida pela Faculdade de Motricidade Humana no domínio da dança, na educação formal, não formal e informal. Conclui-se que o ensino, não superior, da dança em Portugal cresceu exponencialmente na última década; que no ensino vocacional a Escola de Dança do Conservatório Nacional constitui o principal referencial; que no ensino artístico especializado a formação contínua dos docentes mantém-se frágil e que no ensino genérico, a formação inicial dos docentes que lecionam dança mantém-se insuficiente. Evidencia-se a necessidade de alterar as concepções e as representações educativas/formativas da dança no ensino genérico, de aumentar a oferta de cursos ou disciplinas de natureza artística e, ainda de expandir as escolas com ensino artístico especializado no ensino genérico.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a highly contagious viral tick-borne disease with case-fatality rates as high as 50%. We describe a collaborative evaluation of the characteristics, performance, and on-site applicability of serologic and molecular assays for diagnosis of CCHF. We evaluated ELISA, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and low-density macroarray assays for detection of CCHF virus using precharacterized archived patient serum samples. Compared with results of local, in-house methods, test sensitivities were 87.8%–93.9% for IgM serology, 80.4%–86.1% for IgG serology, and 79.6%–83.3% for genome detection. Specificity was excellent for all assays; molecular test results were influenced by patient country of origin. Our findings demonstrate that well-characterized, reliable tools are available for CCHF diagnosis and surveillance. The on-site use of such assays by health laboratories would greatly diminish the time, costs, and risks posed by the handling, packaging, and shipping of highly infectious biologic material.

Com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos de métodos diferenciados de organização pedagógica relativamente à aprendizagem de habilidades sequenciadas de dança elaborámos uma sequência com 45 habilidades de dança moderna e aplicámos dois instrumentos de verificação: um teste motor, relativo a 9 habilidades critério retiradas da sequência e uma lista de verificação da tarefa. Analisámos, também, o grau de satisfação do aluno durante a intervenção, utilizando para o efeito o questionário de perceção do conforto (Jenkins & Byra, 2000). As 69 alunas de dança com 18.10±4.26 ( ±SD) anos aprenderam a sequência (com 16x8tps+4tps, 4 frases de movimento e a duração de 1 minuto) em 4 sessões efetivas de ensino-aprendizagem e recordaramna 26 dias depois. As participantes distribuíram-se por 3 grupos segundo o tipo de estratégia: 1 - prática pelo todo, 2 - prática por partes (segmentação/encadeamento) e 3 - sem definição de estratégia (grupo de controlo). Os resultados apontam para uma superioridade significativa da estratégia pelo todo na reprodução do padrão motor, na qualidade de desempenho e na sincronização rítmica, apenas na fase inicial da aquisição, atenuando-se as diferenças ao longo da intervenção. Apesar desta evolução inicial mais rápida observada na estratégia global, notamos que ambas as estratégias permitem aos alunos uma retenção consistente das habilidades sequenciadas de dança, acompanhada de uma perceção de conforto positiva na prática.

Toscana virus (Phlebovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) is a neurotropic virus which circulates in the Mediterranean Basin. Although Portugal has been the second country where its presence was reported, the existence of this virus in our country has been referred only sporadically, and there is a lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence of antibodies in the population. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antibodies anti-Toscana virus in the human population in our country. Sero-epidemiological investigations were performed with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The study population consisted of a control population (blood donors, n=150), a population considered at risk (n=236) and a population of individuals with symptoms and laboratory diagnostic request for vector-borne viruses. The latter population was divided into two groups: those individuals with neurological symptoms (n=165) and those without neurological symptoms (n=373). We tested sera from a total of 924 individuals. The seroprevalence of IgG antibodies in the control population was 2%. In the population considered at risk, the prevalence was 3.4%. In the population with central nervous system disease, we detected a seroprevalence of 4.2%. For the same type of antibodies and in subjects without central nervous system disease, the prevalence was 1.3%. Five cases of recent infection (3%) were detected in the population with neurological signs. Those infections have been acquired in the districts of Faro, Coimbra, Aveiro and Lisbon. The associated clinical diagnoses were meningitis, meningoencephalitis and rash. The observed seroprevalences were, in general, lower than reported in other endemic countries. Only 5 of the 29 sera which gave positive results by IFA and ELISA were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization tests with the Italian strain ISS.Phl.3. This can indicate the presence of more than one Toscana virus serotype circulating in Portugal and emphasizes the need for more research about this etiological agent in our country.

Viruses from the Phlebovirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) are arboviruses that can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes (Rift Valey virus) or by sandflies. In phleboviruses group we can find the etiological agents for Sandfly Fever (SF) that is spread in the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, Pakistan and India. In Portugal, the importance of phleboviruses to the Public Health is recognized because there have been detected cases of Toscana virus infection wich is responsible for severe cases of SF that involve encephalitis/meningitis. On the other hand, Phlebotomus perniciosus, one of Toscana virus vectors, is widespread in Portugal.

Resumo Neste estudo são comparadas a interação e a linguagem dirigida aos filhos(as) pelos pais e mães, para analisar as diferenças e semelhanças entre as díades. Para o efeito, foram videogravadas durante uma situação de brincadeira livre 80 díades - 40 crianças (25 meninas e 15 meninos) de 15 meses em interação com os respetivos pai e mãe. Os resultados revelam que não há diferenças significativas na forma de os pais e as mães interagirem com seus filhos e filhas. Contudo, observam-se diferenças na linguagem dirigida às crianças por pais e mães, em particular em comportamentos de nomeação e avaliação positiva. Para além das diferenças são de sublinhar correlação positiva quer na interação, quer na comunicação de pais que coabitam.