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Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

Introduction Heart rate variability (HRV) serves as a non-invasive marker to assess autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation on cardiac rhythm. Its link with sleep quality, particularly in the context of insomnia, posits HRV as a potential indicator of autonomic state variations during sleep disturbances. The prevalence of insomnia, affecting up to 20% of the general population, emphasizes the need to understand its extensive impact. Material and Methods For this review - 41 relevant titles from 1985 to 2024 were selected Analysis of the Literature: Recent studies highlight a bidirectional relationship between insomnia and ANS function, with increased sympathetic activity indicated by physiological and subjective measures in individuals with insomnia. The role of medications like beta-blockers in disrupting ANS and leading to sleep deprivation further connects measurable and perceived aspects of sleep quality, impacting health negatively. Moreover, HRV's application has expanded beyond professional athletics to daily activity and sleep quality monitoring by the general population, emphasizing its potential in evaluating stress and training intensity. Conclusion: The complex interplay between HRV, insomnia, and health outcomes necessitates further research. However, integrating HRV measurements into clinical and everyday monitoring may offer a promising avenue for improving sleep disorder management and enhancing quality of life.

Autism is an abnormality in functioning that influences how people interact with others, communicate, learn new things and behave. According to the WHO, autism already occurs in 1 in 100 children. Although it affects people of all ages it is mostly diagnosed in children. This makes the essence of autism management to support the child's development. Autism Syndrome Disorder (ASD) has become a target of research and interest in modern medicine, especially psychiatry pediatrics and psychology. Help and support during the development of a child with ASD have big influence in alleviating symptoms and developing functioning. The multitude of modern therapies makes it available to provide comprehensive care for the child. According to a recent analysis, therapies such as music therapy have positive effects. They can boost a child's communication, interpersonal, social and language skills. They improve the child's overall functioning which converts into his quality of life in adulthood. The profits of occupational or individual therapies are a new case in the context of people with ASD. It requires more extensive randomized studies, but it offers great hope and optimism for the improvement of therapies and a multifaceted support system for children with ASD.

INTRODUCTION: Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS) represent a heterogeneous group of diseases associated with the presence of neoplasm. The appearance of PNS can precede cancer diagnosis. The estimated frequency amongst cancer patients is about 1%. Malignant tumors represent a serious health problem and are the second leading cause of death in Poland. The aim of this study is to collect information about PNS focusing on cancers mostly diagnosed in Polish adults. REVIEW METHODS: The analysis was conducted based on information regarding PNS gathered from PubMed and Google Scholar within the context of selected cancers. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: PNS develop from an autoimmune reaction in which onconeural antibodies are produced. The recent classification divides PNS to high risk, indicating a likely paraneoplastic origin and intermediate risk, if this association is less evident. Diagnosis is difficult and usually relies on exclusion methods. The symptoms described are non-specific and the diagnostic process may require the involvement of various specialists. The main approaches include cancer treatment, especially tumor removal and immunotherapy, which in certain may prove to be effective. SUMMARY: Although PNS is relatively rare, its detectability has recently increased. Many syndromes are especially associated with lung cancer (mainly small cell carcinoma). Breast and prostate cancers have also shown associations with certain syndromes. They can present with nonspecific symptoms related to different organ systems. Awareness and understanding of this phenomenon can be helpful amongst many specialists.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

Introduction and aim. This study investigates the relationship between heart failure (HF) and insomnia, focusing on this two-way association’s clinical significance, epidemiology, and management. Material and methods. Literature available in November 2023 was searched using Pubmed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Europe PMC with keywords associated with Heart Failure, Insomnia, and related pharmaceuticals. 69 articles were included. Analysis of the literature. Insomnia is associated with higher mortality and a potential risk of sudden cardiac death, particularly in individuals with HF. Treatment is challenging and side effects can worsen the symptoms of HF. The use of benzodiazepines in HF patients raises concerns about cardiovascular risks, prompting the exploration of other medications like nonbenzodiazepines, antidepressants with sedative effects, and histamine receptor antagonists. On the other hand, HF is also a condition that affects sleep quality. Drugs including ACE-I, beta-blockers, MRA, and SGLT2i are essential for its treatment. Some of them may have an impact on the intensity of insomnia. Conclusion. Considering the impact of insomnia medications on heart failure outcomes and vice versa is necessary. It is important to consider all aspects when treating these two conditions simultaneously.

Pilates exercise method, characterized by its holistic approach, underscores core stability, strength, and flexibility, coupled with meticulous muscle control, optimal posture, and focused attention on breathing. Widely embraced in both general and clinical fitness realms, this study aims to evaluate the integration of Pilates into physical therapy practices for patients with neurological disorders. Existing studies indicate the potential efficacy of Pilates in diverse rehabilitation contexts. However, neurological disorders, specifically multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson's disease (PD), have been the primary focus. While systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest Pilates as a plausible option in physiotherapy for PD and MS patients, a paucity of research on this subject necessitates a comprehensive review of recent original studies. Analysis of gathered data suggests that Pilates, when incorporated, may yield benefits for patients with various neurological disorders. Consideration of Pilates as a supplementary element to physical activity for those with PD and MS emerges as a reasonable proposition. The study also encourages contemplation of Pilates in rehabilitation research across a broader spectrum of neurological disorders. Subsequent investigations, incorporating relevant considerations, will contribute to a nuanced understanding of Pilates' potential benefits and its comparative advantages over traditional interventions for neurological disorders.

INTRODUCTION: Dermatological diseases are a common clinical problem in medical practice. Various groups of medications are used in their treatment. Psychiatric disorders also present a significant challenge for modern medicine, some of them may have iatrogenic origins. This study analyzes drugs used in dermatological diseases and their impact on mental health. REVIEW METHODS: This review of the literature collects data from PubMed and Google Scholar about medications used for treating dermatological conditions and their potential impact on mental health. THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE: Acyclovir, valacyclovir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, tetracyclines, retinoids, glucocorticoids, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, dapsone and methotrexate are mentioned in the literature as possible, but rare causes of the onset /exacerbation of various psychiatric symptoms. Comparing to general population, patients with skin disorders suffer more often from depression and anxiety. Those two diseases are mentioned most frequently in the context of psychiatric side effect of drugs discussed in the article. SUMMARY: Psychiatric side effects of drugs used in dermatology are not common. However, given the rising incidence of mental health disorders worldwide, it is important to be aware of them.

Introduction and purpose: This publication is a review of research on potential risk factors for the development of autism and autistic behaviour in children. The purpose of this review is to spread knowledge and awareness of autism syndrome disorder. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Autism syndrome disorder is a neurological and developmental brain disorder. It is characterized by problems with social relationships and communication as well as narrow and repetitive behaviours and interests. The causes of autism spectrum disorder are still not fully understood and pose a challenge to modern medicine. Numerous studies find causes in fetal life and the course of pregnancy, genetic conditions and mutations, environmental risk factors or vaccination. Many theories about the causes of autism require more extensive and thorough research, for which some beliefs have been overturned, such as the search for links between autism spectrum disorder and childhood vaccination. At this point, the role of genetic mutations in the occurrence of autism in children can be confirmed with certainty. Causes are particularly looked for in fetal life and prenatal factors. One theory relates to the activation of the mother's immune system, her production of cytokine and pro-inflammatory factors that affect the development of the fetal nervous system. Results and conclusions: In our review, we aim to present the risk factors that can most significantly influence the development of ASD. These factors include genetics, prenatal diet, smoking during pregnancy, maternal intake of antidepressants, infections during pregnancy, other pregnancy and maternal factors, parental age, various paternal risk factors, lack of breastfeeding, and environmental factors. Some factors need more research for a comprehensive understanding, while others, like breastfeeding and non-smoking during pregnancy, are well-studied and require promotion to reduce the risk of the disorder.

Introduction and Purpose: Vision originates in the eye's retina, a complex structure essential for processing visual information. The connection between nutritional inadequacy, particularly vitamin deficiencies, and overall health, including ocular health, has long been acknowledged. Recent studies highlight the potential impact of vitamin D, a crucial nutrient, on retinal health. The aim is to investigate the association between low levels of vitamin D and retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), and to evaluate the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation or lifestyle changes for at-risk patients. Description of the State of Knowledge: AMD, a significant cause of blindness in the elderly, involves factors like oxidative stress and inflammation. Various stages of AMD require different treatments, with limited options for advanced stages. DR, a complication of diabetes, leads to conditions such as retinal ischemia and neovascularization. Both conditions are potentially influenced by vitamin D levels. Studies show mixed results regarding the impact of vitamin D on these diseases. Some suggest lower levels may increase risk, while others report no significant effect or even contradictory findings. Conclusions: While some studies indicate a potential association between low vitamin D levels and the occurrence of retinal diseases, discrepancies exist in the findings. Lower vitamin D concentrations may be linked to a higher frequency of AMD and DR, but the evidence is not consistent across all studies. Therefore, a more in-depth exploration of this subject is warranted to draw conclusive insights. It is crucial to consider supplementation or dietary changes in cases of vitamin D deficiency, given its potential impact on systemic health.