Search

Pretendemos nesse trabalho resgatar a unidade e o marxismo de Antonio Gramsci, a coerência de análise, mesmo nos fragmentos dos seus Cadernos, a constância dos temas retomados em um contexto unitário profundo, para compreender o retrocesso orgânico que estamos vivenciando no Brasil atual e na América Latina como um todo. Uma parcela da chamada esquerda brasileira é influenciada pelo marxismo de Antonio Gramsci, utilizando-se de suas categorias para interpretar a realidade brasileira, conceitos esses que sofreram interpretações diversas, desviando-se muitas vezes da formulação gramsciana. Carlos Nelson Coutinho é o principal divulgador e tradutor das obras gramscianas em nosso país. Havia também um grupo de renovadores no Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), os chamados gramscistas, no início da década de 1980, que traduzem Gramsci e se utilizam de seus conceitos para analisar a realidade brasileira e assim propor uma “nova” estratégia para o Partido. O marxismo brasileiro rompia com o stalinismo no campo filosófico e na sociologia da cultura, mas não no campo político. Por outro lado, com o início da década de 1980, o gramscismo no Brasil tem como interpretação a orientação do Partido Comunista italiano, defendendo a democracia como estratégia e analisando-a como um valor universal, conforme orientação de Enrico Berlinguer, chefe do partido italiano. Estudaremos o debate que ocorre em 1980, no interior do PCB, discutindo estratégia e democracia, o que faremos para avaliar uma questão de práxis ainda fundamental para a esquerda brasileira, os conceitos de democracia e revolução gramscianos, que é também a questão central para a esquerda contemporânea. Para essa análise, é fundamental retornar ao marxismo de Gramsci e à sua obra, e retomar conceitos básicos de sua estratégia para a revolução comunista, o que possibilita uma análise crítica do eurocomunismo europeu e seus braços no Brasil, com as consequências atuais do recrudescimento conservador e o perigo da retomada dos grupos políticos de direita, e fascistas, em nosso país. Palavras-chave: Democracia – Estratégia - Revolução

Legionella pneumophila is the cause of Legionnaires’ disease, a life-threatening pneumonia that occurs after inhalation of aerosolized water containing the bacteria. Legionella growth occurs in stagnant, warm-to-hot water (77°F–113°F) that is inadequately disinfected. Piped hot spring water in Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas, USA, has naturally high temperatures (>135°F) that prevent Legionella growth, and Legionnaires’ disease has not previously been associated with the park or other hot springs in the United States. During 2018–2019, Legionnaires’ disease occurred in 5 persons after they visited the park; 3 of these persons were potentially exposed in spa facilities that used untreated hot spring water. Environmental testing revealed Legionella bacteria in piped spring water, including 134°F stagnant pipe water. These findings underscore the importance of water management programs to reduce Legionella growth in plumbing through control activities such as maintaining hot water temperatures, reducing stored water age, and ensuring adequate water flow.

Anaphylaxis in pregnancy is rare but can potentially be associated with significant morbidity and mortality for the mother, fetus and neonate. With appropriate and timely management, even severe anaphylaxis can be managed with excellent maternal and fetal outcomes.The aim of this article is to provide an illustrative case and highlight current recommendations for diagnosis and management of acute maternal anaphylaxis, which have recently been reviewed and developed into a guideline by the Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy.An understanding of management of anaphylaxis in pregnancy is essential knowledge in the general practice setting. The recommended dosage and administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) for anaphylaxis is the same in pregnant and non-pregnant patients: 0.5 mg adrenaline intramuscularly in the mid-outer thigh (or dose of 0.01 mg/kg if50 kg). The use of adrenaline in maternal anaphylaxis is supported by various international guidelines.

Objective This review aims to describe the scope and operational features of global registries for anaphylaxis and assess their contribution to improving knowledge and care of anaphylaxis by measuring their research output. Introduction The incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing around the world. Structured reporting systems, such as patient registries, are needed to better understand the burden of anaphylaxis and protect the growing number of allergic patients. Inclusion criteria The concept to be mapped is registries across the world that enroll patients who have experienced anaphylaxis. Published and gray literature sources will be considered if they describe the scope and operational features of anaphylaxis registries. Only full-text studies published in English will be included. There will be no date restriction. Methods The JBI methodology for scoping reviews will be followed. Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and CINAHL will be searched from inception date for relevant articles. Identified keyword and index terms will be adapted for searches of gray literature sources, using Google advanced search functions. The authors and developers of identified registries will be contacted, where possible, to obtain additional information about the development and structure of systems. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers. Any discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. Tables and a narrative summary will be used to describe and compare the scope and features of anaphylaxis registries and outline their output to assess their contribution to research, clinical practice, and public health policy for anaphylaxis.

Regional and national legislation mandates the disclosure of “priority” allergens when present as an ingredient in foods, but this does not extend to the unintended presence of allergens due to shared production facilities. This has resulted in a proliferation of precautionary allergen (“may contain”) labels (PAL) that are frequently ignored by food-allergic consumers. Attempts have been made to improve allergen risk management to better inform the use of PAL, but a lack of consensus has led to variety of regulatory approaches and nonuniformity in the use of PAL by food businesses. One potential solution would be to establish internationally agreed “reference doses,” below which no PAL would be needed. However, if reference doses are to be used to inform the need for PAL, then it is essential to characterize the hazard associated with these low-level exposures. For peanut, there are now published data relating to over 3000 double-blind, placebo-controlled challenges in allergic individuals, but a similar level of evidence is lacking for other priority allergens. We present the results of a rapid evidence assessment and meta-analysis for the risk of anaphylaxis to a low-level allergen exposure for priority allergens. On the basis of this analysis, we propose that peanut can and should be considered an exemplar allergen for the hazard characterization at a low-level allergen exposure. Resumen: La legislación regional y nacional exige la divulgación de alérgenos "prioritarios" cuando están presentes como ingrediente en los alimentos, pero esto no se extiende a la presencia involuntaria de alérgenos debido a instalaciones de producción compartidas. Esto ha dado lugar a una proliferación de etiquetas de precaución para alérgenos ("pueden contener") (PAL) que los consumidores alérgicos a los alimentos suelen ignorar. Se han hecho intentos para mejorar la gestión del riesgo de alérgenos para informar mejor el uso de PAL, pero la falta de consenso ha llevado a una variedad de enfoques regulatorios y a la falta de uniformidad en el uso de PAL por parte de las empresas alimentarias. Una posible solución sería establecer “dosis de referencia” acordadas internacionalmente, por debajo de las cuales no se necesitaría PAL. Sin embargo, si se van a utilizar dosis de referencia para informar la necesidad de PAL, entonces es esencial caracterizar el peligro asociado con estas exposiciones de bajo nivel. Para el maní, ahora hay datos publicados relacionados con más de 3000 desafíos doble ciego controlados por placebo en individuos alérgicos, pero falta un nivel similar de evidencia para otros alérgenos prioritarios. Presentamos los resultados de una evaluación rápida de la evidencia y un metanálisis del riesgo deanafilaxia a una exposición a alérgenos de bajo nivel para alérgenos prioritarios. Sobre la base de este análisis, proponemos que el cacahuete puede y debe considerarse un alérgeno ejemplar para la caracterización del peligro en una exposición a un alérgeno de bajo nivel. Instituto de Investigación de Tecnología de Alimentos Fil: Turner, Paul J. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Patel, Nandinee. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Ballmer-Weber, Barbara K. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Ballmer-Weber, Barbara K. Clínica de Dermatología y Alergología. Kantonsspital; Suiza. Fil: Baumert, Joe L. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Blom, W. Marty. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Brooke-Taylor, Simon. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Brough, Helen. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Brough, Helen. King's College London. Departamento de Alergia Pediátrica; Reino Unido. Fil: Campbell, Dianne E. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Campbell, Dianne E. Tecnologías DBV. Montrouge; Francia. Fil: Chen, Hongbing. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Chinthrajah, R. Sharon. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Crevel, René W.R. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Dubois, Anthony E.J. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Ebisawa, Motohiro. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Elizur, Arnon. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Elizur, Arnon. Universidad de Tel Aviv. Facultad de Medicina Sackler. Departamento de Pediatría; Israel. Fil: Gerdts, Jennifer D. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Gowland, M. Hazel. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Houben, Geert F. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Hourihane, Jonathan O.B. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Knulst, André C. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: La Vieille, Sébastien. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: López, María Cristina. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Mills, E.N. Clare. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Polenta, Gustavo Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Tecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Fil: Polenta, Gustavo Alberto. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Purington, Natasha. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Said, María. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Sampson, Hugh A. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Sampson, Hugh A. Escuela de Medicina Icahn. División de Alergia e Inmunología Pediátricasen. Nueva York. Estados Unidos de América. Fil: Schnadt, Sabine. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Södergren, Eva. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Södergren, Eva. ThermoFisher Scientific; Suecia. Fil: Taylor, Stephen L. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Remington, Benjamin C. Imperial College London. Instituto Nacional del Corazón y los Pulmones; Reino Unido. Fil: Remington, Benjamin C. Grupo BV. Consultoría Remington; Holanda.

Food-allergic consumers encounter inadequate, confusing, and ambiguous allergen information for packaged and unpackaged foods. Key Australian and New Zealand allergy organizations convened multiple forums to facilitate discussions among consumers, food manufacturers, food retailers, regulatory bodies, researchers, and health professionals to develop a unified approach to improving food allergen management. The following stakeholder consensus statement provides a foundation for advocacy for improved food allergen management and safety. It is the responsibility of consumers to: 1. declare their food allergies and read food labels (including ingredient lists and allergen declaration statements), and 2. ultimately make their own judgment about the foods they choose to consume. We consider that to enable consumers to make informed decisions about their safety, It is the responsibility of packaged food manufacturers to: 1. follow robust allergen management practices including quantitative risk assessment, and 2. use clear, consistent labeling to inform consumers about that food's allergen content, including the possible presence of unintended allergens. It is the responsibility of food service establishments and providers to: 1. follow robust allergen management practices, and 2. ensure that staff understand and can inform consumers about the allergen content of the food they provide, including the possible presence of unintended allergens.

Background: Guidelines for management of patients with allergic conditions are available, but the added value of nurses, allied health care professionals (AHPs) and general practitioners (GPs), in the management of allergic disease has not been fully clarified. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) appointed a task force to explore this issue. Aim: To investigate the added value of nurses, AHPs and GPs in management of allergic diseases, in an integrated model of care. Methods: A search was made of peer-reviewed literature published between 2010 and December 2020 (Cochrane Library, PubMed, and CINAHL) on the involvement of the various specific health care providers (HCPs) in the management of allergic diseases. Results: Facilitative models of care for patients with allergies can be achieved if HCP collaborate in the diagnosis and management. Working in multidisciplinary teams (MDT) can increase patients’ understanding of the disease, adherence to treatment, self-care capabilities, and ultimately improve quality of life. The MDT competencies and procedures can be improved and enhanced in a climate of mutual respect and shared values, and with inclusion of patients in the planning of care. Patient-centered communication among HCPs and emphasis on the added value of each profession can create an effective integrated model of care for patients with allergic diseases. Conclusion: Nurses, AHPs, and GPs, both individually and in collaboration, can contribute to the improvement of the management of patients with allergic disease. The interaction between the HCPs and the patients themselves can ensure maximum support for people with allergies.

Background Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a serious acute demyelinating disease, an increased risk of which was found after the 1976 swine flu vaccinations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in collaboration with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, has been conducting active surveillance for GBS after influenza vaccinations of Medicare Fee-For-Service beneficiaries since 2009. Methods We conducted active surveillance for GBS claims in the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 influenza seasons using the Updating Sequential Probability Ratio Test (USPRT) to monitor for signals of GBS risk. We performed self-controlled risk interval (SCRI) analyses at the end of both seasons, including chart confirmation in the 2015–2016 season, to estimate the odds ratio of GBS risk. We used 1–42 and 8–21 days post-vaccination as primary and secondary risk windows, respectively, and 43–84 days post-vaccination as the control window. Results Over 13 million beneficiaries were vaccinated in each season. USPRT found a low magnitude signal for GBS in both seasons. SCRI analyses did not find excess GBS risk following any influenza vaccine for days 1–42 post-vaccination in either season. In the 2015–2016 season, for the 8–21 day window, our chart-confirmation showed an attributable GBS risk of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.16, 1.49) and 1.68 (95% CI: 0.69, 2.41) cases per million vaccinees after all seasonal and high dose (HD) vaccines, respectively, an elevated GBS risk for beneficiaries aged ≥75 years following all seasonal vaccines (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.15, 4.39) and HD vaccine (OR: 3.67, 95% CI: 1.52, 8.85), and an elevated GBS risk for males who received seasonal vaccines (OR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.15, 4.15) and HD vaccine (OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.35, 8.20). The finding of elevated GBS risk with advancing age and in males is consistent with literature; however, a distinction between HD and SD was a new finding. In the 2016–17 season, for the 8–21 day window, attributed cases showed an attributable GBS risk of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.03, 1.61) and 1.11 (95% CI: 0.00, 2.01) cases per million vaccinees after all seasonal and HD vaccines, respectively. We found no excess GBS risk for standard dose vaccines in the 8–21 day window in either season. Conclusions Our primary analysis finding of no excess GBS risk during both seasons was reassuring. The slightly elevated GBS risk, although in the expected range, in the 8–21 day window after all seasonal and high dose vaccines, but not after standard dose vaccines is hypothesis-generating because the difference may be due to vaccine factors such as antigen amount or strains in various seasons or due to host factors.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis, a rare and potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction, can occur after vaccination. OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe reports of anaphylaxis after vaccination made to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) during 1990–2016. METHODS: We identified domestic reports of anaphylaxis within VAERS using a combination of Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activity queries and Preferred Terms. We performed a descriptive analysis, including history of hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis, respiratory allergies, and drug allergies) and vaccines given. We reviewed all serious reports and all nonserious reports with available medical records to determine if they met the Brighton Collaboration case definition for anaphylaxis or received a physician’s diagnosis. RESULTS: During the analytic period, VAERS received 467,960 total reports; 828 met the Brighton Collaboration case definition or received a physician’s diagnosis of anaphylaxis: 654 (79%) were classified as serious, and 669 (81%) had medical records available. Of 478 reports in children aged less than 19 years, 65% were male; childhood vaccines were most commonly reported. Of 350 reports in persons aged 19 years or greater, 80% were female, and influenza vaccines were most frequently reported. Overall, 41% of reports described persons with no history of hypersensitivity. We identified 8 deaths, 4 among persons with no history of hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION: Anaphylaxis after vaccination is rare in the United States and can occur among persons with no history of hypersensitivity. Most persons recover fully with treatment, but serious complications, including death, can occur. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;143:1465–73.)

Food allergies are increasing globally, including numbers of allergens, the sensitization rate, and the prevalence rate. To protect food-allergic individuals in the community, food allergies need to be appropriately managed. This paper describes current Australian food allergen management practices. In Australia, the prevalence of food allergies, the anaphylaxis rate, and the fatal anaphylaxis rate are among the highest in the world. Interagency and stakeholder collaboration is facilitated and enhanced as Australia moves through past, current, and ongoing food allergen challenges. As a result, Australia has been a global leader in regulating the labeling of common allergens in packaged foods and their disclosure in foods not required to bear a label. Moreover, the food industry in Australia and New Zealand has developed a unique food allergen risk management tool, the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling program, which is managed by the Allergen Bureau. This paper summarizes insights and information provided by the major stakeholders involved to protect food-allergic consumers from any allergic reaction. Stakeholders include government; consumer protection, regulation, and enforcement agencies; the food industry; and food allergen testing and food allergen/allergy research bodies in Australia. The ongoing goal of all stakeholders in food allergen management in Australia is to promote best practice food allergen management procedures and provide a wide choice of foods, while enabling allergic consumers to manage their food allergies and reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.

Para compreendermos o momento de crise orgânica que nos envolve nos dias atuais, partamos do que Marx irá definir, no Manifesto do Partido Comunista, como crise de superprodução que, posteriormente, Gramsci irá definir como crise orgânica do sistema. Recebido em 12 de agosto de 2016Aprovado em 13 de setembro de 2016Editado em 15 de dezembro de 2016

One of the main demands for veterinary medical experts is the forensic investigation of crimes against wildlife. In Brazil, most of these crimes are related to the trafficking of wild animals, whose conducts involve the capture, transport and illegal trade of specimens. All these activities also involve various forms of animal mistreatment. This article aims to present the main types of expert examinations used in investigations of wildlife crimes through a retrospective study of records kept by the Criminalistic System of the Brazilian Federal Police in the years 2013 and 2014. The increase in the number of examinations performed in 2014, compared to the year 2013 (86.15%), was mainly focused on identification, mistreatment and investigation of bird ring forgery, reaffirming the importance of these tests in the casuistry of the Federal Police.

Background: The 2010 Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) guidelines are the only Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines for cow's milk allergy (CMA). They indicate oral food challenge (OFC) as the reference test for diagnosis, and suggest the choice of specific alternative formula in different clinical conditions. Their recommendations are flexible, both in diagnosis and in treatment. Objectives & methods: Using the Scopus citation records, we evaluated the influence of the DRACMA guidelines on milk allergy literature. We also reviewed their impact on successive food allergy and CMA guidelines at national and international level. We describe some economic consequences of their application. Results: DRACMA are the most cited CMA guidelines, and the second cited guidelines on food allergy. Many subsequent guidelines took stock of DRACMA's metanalyses adapting recommendations to the local context. Some of these chose not to consider OFC as an absolute requirement for the diagnosis of CMA. Studies on their implementation show that in this case, the treatment costs may increase and there is a risk of overdiagnosis. Interestingly, we observed a reduction in the cost of alternative formulas following the publication of the DRACMA guidelines. Conclusions: DRACMA reconciled international differences in the diagnosis and management of CMA. They promoted a cultural debate, improved clinician's knowledge of CMA, improved the quality of diagnosis and care, reduced inappropriate practices, fostered the efficient use of resources, empowered patients, and influenced some public policies. The accruing evidence on diagnosis and treatment of CMA necessitates their update in the near future.

[1] Parte deste texto foi publicado no livro eletrônico dos anais do XVII Taller Internacional Nueva Ciência Política, na Universidad de la Habana, em Cuba, em 2014. Teatro de Arena de São Paulo: reflexões sobre política, arte e formação Resumo: Pretendemos neste texto analisar o projeto político-pedagógico do Teatro de Arena de São Paulo (1955 – 1972) que nos incita a refletir sobre a relação entre política, arte e formação humana. Nesse sentido analisaremos o alcance de sua obra e de suas críticas político-sociais dentro do contexto histórico e ideológico em que se formou e atuou o Teatro de Arena de São Paulo. Estudaremos a obra do Arena, dentro do quadro de efervescência cultural e política de final dos anos 1950 e década de 1960, e da resistência ao período obscuro da ditadura militar no Brasil. Para que possamos fazê-lo, a análise da influência isebiana com a questão da conscientização, incluindo a obra de Paulo Freire, torna-se fundamental.Palavras-chave: Arte; Política; Educação. The Arena Theatre of São Paulo: reflections about politics art and formation Abstract: In this text, the intention is to analyse the political-pedagogic project of the Arena Theatre of São Paulo (1955-1972), which incites us to reflect about the relationship between the politics, arts and human formation. We will analyse the reach of its work and social- political criticism inside the historical and ideological contest that has formed and acted the Arena Theatre of São Paulo. We will study the work of the Arena, inside the cultural and political effervescence picture in the end of the 1950’s and the decade of 1960’s, including the resistance of the obscure time of the military dictatorship in Brazil. In order to do this, the analysis of the Isebian influence on the question of awereness, including the work of Paulo Freire, has become essential.Keywords: Art; Politics; Education. Teatro di Arena di San Paolo: riflessioni su politica, arte e formazione Lo scopo di questo testo, è l’intenzione di analizzare il progetto politico-pedagogico del Teatro di Arena di San Paolo (1955-1972), che ci incita a riflettere sul rapporto tra la politica, le arti e la formazione umana. Analizzeremo la portata del suo lavoro e di critica politico-sociale all’interno del contesto storico e ideologico in cui si è formato e in che abbia agito il Teatro di Arena di San Paolo. Studieremo il lavoro dell’Arena, all’interno del quadro dell’ effervescenza culturale e politica dalla finedel 1950 e nel decennio del 1960, come resistenza al tempo oscuro della ditatura militare in Brasile. Per poter farlo, l’analisi dell’influenza del ISEB sulla questione della consapevolezza, compreso il lavoro di Paulo Freire, è diventato essenziale. Parole chiave: Arte; Politica; Educazione. Data de registro: 08/09/2015 Data de aceite: 20/04/2016

No contexto de crise de autoridade, como definia Antonio Gramsci, em que há um avanço da extrema direita em muitos e importantes países do mundo, se instala a questão das minorias, dos preconceitos e das discriminações, da violência sobre elas, como manifestação do comportamento retrógrado e conservador da sociedade individualista e de massas. Para Gramsci, a luta política pela hegemonia no capitalismo contemporâneo é empreendida nasociedade civil, como base para as lutas contra a opressão. É no terreno político-econômico que a superação da condição de subalternidade das minorias se coloca. E a questão feminina está incluída nesse contexto. A reforma intelectual e moral seria a estratégia para que essa superação fosse possível. As mudanças na vida material contemporâneas impulsionam as conquistas femininas e sua afirmação como sujeito histórico, possibilitando uma inserção social e econômica. Mas, como todas as minorias, suas lutas específicas devem estar embasadas pela organização de classes. Gramsci nunca se ocupou especificamente sobre a “questão feminina”. É provável que se possa entender o papel da mulher na sociedade, para Gramsci, ao pensá-la a partir do conceito de “hegemonia” e sua definição de subalternidade e de sua superação. É a análise que pretendemos desenvolver nesse texto.

The aim of these guidelines is to assist staff in school and childcare settings to plan and implement appropriate risk minimisation strategies, taking into consideration the needs of the allergic child, the likely effectiveness of measures and the practicality of implementation. Although these guidelines include risk minimisation strategies for allergic reactions to insect stings or bites, latex and medication, the major focus relates to food allergy. This is due to the higher relative prevalence of food allergy in childhood (compared with other allergic triggers) and the higher likelihood of accidental exposure in these settings. Care of the allergic child in the school, pre-school or childcare settings requires accurate information obtained from parents and carers, staff training in the recognition and management of acute allergic reactions, planning for unexpected reactions (including in those not previously identified as being at risk), age appropriate education of children with severe allergies and their peers, and implementation of practical strategies to reduce the risk of accidental exposure to known allergic triggers. Strategy development also needs to take into account local or regional established legislative or procedural guidelines and the possibility that the first episode of anaphylaxis may occur outside the home. Food bans are not recommended as the primary risk minimisation strategy due to difficulties in implementation and lack of proven effectiveness.

Three studies have analyzed in-flight peanut/tree nut reactions, although the studies were conducted exclusively among Americans.We studied the international in-flight experience and determined the efficacy of certain risk-mitigation strategies.A 47-question on-line survey was distributed through the websites and social media outlets of the member organizations of the Food AllergyAnaphylaxis Alliance. Both persons reporting an in-flight reaction and nonreactors were surveyed to assess details of air travel preparation and any reported reaction. Data were analyzed to determine the association among flying behaviors, reported reactions, and nationality.We found that 349 reactions were reported among 3273 respondents from 11 countries; 13.3% received epinephrine as treatment. Flight crews were notified about 50.1% of reactions. Sixty-nine percent of all respondents reported making a preflight accommodation request, although just 55% of reactors did so compared with 71.6% of nonreactors (P.001). Adjusted odds of epinephrine use were increased with reported gastrointestinal or cardiovascular symptoms or with notifying the crew. Passengers who requested any accommodation, requested a peanut/tree nut-free meal, wiped their tray table, avoided airline pillows or blankets, requested a buffer zone, requested other passengers not consume peanut/tree nut-containing products, or reported not consuming airline-provided food had significantly lower adjusted odds of reporting a reaction.In-flight peanut and tree nut reactions occur internationally. Epinephrine was sparsely used to treat reactions. We identified 8 risk-mitigating behaviors associated with lower odds of a reported reaction. Future study is necessary to further validate the effectiveness of these passenger-initiated risk-mitigating behaviors.

Orientador: Nora Rut Krawczyk Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender, explicar e descrever o interesse de setores empresariais na área da educação. Adotou-se uma abordagem empírica-analítica com a condução de um Estudo de Caso do Programa Bom Aluno, instituição sem fins lucrativos e de direito privado. Buscou-se entender a dinâmica do Programa: a retirada de alunos com bom desempenho escolar das escolas públicas e a viabilização da migração desses às escolas privadas de excelência acadêmica. Verificou-se no decorrer da pesquisa tanto os efeitos positivos na mudança da trajetória escolar familiar dos participantes do Programa, como uma descrença na possiblidade da resolução dos problemas da escola pública por via da administração pública direta. Por conseguinte, verificou-se que os idealizadores do Programa nutrem a crença de que a solução para os problemas atuais da educação brasileira possa estar na parceria público-privado, isto é, no chamado terceiro setor, vinculado tanto à responsabilidade social quanto ao voluntariado empresarial. Entende-se que esse formato de programa social idealizado pelos setores empresariais na área de educação se intensificou no movimento neoliberal no país e não estaria desvinculado de demandas mercadológicas, uma vez que seu ideário se respalda em noções de eficiência e meritocracia, inerentes à lógica da concorrência e da competição entre alunos e famílias, fato que limitaria a construção de justiça social dentro do sistema educacional brasileiro Abstract: This research aims to understand, explain and describe the interest of business sectors in the area of education. An empirical-analytical approach was adopted with the conduction of a Good Student Case Study, a private non-profit institution. The aim was to understand the dynamics of the Program, the withdrawal of students with good academic performance from public schools and the viability of migration to private schools of academic excellence. In the course of the research, both the positive effects on the change in the family school trajectory of the Program participants and the disbelief in the possibility of solving the problems of the public school through direct public administration were verified during the course of the research. In this sense, the ideals of the Program nourish the belief that the solution to the current problems of Brazilian education may be in the partnership relationship between public and private, that is, the so-called third sector linked to social responsibility and corporate volunteering. It is understood on the one hand that this format of social program idealized by the business sectors in the area of education intensified in the neoliberal movement in the country and would not be dissociated from meeting the own logic of market supported in the efficiency and meritocracy, in turn, would not be dissociated from the logic of competition, competition between students and families, which would limit the construction of social justice within the Brazilian educational system. On the other hand, it can be observed to what extent social programs with this format can be transformed into educational public policies, having as justification to save the young talents Mestrado Ciências Sociais na Educação Mestra em Educação

Proposta de um modelo de formação filosófica de jovens do Ensino Médio inspirado na Filosofia da práxis de Gramsci. Formá-los na práxis teria como objetivo a sua elevação cultural, dando-lhes acesso aos códigos dominantes da sociedade em que vivem, o que os faria conhecer seus direitos e deveres e desenvolver a capacidade de exigi-los. Em tal perspectiva, o professor tem como desafios oferecer formação teórica aos seus alunos e educá-los politicamente para a transformação da sociedade.

The aim of these guidelines is to assist staff in school and childcare settings to plan and implement appropriate risk minimisation strategies, taking into consideration the needs of the allergic child, the likely effectiveness of measures and the practicality of implementation. Although these guidelines include risk minimisation strategies for allergic reactions to insect stings or bites, latex and medication, the major focus relates to food allergy. This is due to the higher relative prevalence of food allergy in childhood (compared with other allergic triggers) and the higher likelihood of accidental exposure in these settings. Care of the allergic child in the school, pre-school or childcare settings requires accurate information obtained from parents and carers, staff training in the recognition and management of acute allergic reactions, planning for unexpected reactions (including in those not previously identified as being at risk), age appropriate education of children with severe allergies and their peers, and implementation of practical strategies to reduce the risk of accidental exposure to known allergic triggers. Strategy development also needs to take into account local or regional established legislative or procedural guidelines and the possibility that the first episode of anaphylaxis may occur outside the home. Food bans are not recommended as the primary risk minimisation strategy due to difficulties in implementation and lack of proven effectiveness.

We were ready. When the vehicle arrived at the gate of the Monrovia Medical Unit (known as the MMU) in the late hours of the afternoon, we were already gathered in the donning area. A phone call from the Ministry of Health had alerted us to the new patient’s symptoms and background—fever, headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in a woman who lived and worked in a neighborhood thought to have a high transmission of the Ebola virus. We had been trained to move slowly, deliberately, and carefully in our preparation, and it took about 20 min before the first pair of nurses was fully dressed in their Personal Protective Equipment, including a gown, boots, two sets of gloves, mask, hood, apron, and face shield that would help protect them from the virus. In the hour before the patient’s arrival, we had moved more quickly, slipping in and out through zippered flaps in the olive-colored tents that make up the 25-bed Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU) staffed by Officers of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps in Margibi County, Liberia. The pharmacists gathered the IV fluids and medications that we would likely give. The safety team filled buckets with chlorinated water: 0.05% for skin and 0.5% for everything else. The laboratory team checked that they had the purple tube to collect the blood to test for the virus. When it was time, we lifted the bright orange fencing that separated the donning area from the high-risk area and moved slowly down the short hallway to the Suspect Ward. We washed our gloved hands in chlorinated water from a bucket outside the ward, and then stepped in. She looked sick. She had vomited in the ambulance on the way over. Her face was flushed and sweaty, and the whites of her eyes were injected with red. An Ebola survivor who worked with us had warned us about patients with red eyes—‘‘a bad sign, a bad sign,’’ he had said. The test results came the next morning. She had run a high fever throughout the night, and we were ready for the confirmation of our suspicions. But our Ebola patient did not have Ebola. Instead, she had malaria. In August and September, according to the World Health Organization, at the peak of the epidemic in Liberia, there were over 300 new confirmed Ebola cases per week. Since it began, over 8300 people had been infected, and over 3500 had died (1). Health care workers have been disproportionately affected, with over 800 infections and almost 500 deaths in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea (1). In response to this crisis, the MMU was set up with the mission of providing hope through care to health care workers and responders in Liberia who may be infected with Ebola Virus Disease. Since it opened on November 7, 2014 until the time of writing in mid-January, it has provided care for 36 health care workers, 17 of whom tested positive for Ebola. The MMU is one part of a large international effort to stop the epidemic. The results of this hard Published online: February 18, 2015

* Doutora em Educacao, na area Educacao, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. Professora do Instituto de Filosofia da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Email : anasaid@ufu.br Resumo Procuraremos nesse artigo enfocar a complexa analise de Gramsci ao conceito de “Estado integral”, que Christine Buci Gluksmann denomina de “Estado ampliado”: sociedade politica + sociedade civil, encouracada de coercao. Para isso, nao perderemos de vista a relacao dialetica entre Estado e sociedade que permeia a obra gramsciana. Na verdade, ao refletirmos sobre o alcance da obra gramsciana na compreensao do Estado e da luta pelo poder na sociedade contemporânea, nao poderemos deixar de pensar o conceito de hegemonia neste pensador que se defronta e confronta com o fascismo e com as tendencias autoritarias que incidem sobre a democracia nos tempos atuais. Palavras-chave : Estado. Sociedade civil. Hegemonia. Consenso. Coercao. Abstract We seek in this article to focus on the complex analysis of Gramsci’s concept of the “Integral State”, which Christine Buci-Gluksmann calls “Extended State”: political society + civil society, armored of coercion. For that, we must keep in mind the dialectical relationship between State and society that permeates Gramsci’s work. In fact, when we reflect about the scope of Gramsci’s work on the understanding of State and the fight of the contemporary society for power, we can’t leave behind the concept of hegemony of this thinker, which faces and confronts the fascism and the authoritarian tendencies that affect democracy in current times. Keyword : State. Civil society. Hegemony. Consensus. Coercion. Referencias BUCI-GLUCKSMANN, C. Gramsci e lo Stato: per una teoria materialistica della filosofia. Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1976. CROCE, B. Cultura e vita morale. Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1993. FERRI, F.(Org.). Politica e storia in Gramsci. Roma: Ed. Riuniti & Istituto Gramci, 1977. GRAMSCI, A. Quaderni del carcere: A cura di Valentino Gueratana. 2. ed.,. Edizione Critica dell’Istituto Gramsci. Torino: Ed. Einaudi, 1975.v. 1, 2, 3 e 4. ______. Cartas do carcere. Organizacao de Antonio A. Santucci. Palermo: Ed. Sellerio, 1996. IZZO, F. Democrazia e cosmopolitismo in Antonio Gramsci. Roma: Carocci Ed., 2009. LIGUORI, G. Roteiros para Gramsci. Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ, 2007. MUSCATELLO, B. (Ed.). Gramsci e il marxismo contemporaneo. Traducao de Roberto Della Seta. Roma: Ed. Riuniti, 1990. NARDONE, G. Il pensiero di Gramsci. Bari: De Donato, 1984. VACCA, G. Vida e pensamento de Antonio Gramsci (1926-1937). Brasilia: Fundacao Astrojildo Pereira; Rio de Janeiro: Contraponto, 2012. Data de registro: 10/03/2014 Data de aceite: 23/04/2014

The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines, managing patients with food allergy (FA) in the community, intend to provide guidance to reduce the risk of accidental allergic reactions to foods in the community. This document is intended to meet the needs of early-childhood and school settings as well as providers of non-prepackaged food (e.g., restaurants, bakeries, takeaway, deli counters, and fast-food outlets) and targets the audience of individuals with FA, their families, patient organizations, the general public, policymakers, and allergists. Food allergy is the most common trigger of anaphylaxis in the community. Providing children and caregivers with comprehensive information on food allergen avoidance and prompt recognition and management of allergic reactions are of the utmost importance. Provision of adrenaline auto-injector devices and education on how and when to use these are essential components of a comprehensive management plan. Managing patients at risk of anaphylaxis raises many challenges, which are specific to the community. This includes the need to interact with third parties providing food (e.g., school teachers and restaurant staff) to avoid accidental exposure and to help individuals with FA to make safe and appropriate food choices. Education of individuals at risk and their families, their peers, school nurses and teachers as well as restaurant and other food retail staff can reduce the risk of severe/fatal reactions. Increased awareness among policymakers may improve decision-making on legislation at local and national level.

Appropriate management and prevention of anaphylaxis in the school, pre-school and childcare settings requires advanced planning and communication. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy has developed Guidelines for Prevention of Anaphylaxis in Schools, Pre-schools and Childcare to assist school, pre-school and childcare staff in appropriate implementation of risk-minimisation strategies. Risk-minimisation strategies recommended take into consideration the needs of the allergic child; effectiveness of measures; stresses on parents and staff, the allergic child and their peers; and the implications of the recommended risk-minimisation strategies. These Guidelines address risk-minimisation strategies for food, insect and medication allergies; however, the majority of strategies relate to food allergy due to the higher risk of exposure in these settings. Training in recognition of allergic symptoms (including anaphylaxis), appropriate response and treatment, as well as how to prevent exposure to known allergens are essential for effective anaphylaxis management in the school, pre-school and childcare settings.