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Introdução/Objetivo: Em 2017, o dolutegravir (DTG) passou a ser recomendado com associação com lamivudina (3TC) e tenofovir (TDF) em dose fixa combinada como esquema inicial preferencial em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) iniciando a terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Considerando a crescente utilização do DTG, avaliar adesão à TARV é fundamental para alcançar a supressão viral e minimizar o surgimento de falha virológica (FV). O presente estudo objetiva-se avaliar a adesão em indivíduos iniciando a TARV com DTG e apresentaram FV confirmada pelo teste de genotipagem. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva utilizando informações obtidas pelo linkage entre bancos nacionais de dispensação de antirretrovirais e exames laboratoriais. Foram incluídos os indivíduos que iniciaram a TARV com esquemas contendo DTG e em algum momento do tratamento realizaram troca da TARV entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2019, no Brasil. Dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e relacionados ao tratamento foram obtidos com base nos registros de dados disponibilizados pelo Ministério da Saúde ao Grupo de pesquisa GEADIC. A adesão foi mensurada pela proporção de dias cobertos (PDC >80%) utilizando o cálculo CMA6 que permite mensurar o intervalo de dispensação de antirretrovirais pelo Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (SICLOM) em diferentes intervalos. Os dados laboratoriais de CD4+ e carga viral (CV) foram obtidos pelo Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais (SISCEL) e a FV confirmada pelo teste de genotipagem no Sistema de Controle de Exames de Genotipagem (Sisgeno). Foi utilizado o pareamento probabilístico entre os três bancos e a biblioteca Python FuzzyWuzzy para a deduplicação dos dados. As análises foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS v.22. Resultado: A amostra foi de 12.071 indivíduos, sendo 59,9% do sexo masculino, com idade ≥ a 40 anos (36,1%) da cor parda (38,0%) com média de 8 a 11 anos de estudo (22,7%), sem cônjuge (42,78%), CV-HIV detectável (34,0%), CD4+ > 500 cópias/mL (4,4%). Houve registro de FV em 0,8%. A adesão à TARV foi 68%. O grupo com registro com FV apresentou mais chance de ser não aderente (OR = 1,32), mas não houve significância estatística na associação (IC95%0,93-1,86; p = 0,111). Conclusão: Os resultados encontrados reforçam a necessidade de reconhecer precocemente a falha virológica e demonstram a importância de investigar os fatores associados a não adesão a TARV e ao surgimento de FV no início da TARV.

Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar o impacto no perfil lipídico em pessoas iniciando a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) antes e após o uso da medicação em pacientes atendidos em 03 Centros de Referência da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: O delineamento do estudo foi uma coorte prospectiva na qual foi avaliado como desfecho principal a alteração do lipidograma de PVHIV que estavam iniciando a TARV. Os critérios de inclusão foram: pessoas com HIV, de idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e que apresentavam, qualquer dosagem laboratorial do perfil lipídico completo e/ou fracionado e/ou dos triglicérides, dentro do período de 24 semanas antes e 72 semanas após a dispensação da TARV. Foram considerados critérios de exclusão os indivíduos com algum déficit cognitivo, os privados de liberdade e aqueles em tratamento domiciliar terapêutico. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre setembro de 2015 a outubro de 2017. A dislipidemia foi definida por critérios laboratoriais. O teste qui-quadrado foi usado para variáveis dicotômicas; o teste t student foi utilizado para amostras independentes e testes de pares combinados. Também foram usados os testes não paramétricos de qui-quadrado e Wilcoxon de pares combinados. Em todos os testes, o valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Na avaliação dos 180 indivíduos, observou-se a proporção de dislipidemia antes e após a TARV, por qualquer fração foi de 74,4% pré e 66,7% pós; em relação ao CT foi de 13,3% e 20%, do HDL 63,3% e 50,6%, do LDL 10% e 12,2%; do VLDL 12,8% e 26,7% e do TG 27,2% e 26,7% respectivamente sendo a alteração estaticamente significativa para o HDL (p = 0,014). Foi comparado, por teste pareado, o perfil lipídico, pré e pós TARV, sendo detectado aumento dos valores séricos (mg/dL) do CT e suas frações e do TG, sendo que esse aumento foi estaticamente significativo para o HDL (p < 0,0001). Na avaliação dos 180 indivíduos que apresentavam resultado de exames laboratoriais com perfil lipídico, simultaneamente, no tempo T0 e T48, a presença de dislipidemia tanto pré como pós TARV ocorreu por dislipidemia geral e alteração na fração do HDL. Quando analisado as médias do nível sérico (mg/dL) do perfil lipídico também antes e após a TARV, houve aumento em todas as frações do colesterol, com exceção do LDL.

Introdução/Objetivo: A dieta é um fator de risco modificável para anormalidades metabólicas prevalentes entre as pessoas vivendo com o HIV (PVHIV). Ademais, tem sido descrito que as PVHIV iniciando a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) com dolutegravir (DTG) aumentam o peso corporal. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade da dieta de pessoas iniciando a TARV com DTG atendidas em um serviço de referência em Belo Horizonte-MG. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, que integra o Projeto ECOART. Foram incluídos indivíduos com idade ≥ 18 anos que iniciaram a TARV com DTG entre fevereiro de 2017 e março de 2020. As características sociodemográficas dos indivíduos e as informações sobre a qualidade da dieta foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas face-a-face, nas quais foram aferidos os dados antropométricos. Dados sobre a TARV foram coletados do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos (SICLOM). Dados laboratoriais, como carga viral e contagem de LCD4+, foram obtidos do Sistema de Controle de Exames Laboratoriais (SISCEL). A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada utilizando o Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Associado ao Guia Alimentar Digital (IQD-GAD), baseado em 11 grupos alimentares. As análises descritivas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS v.22. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 148 indivíduos, sendo 135 (91%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39,2 anos (DP = 11,1), tempo médio de uso de TARV de 4,6 anos (DP = 0,6) e 29 (19,6%) apresentavam carga viral > 100.000 cópias/mL no início da TARV. Do total de indivíduos, 71 (48%) estavam com excesso de peso e 36 (24%) estavam com obesidade abdominal. Entre os participantes, 42 (31,8%) estavam com dieta de baixa qualidade e apenas 1 (0,8%) com dieta de boa qualidade. Em geral, o consumo de frutas e hortaliças da população foi baixo, com escores médios de 5,5 e 5,6, respectivamente, sendo 15 a pontuação máxima para este grupo. O consumo de cereais refinados, açúcares e doces foi elevado, com escores médios alcançados pelos participantes de 2,1 sendo 5 a pontuação máxima para ambos os grupos. Conclusão: A qualidade da dieta foi predominantemente intermediária a baixa, com elevado consumo de carboidratos refinados, açúcares e doces, e baixo consumo de hortaliças e frutas. Os resultados evidenciam a importância do acompanhamento nutricional de PVHIV, com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da dieta, como potencial intervenção para prevenir e/ou retardar o início de comorbidades metabólicas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection in people initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. METHODS A sectional section of a prospective cohort study was carried out with people living with HIV, treatment-naive, initiating antiretroviral therapy, older than 16 years, and in follow-up treatment at specialized HIV/Aids care services in Belo Horizonte. Sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, laboratory and pharmacological treatment-related data were obtained through interviews, medical records, and information systems for logistical control of antiretroviral medications and laboratory tests. The dependent variable was the first episode of active syphilis, recorded by the physician in clinical records, within 12 months after beginning of the antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection were assessed using binary multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 459 individuals included, a prevalence of 19.5% (n = 90) of sexually transmitted infections (STI) was observed, with syphilis (n = 49) being the most frequent STI in these individuals. The prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection was 10.6% (n = 49), and the associated independent factors were alcohol use (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.01–5.26), and having a diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections (OR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.24–8.95). CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection in people living with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte. HIV/syphilis co-infection was associated with behavioral and clinical factors, such as alcohol use and diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections. Prior knowledge about the factors associated with this co-infection may support the decisions of health professionals engaged in the care to people living with HIV, with regard to timely diagnosis, guidance, follow-up and adequate treatment, both for syphilis and HIV.

O farmacêutico deve atuar de forma estratégica no controle da tuberculose, por meio do acompanhamento de pacientes durante todo o tratamento. Para isso, deve possuir um nível de conhecimento adequado para as suas atividades. O objetivo com o presente estudo é avaliar o conhecimento sobre tuberculose pelos farmacêuticos que atuavam na Atenção Primária à Saúde em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, mediante a aplicação de questionário semiestruturado e autoaplicável. O instrumento de pesquisa apresentava itens de avaliação de conhecimento nos seguintes domínios: tuberculose, Tratamento Diretamente Observado (TDO), diagnóstico e tratamento. Observou-se que 53 (94,6%) farmacêuticos participaram da pesquisa. A proporção de acertos nas questões relativas ao conhecimento de aspectos da tuberculose variou de 61,8% a 97,1%, com média de 79,6%. A proporção média de acertos foi de 88,0%, 89,9%, 64,6% e 77,7% nos domínios tuberculose, TDO, diagnóstico e tratamento, respectivamente. Os farmacêuticos apresentaram proporção média de acertos acima de 70% nos domínios de conhecimento tuberculose, tratamento e TDO. No entanto, observaram-se lacunas de conhecimento no diagnóstico e esquemas terapêuticos para grupos especiais.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Access to medicines is an important indicator of healthcare system quality and capacity to resolve problems. The healthcare system needs to ensure free access to medicines for elderly people, in order to provide greater effectiveness of disease control, thus reducing morbidity and mortality, and improving health and quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of free access to medication among older adults within primary care and determine the factors associated with free access. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at two primary care units. METHODS: Free access was defined as provision of all medicines through pharmacies within the Brazilian National Health System and through the Brazilian program for free medicines in private pharmacies. We investigated the sociodemographic, clinical, functional and pharmacotherapeutic characteristics of older adults. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with free access to medicines. RESULTS: This study included 227 older adults, among whom 91 (40.1%) had free full access to prescription drugs. A direct association with age ≤ 70 years and indirect associations with polypharmacy and multimorbidity (P < 0.05) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Age ≤ 70 years increases the likelihood of having free full access to medicines, and older adults with multimorbidity and polypharmacy use have a lower likelihood of access. Identification of factors associated with free access to medicines among elderly people provides elements to guide the Brazilian National Health System in implementing access improvement actions.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The concomitant use of antituberculosis and antiretroviral drugs, as well as drugs to treat other diseases, can cause drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to describe potential drug-drug interactions (pDDI) in patients with TB and HIV/AIDS co-infection, as well as to analyze possible associated factors. METHODS: This study was performed in a reference hospital for infectious and contagious diseases in the southeastern region of Brazil and evaluated adult patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. A cross-sectional study was conducted in which sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacotherapeutic characteristics were assessed. The pDDI were identified using the Drug-Reax software. Association analysis was performed using either a chi-squared test or a Fisher’s exact test. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman’s coefficient. RESULTS: The study included 81 patients, of whom 77 (95.1%) were exposed to pDDI. The most frequent interactions were between antituberculosis and antiretroviral drugs, which can cause therapeutic ineffectiveness and major adverse reactions. A positive correlation was established between the number of associated diseases, the number of drugs used, and the number of pDDI. An association was identified between contraindicated and moderate pDDI with excessive polypharmacy and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: We found a high frequency of pDDI, especially among those hospitalized and those with excessive polypharmacy. These findings highlight the importance of pharmacists in the pharmacotherapeutic monitoring in these patients.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess longitudinally the change in quality of life in people living with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in three public reference services specialized in HIV care in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS Prospective cohort study among people living with HIV, aged 18 years or older, and initiating antiretroviral therapy. We obtained sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical data related to pharmacological treatment and to the service by face-to-face interviews, and supplemented these data with information from clinical records and Information Systems of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS Program. We measured the quality of life using the WHOQOL-HIV bref instrument, with a minimum interval of six months between the baseline and the follow-up interviews. We used paired t-test to assess the mean change in quality of life between the two interviewsand evaluated factors associated with this outcome using multiple linear regression. RESULTS The overall quality of life, as well as the physical, psychological, level of independence, environment and spiritual quality of life domains were statistically higher in people living with HIV using antiretroviral therapy at the end of the follow-up. Factors independently associated with the increase in quality of life were having religious belief and living with other people. Having signs or symptoms of anxiety and depression and the number of adverse drug reactions reported were predictors associated with worsening quality of life. CONCLUSIONS These results show an improvement in the quality of life over time in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. They also highlight the need to monitor and provide health care support, especially for individuals with signs and symptoms of anxiety and depression and that report adverse reactions to medicines at the beginning of treatment.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of smoking and evaluate the factors associated with this outcome in people living with HIV (PLHIV). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of a prospective concurrent cohort of 462 individuals initiating antiretroviral therapy at three HIV/AIDS specialized services in Belo Horizonte between 2015 and 2017. The following smoking status were used: current smoker (CS), former smoker (FS) and non-smoker (NS). Multinomial logistic regression was performed with NS as the reference category. RESULTS: Most participants were men (81.4%), young (up to 34 years old; 57.2%) and non-white (75.7%). Of the total number of individuals, 27.7% were CS, 22.9% FS, and 49.4% NS. Most smokers were light smokers (65.1%), consumed up to 10 cigarettes per day and had been smoking for more than 10 years (63.3%), starting on average at 17.2 years of age (SD = 5.1). In the multivariate analysis, higher chances of being CS were associated with: being female, having up to 9 years of schooling, current or prior use of alcohol and illicit drugs (marijuana, cocaine and crack) and presenting signs and/or symptoms of anxiety or depression. Higher chances of being FS were associated with having up to 9 years of schooling and current or prior use of alcohol and illicit drugs (marijuana and crack). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that smoking is highly prevalent among PLHIV, indicating the need for HIV specialized services to prioritize smoking cessation interventions. These interventions should consider the use of alcohol and illicit drugs and be targeted especially to young people, those with low schooling and with signs and/or symptoms of anxiety or depression.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and the associated factors according to the type of regimen used: Single Tablet Regimen or Multiple Tablet Regimen. METHODS Prospective cohort of 440 patients (male, 74.3%, median age, 36 years old) who initiated antiretroviral therapy between Jan/14 and Dec/15 at a referral service in Belo Horizonte. Efficacy was defined as viral suppression (viral load, VL < 50 copies/ml) and evaluated after six and twelve months of treatment. Sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral data were collected from clinical charts and from Information Systems. Multivariate analysis of overall effectiveness was performed by logistic regression. RESULTS Most patients initiated Multiple Tablet Regimen antiretroviral therapy (n = 255, 58%). At six months, overall viral suppression was 74.6%, being higher among patients who used Single Tablet Regimen (80.6%, p = 0.04). At twelve months, 83.2% of patients reached viral suppression, with no difference between groups (p = 0.93). Factors independently associated with viral suppression at six and twelve months varied, being negatively associated with effectiveness: VL ≥ 100,000 copies/ml, symptoms of AIDS, longer interval time between diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, antiretroviral switching, smoking or current illicit drugs usage (p < 0.05). Factors positively associated with viral suppression included adherence to antiretroviral therapy and category of risk/exposure of men who have sex with men (p < 0.05). Reaching viral suppression at six months was the main predictor of effectiveness at one year (OR = 8.96 and p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Viral suppression was high and better results were achieved for patients who used Single Tablet Regimen regimens at six months. Clinical, behavioral, and antiretroviral therapy -related factors influence viral suppression and highlight the need for interventions to increase early diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, patient’s adherence, and to reduce illicit drugs and cigarette smoking in this population.

Trata-se de estudo de corte transversal, realizado mediante a aplicação de questionário em uma amostra aleatória e representativa de 489 agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) a respeito da tuberculose (TB), suas medidas de controle e o tratamento diretamente observado (TDO), em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A proporção média de itens acertados foi de 74,6%. A proporção média de acertos no domínio TB foi 81%; no domínio medidas de controle, 84,1%; e sobre TDO, 59,4%. Verificou-se uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre a identificação de pacientes com TB pulmonar, o público-alvo do TDO, e a técnica adequada para supervisão do tratamento. Foi observada associação entre maior conhecimento e tempo de atuação igual ou superior a três anos (RC = 2,3) e acompanhamento de casos nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista (RC = 1,7). Este trabalho apresentou informações inéditas na literatura científica sobre o nível de conhecimento dos ACS sobre TDO, e poderá subsidiar estratégias destinadas ao aperfeiçoamento das atividades de controle da tuberculose.

Este estudo transversal analisou os fatores de vulnerabilidade social, individual e programática associados ao baixo conhecimento em HIV/AIDS entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). A técnica amostral Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) foi utilizada em dez cidades brasileiras. Os escores de conhecimento em HIV/AIDS foram estimados pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item e categorizados em três níveis: alto, médio e baixo conhecimento. O modelo de regressão logística ordinal foi utilizado para a análise. Dentre os 3.746 HSH, encontrou-se 36,6%, 37,4% e 26% com alto, médio e baixo conhecimento, respectivamente. No modelo final, apresentaram associação com o baixo conhecimento: escolaridade ≤ 8 anos, cor da pele não branca, critério de classe econômica C e D-E, idade < 25 anos, ter somente um parceiro sexual e nunca ter feito o teste anti-HIV. É fundamental melhorar o nível de conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS entre os jovens HSH, com condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis. Intervenções focadas nos fatores de vulnerabilidade programática podem contribuir para a redução dos fatores individual e social.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men in Brazil using the latent trait model estimated by Item Response Theory. METHODS Multicenter, cross-sectional study, carried out in ten Brazilian cities between 2008 and 2009. Adult men who have sex with men were recruited (n = 3,746) through Respondent Driven Sampling. HIV/AIDS knowledge was ascertained through ten statements by face-to-face interview and latent scores were obtained through two-parameter logistic modeling (difficulty and discrimination) using Item Response Theory. Differential item functioning was used to examine each item characteristic curve by age and schooling. RESULTS Overall, the HIV/AIDS knowledge scores using Item Response Theory did not exceed 6.0 (scale 0-10), with mean and median values of 5.0 (SD = 0.9) and 5.3, respectively, with 40.7% of the sample with knowledge levels below the average. Some beliefs still exist in this population regarding the transmission of the virus by insect bites, by using public restrooms, and by sharing utensils during meals. With regard to the difficulty and discrimination parameters, eight items were located below the mean of the scale and were considered very easy, and four items presented very low discrimination parameter (< 0.34). The absence of difficult items contributed to the inaccuracy of the measurement of knowledge among those with median level and above. CONCLUSIONS Item Response Theory analysis, which focuses on the individual properties of each item, allows measures to be obtained that do not vary or depend on the questionnaire, which provides better ascertainment and accuracy of knowledge scores. Valid and reliable scales are essential for monitoring HIV/AIDS knowledge among the men who have sex with men population over time and in different geographic regions, and this psychometric model brings this advantage.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a study to identify gender differences in factors associated with the first episode of non-adherence in the 12 months following the first antiretroviral prescription. METHODS: A concurrent prospective study of patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Brazil was conducted from 2001-2002. The self-reported measurement of adherence was defined as an intake of less than 95% of the prescribed number of doses. Only the first occurrence of non-adherence was considered in this analysis. All analyses were stratified by gender. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the risk of non-adherence, and the time to non-adherence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of non-adherence was 34.6% (29.7% and 43.9% among men and women, respectively; p=0.010). Marital status (being married or in stable union; p=0.022), alcohol use in the month prior to the baseline interview (p=0.046), and current tobacco use (p=0.005) increased the risk of non-adherence among female participants only, whereas a self-reported difficulty with the antiretroviral treatment was associated with non-adherence in men only. For both men and women, we found that a longer time between the HIV test and first antiretroviral therapy prescription (p=0.028) also presented an increased risk of non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort study, the incidence of non-adherence was 1.5 times greater among women compared to men. Our results reinforce the need to develop interventions that account for gender differences in public referral centers. Additionally, we emphasize that, to achieve and maintain appropriate adherence levels, it is important to understand the barriers to seeking and utilizing health care services.

The aim of the present study was to describe vulnerability profiles and to verify their association with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among 295 HIV-patients receiving their first prescription in two public-referral centers in Minas Gerais States, Brazil. The cumulative incidence of non-adherence was 36.9%. Three pure vulnerability profiles (lower, medium and higher) were identified based on the Grade of Membership method (GoM). Pure type patients of the "higher vulnerability" profile had, when compared to the overall sample, an increased probability of being younger, not understanding the need of ART, having a personal reason to be HIV-tested, not disclosing their HIV status, having more than one (non-regular) sexual partner, reporting use of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs, and having sex among men. Non-adherence to ART was statistically associated (p < 0.001) with this profile. Also, the heterogeneity of the sample was found to be high, since over 40% were mixed type. The implications are that health staff should be trained to develop strategies for incorporating risk-reduction interventions, bearing in mind the three dimensions of vulnerability and the diversity of those patients initiating antiretroviral therapy.Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever os perfis de vulnerabilidade e verificar suas associações com a não-adesão à terapia anti-retroviral (TARV) entre os 295 pacientes com HIV que recebiam suas primeiras prescrições em dois serviços públicos de referência de Minas Gerais, Brasil. A incidência cumulativa de não-adesão foi 36,9%. Foram identificados três perfis puros de vulnerabilidade (baixa, média e alta) baseados no método Grade of Membership (GoM). Os tipos puros de pacientes do perfil de "alta vulnerabilidade" tinham, comparados aos outros, probabilidade maior de serem jovens, de não perceberem a necessidade da TARV, de terem uma razão pessoal para realização do teste HIV, de não terem revelado seu status HIV, de terem mais de um (não fixo) parceiro sexual, de relatarem uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas e sexo entre homens. Não-adesão à TARV foi associada significativamente a esse perfil (p < 0,001). A heterogeneidade da amostra foi alta, pois mais de 40% dos pacientes eram tipos mistos. Conclui-se que os profissionais de saúde devem ser treinados para desenvolverem estratégias e intervenções de redução de risco, considerando as três dimensões da vulnerabilidade e a diversidade desses pacientes iniciando a TARV.

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar análise custoefetividade de imunossupressores utilizados na terapia de manutenção pós-transplante renal. Coorte hipotética de adultos transplantados foi acompanhada por 20 anos, empregando-se modelo de Markov. Os 10 esquemas terapêuticos avaliados continham prednisona (P). O custo médio dos medicamentos foi obtido na Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos. Outros custos assistenciais compuseram cada estágio da doença. O custo foi expresso em reais, a efetividade em anos de vida ganhos e adotou-se a perspectiva do sistema público de saúde. Ao fim do acompanhamento, a análise com desconto mostrou que todos os esquemas foram dominados por ciclosporina(CSA)+azatioprina(AZA) +P. Nas demais análises, tacrolimo+AZA+P não foi dominado, mas a relação custo-efetividade incremental entre estes dois esquemas foi de R$ 156.732,07/ anos de vida ganhos, na análise sem desconto, valor que ultrapassa o limiar de três vezes o PIB per capita brasileiro. Nenhuma alteração qualitativa foi demonstrada pela análise de sensibilidade e a probabilidade do esquema CSA+AZA+P ser o mais custo-efetivo é superior a 85%.

OBJECTIVE To analyze whether gender influence survival results of kidney transplant grafts and patients.METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies available on Medline (PubMed), LILACS, CENTRAL, and Embase databases, including manual searching and in the grey literature. The selection of studies and the collection of data were conducted twice by independent reviewers, and disagreements were settled by a third reviewer. Graft and patient survival rates were evaluated as effectiveness measurements. Meta-analysis was conducted with the Review Manager® 5.2 software, through the application of a random effects model. Recipient, donor, and donor-recipient gender comparisons were evaluated.RESULTS : Twenty-nine studies involving 765,753 patients were included. Regarding graft survival, those from male donors were observed to have longer survival rates as compared to the ones from female donors, only regarding a 10-year follow-up period. Comparison between recipient genders was not found to have significant differences on any evaluated follow-up periods. In the evaluation between donor-recipient genders, male donor-male recipient transplants were favored in a statistically significant way. No statistically significant differences were observed in regards to patient survival for gender comparisons in all follow-up periods evaluated.CONCLUSIONS The quantitative analysis of the studies suggests that donor or recipient genders, when evaluated isolatedly, do not influence patient or graft survival rates. However, the combination between donor-recipient genders may be a determining factor for graft survival.

Para avaliar a compreensão das informações sobre a terapia anti-retroviral entre portadores do HIV/AIDS atendidos em serviços públicos de referência, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, foi realizada análise transversal por meio de entrevistas com pacientes, após a primeira dispensação de anti-retrovirais. A orientação recebida dos profissionais de saúde e o nível de compreensão pelo paciente foram investigados, sendo este classificado como insuficiente se houvesse discordância igual ou superior a 30,0% entre a resposta do paciente e a informação contida na prescrição para itens selecionados. Divergências entre as informações da prescrição e as relatadas pelos 358 pacientes foram observadas. O nível de compreensão das informações sobre anti-retrovirais prescritos foi classificado como insuficiente para 26,3%. Os resultados obtidos revelam proporção importante de pacientes com lacunas na compreensão de informações sobre a terapêutica anti-retroviral combinada. É necessário implementar estratégias para aumentar a qualidade das orientações fornecidas a esses pacientes. O enfoque multidisciplinar no atendimento aos pacientes poderá contribuir para reverter a situação observada.

RESUMO: Introdução: A vinculação é um passo fundamental para o cuidado contínuo da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV/aids), sendo essencial para proporcionar o acesso à terapia antirretroviral, bem como ao cuidado integral. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), idade ≥ 18 anos, vinculadas entre janeiro e dezembro de 2015, em um serviço de referência para assistência ambulatorial e hospitalar especializada em HIV/aids em Belo Horizonte (MG). O tempo de vinculação foi definido como o tempo do diagnóstico até a vinculação ao serviço. Considerou-se vinculação oportuna quando esse tempo foi menor ou igual a 90 dias. Os dados foram coletados por meio de prontuários clínicos. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Entre os 208 pacientes, a maioria era do sexo masculino (77,8%) com idade média de 39 anos. Cerca de 45% apresentaram condições definidoras de aids na vinculação. O tempo de vinculação apresentou média de 138 ± 397 dias, e a vinculação oportuna ocorreu para 76,9% dos pacientes. As variáveis associadas com a vinculação oportuna foram: ter idade ≥ 48 anos (odds ratio - OR = 8,50; IC95% 1,53 - 47,28), estar trabalhando (OR = 3,69; IC95% 1,33 - 10,25) no momento da vinculação e apresentar contagem de linfócitos T CD4 (LT CD4+) ≤ 200 células/mm3 no momento do diagnóstico de HIV (OR = 4,84; IC95% 1,54 - 15,18). Observou-se proporção importante de vinculação oportuna entre as PVHA, porém com diagnóstico tardio. Conclusão: Intervenções devem ser direcionadas para pessoas mais jovens e com maior contagem de LT CD4+, visando uma melhor prestação de cuidados contínuos em HIV.

Abstract: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic polypharmacy in Brazilian psychiatric patients by gender. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data were obtained through face-to-face interviews and medical charts of 2,475 patients. Psychotropic polypharmacy was defined as the use of two or more psychotropic drugs and occurred in 85.7% of men (95%CI: 83.6%-87.6%) and 84.9% of women (95%CI: 82.8%-86.8%; p > 0.05). The mean number of psychotropic drugs/patient was 2.98 ± 1.23 and most common combinations included antipsychotics. Multivariate analysis showed that for both genders, previous hospitalization, severe mental illness, multiple psychiatric diagnoses and an insufficient number of professionals in the health care unit was associated with psychotropic polypharmacy. However, other correlates such as inpatient care, use of non-psychotropic drugs, living in unstable conditions and current smoking vary among them. Psychotropic polypharmacy was a common practice in this national sample. The results highlighted the need for national guidelines to manage patients with mental illness, considering the difference among genders and disease severity, to reduce the burden of polyphamacy in this population.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the frequency of drug therapy problem in the treatment of patients with tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Methods: Data were obtained through a cross-sectional study conducted between September 2015 and December 2016 at a reference hospital in infectious diseases in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. Sociodemographic, clinical, behavioral and pharmacotherapeutic variables were evaluated through a semi-structured questionnaire. Drug-related problems of pharmaceutical care were classified using the Pharmacotherapy Workup method. Factors associated with indication, effectiveness, safety and compliance drug therapy problem were assessed through multiple logistic regression. Results: We evaluated 81 patients, and 80% presented at least one drug therapy problem, with indication and adherence drug therapy problem being the most frequent. The factors associated with drug therapy problem were age, marital status, new case, ethnicity, time of HIV diagnosis and time to treat tuberculosis. Conclusion: The frequency of drug therapy problem in coinfected patients was high and the identification of the main drug therapy problem and associated factors may lead the multiprofessional health team to ensure the use of the most indicated, effective, safe and convenient medicines for the patients clinical condition. Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS coinfected individuals aged over 40 years are more likely to have drug therapy problems during treatment; in that, the most frequente are those that signal toward need of medication for an untreated health condition and non-compliance to treatment. Thus, older patients, unmarried or married, who have treated tuberculosis before, with a shorter time to tuberculosis treatment and longer time to diagnose HIV/AIDS, should receive special attention and be better followed by a multiprofessional health team because they indicate a higher chance of presenting Problems related to the use of non-adherent drugs.

Abstract: We evaluated adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and its associated factors according to the type of regimen in patients initiating treatment in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We measured adherence using the eight items Morisky Therapeutic Adhesion Scale (MMAS-8) and compared the use of “backbone” tenofovir/lamivudine plus efavirenz one tablet once-daily (STR) or dolutegravir in multi-tablet once-daily (MTR-DTG), or other multi-tablet regimens (MTR-other). We conducted a multivariate logistic regression analysis to address factors associated with adherence. A total of 393 patients were included, 254 used STR, 106 MTR-DTG, and 33 MTR-other. The overall adhesion rate was 44.8% (95%CI: 39.4; 50.1), 50% for MTR-DTG, 43.3% for STR and 39.4% for MTR-other. Multivariate analysis showed a higher chance of adherence among patients using MTR-DTG, those who received and understood counseling about their treatment and with a higher quality of life. Prior use of illicit drugs in the lifetime was associated with poorer adherence. Overall adherence was low, highlighting the need for strategies focusing on counseling about medicines and substance use. Pill burden was not an issue for patients using MTR-DTG once-daily, who achieved better results.

ABSTRACT Introduction: High level of HIV/AIDS knowledge is required for an effective adoption of preventive strategies. Objective: To assess HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 Brazilian cities. Methods: Respondent-Driven Sampling method was used for recruitment. HIV/AIDS knowledge was assessed by Item Response Theory. Difficulty and discrimination parameters were estimated, and the knowledge score was categorized in three levels: high, medium, and low. Logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: Among 4,176 MSM, the proportion of high level of knowledge was 23.7%. The following variables were positively associated with high knowledge (p < 0.05): age 25+ years old, 12+ years of schooling, white skin color, having health insurance, having suffered discrimination due to sexual orientation, having had a syphilis test, and having received educational material in the previous 12 months. Exchanging sex for money was negatively associated. Conclusions: The proportion of only 23.7% of high HIV/AIDS knowledge was low. We should note that the only potential source of knowledge acquisition associated with high level of knowledge was receiving educational materials. Our study indicates the need for expansion of public prevention policies focused on MSM and with more effective communication strategies, including the development of knowledge that involves motivation and abilities for a safer behavior.

Abstract: This study sought to develop and evaluate a new patient-reported outcome measure to assess perceived barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. The Perceived Barriers to Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence (PEDIA) scale was developed based on individual interviews with patients. After pilot testing and assessing the evidence based on content analysis, the scale’s revisions resulted in a 40-item version. The PEDIA was applied to 415 HIV-infected adults receiving ART for a maximum of 180 days, recruited from three healthcare facilities of reference in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The analyses included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, item response theory, temporal stability, and predictive test-criterion relationship. The scale’s final version contains 18 items distributed in three dimensions, as follows: cognitive and routine problems (4 items); medication and health concerns (6 items); and patient’s fears and feelings (8 items). The results of McDonald’s omega and temporal stability demonstrate that the PEDIA is internally consistent and yields stable scores over time. The assessment of the information’s functions suggested that the three dimensions were informative for assessing a broad range of latent traits. Evidence concerning the test-criterion relationship confirmed that the PEDIA was able to predict non-adherence three months later. Our findings suggest that the PEDIA is a psychometrically adequate tool for evaluating perceived barriers in adult patients initiating ART. It could be used in both research and clinical practice for the early detection of patients at risk of non-adherence and for the identification of potentially modifiable barriers.

Levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) can affect the likelihood of viral suppression differentially among ART regimens. In this prospective cohort conducted in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, we included 354 individuals who initiated ART containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine/efavirenz in fixed-dose combination (TDF/3TC/EFV) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine associated with dolutegravir (TDF/3TC + DTG). Viral suppression (viral load <50 copies/mL) was evaluated within six months of follow-up at different adherence levels and by therapeutic regimen. Adherence was measured by the Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) and classified into low (≤84%), intermediate (85-89%) or high (≥90%). The association between viral suppression, adherence levels, and other explanatory variables was analyzed using chi-square and multivariable logistic regression. Viral suppression was achieved by 76.0% of individuals and was more frequent among those who achieved higher levels of adherence (high adherence: 79.3%, intermediate: 71.4% and low: 45.2%), those on TDF/3TC + DTG, and those who had viral load ≤100,000 copies/mL at the onset of treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, individuals on TDF/3TC + DTG had an approximately 90% probability of achieving viral suppression at intermediate adherence levels. These results add new insights on the possibility of lower adherence levels for contemporary antiretroviral regimens currently used as first-line therapy worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative descriptive study based on Brazilian Active Pharmacovigilance of Dolutegravir (DTG) Project was performed to describe the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to DTG reported and to evaluate the noncompleteness of data from DTG active pharmacovigilance in Brazil. ADRs and clinical and individual data were obtained from information from the Pharmacovigilance Questionnaire from April 2017 to August 2019. The reported ADRs were classified using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). In the evaluated period, 249,066 individuals using DTG participated in the active pharmacovigilance of DTG, with 3472 (1.39%) reporting ADRs at least once. A total of 6312 ADRs were reported, of which 57.56% were persistent and 81.46% were not serious according to the individuals' reports. Most of the reported ADRs were gastrointestinal, neurological and psychiatric. ADRs related to neural tube defects and serious neuropsychiatric ADRs have been reported. Completion of more than half of the fields in the Pharmacovigilance Questionnaire was excellent. The frequency of ADR was low in relation to the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) using DTG in Brazil, which suggests good tolerability and safety of DTG. The DTG active pharmacovigilance database in Brazil showed good data completeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]