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Background & Aims: Estimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) is one of the main determinants of an athlete's energy needs. This study aimed to investigate the RMR of bodybuilding athletes using indirect calorimetry (IC) and compare it with predictive formulas proposed in the scientific literature., Methods: 71 volunteers divided into four experimental groups: active control group for women (CGW; n = 16); active control group for men (CGM; n = 17); bodybuilder women (BBW; n = 13); and bodybuilder men (BBM; n = 25) were evaluated. The body composition was performed using the bioelectrical impedance (BIA), and the RMR was measured using an IC. The data obtained from the BIA instrument were used to calculate the RMR of all volunteers using six equations. Data normality was tested, and the unpaired t-test compared anthropometric parameters, body composition, and RMR. The Bland-Altman (B&A) plot was used to analyze the agreement between IC, BIA, and predictive equations, and the difference between the methods was calculated. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc was used for RMR analysis and adjusted for body weight and skeletal muscle mass., Results: The main findings indicated that the Johnstone equation showed a large discrepancy underestimating the RMR of BBW and BBM when compared to IC, and the De Lorenzo and Tinsley equations (a) approached the more accurate analysis method of measuring RMR in BBW and BBM, respectively., Conclusion: Professionals who work with bodybuilding and performance will be able to use the present study to improve their nutrition support., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To investigate the effects of two different modes of physical activity on body composition, physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses in female adolescents participating in a multi-disciplinary program. The 12-week randomized intervention included 25-adolescents with overweight divided into two groups: sports practice-SPG and functional training-FTG. The SPG intervention was divided into three sports: basketball, handball, and futsal. SPG participants performed one sport 3-times/week, over the course of 1 month. The FTG performed concurrent exercises 3-times/week. This study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry Platform under number: RBR-45ywtg and registered in Local Ethics Committee number: 2,505.200/2018. The intensity of physical exercises-PE was matched between groups by the rating of perceived exertion. The primary outcome was body composition, and secondary outcomes were physical fitness, cardiometabolic risk, and psychological responses. There was a significant time-effect for body mass, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), all being reduced. There were increases over time for musculoskeletal mass, aerobic fitness, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) ( p < 0.05). There was a group time interaction with body fat percentage being lower post-intervention in the SPG ( p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for the other variables. Both physical activity models were effective in improving a subset of obesity-related health parameters. The findings should be extended by further investigation using more sophisticated measures of energy expenditure. Clinical Trial Registration: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/, identifier: RBR-45ywtg., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Branco, Mariano, de Oliveira, Bertolini, de Oliveira, Araújo and Adamo.)

It was previously reported that liver glucose metabolism in rats under caloric restriction differs from that of freely-fed rats. This study hypothesized that these changes (1) were related to the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in metabolic control, and (2) were not a residual effect of litter size. To those purposes, liver glucose metabolism and hypothalamic expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti gene-related peptide); and of the anorexigenic neuropeptides POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) and CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcripts) were investigated. Male Wistar rats from two different litter sizes (G6 and G12, with 6 or 12 pups, respectively) were subjected to free feeding (GL, ad libitum ), 50% caloric restriction (GR) or caloric restriction+ ad libitum refeeding (GRL) until the age of 90 days. Biometric values were lower in GR than in GL, while in GRL they were totally or partially recovered. Blood glucose variation during the pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) was small in GR. During in situ liver perfusion, total, basal, and adrenaline-stimulated liver glucose outputs were high in GR, but additional glucose output in the presence of alanine was negligible. Refeeding (GRL) yielded values close to those of GL. Litter size did not consistently influence any of these variables. The expression of transcripts of the hypothalamic neuropeptides was responsive to feeding regimen, litter size and/or their interaction and differed from G6 to G12, while the metabolic changes of the liver were qualitatively equal in both GR. Therefore, the changes in glucose metabolism in the liver of rats under caloric restriction were not determined by either litter size or hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and were linked only to the prevailing feeding regimen of the adult animal., (Copyright © 2020 Mariano, Yamada, Soares Rabassi, Rissi Sabino, Bataglini, Azevedo, Garcia and Pedrosa.)

Background: Caloric restriction since birth changes glucose metabolism by the liver in overnight-fasted rats to a fed-like pattern, in which glucose output is large but gluconeogenesis is negligible. It was investigated whether these changes could be a residual effect of the nutritional condition during lactation and what could be the mechanism of such change., Methods: Newborn Wistar rat pups were arranged in litters of 6 or 12 (G6 and G12). After weaning, the male pups were divided in: G6L and G12 L, fed freely until the age of 90 days (freely-fed groups); G6R and G12R, given 50% of the GL ingestion (food-restricted groups) until 90 days of age; G6RL and G12RL, given 50% of the GL ingestion until 60 days of age and fed freely until 90 days of age (refed groups). The experimental protocols were carried out at the age of 90 days after overnight fasting. Pairs of groups were compared through t test; other statistical comparisons were made with one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc text., Results: Caloric restriction was effective in decreasing body and fat weights, total cholesterol and LDL. These effects were totally or partially reversed after 30 days of refeeding (groups GRL). During liver perfusion, the high glucose output of the GRs was further enhanced by adrenaline (1 μM), but not by lactate infusion. In contrast, in groups G6L, G12 L, G6RL and G12RL glycogenolysis (basal and adrenaline-stimulated glucose output) was low and gluconeogenesis from lactate was significant. A twofold increase in liver content of PKA in group G6R suggests that liver sensitivity to glucagon and adrenaline was higher because of caloric restriction, resulting in enhanced glucose output., Conclusions: As glucose output was not affected by litter size, liver glucose metabolism in the adult rat, in contrast to other metabolic processes, is not a programmed effect of the nutritional condition during lactation. In addition, the increased expression of PKA points to a higher sensitivity of the animals under caloric restriction to glycogenolytic hormones, a relevant condition for glucose homeostasis during fasting., Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s). 2019.)

Context: Caloric restriction increases liver glucose release (LGR), but it is not known if this is a permanent condition., Objective: To investigate if refeeding after caloric restriction reverses the high LGR., Materials and Methods: Rats were organised in six-pups litters (GC); 12-pups litters with either 50% caloric restriction from 21 to 80 days of age (GR) or fed at will from 50 to 80 days of age (GRL). Liver perfusion was made at the age of 80 days., Results: LGR was higher in the GR both during basal and adrenaline-stimulated conditions. Refeeding after caloric restriction decreased it to values close to those of GC rats., Discussion: The altered LGR of GR rats was reversed by refeeding (group GRL). The influence of hypothalamic neuropetides on these hepatic changes is suggested., Conclusions: Enhanced LGR under caloric restriction is not programmed by early feeding; instead, it is determined by the current nutritional conditions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of feeding time on NPY/AgRP protein and mRNA expression in the brain during prenatal and postnatal periods. Feeding at different times of the day during pregnancy may have lasting effects on the hypothalamic circuitry in offspring energy homeostasis. In the experimental design, adult female hamsters were randomly assigned to receive three different feeding conditions: ad libitum, night-time feeding and day-time feeding groups. After the lactation period, feeding regimens were continued for the offspring born from mothers who were given nutritional regimens, until they were 30 days old. RT-PCR for NPY/AgRP mRNA expression and ELISA analysis for protein levels were performed on hypothalamus tissues of hamsters at 10, 20 and 30 days of postnatal stage. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the daily measured food consumption of the offspring's. Body weights were significantly decreased in both night-time and day-time feeding groups compared to the ad libitum group (p<0.05). The highest increase in mRNA expression of NPY/AgRP was seen in the samples taken at 10. day of lactation in the night-time and day-time feeding groups of the offspring treated with three different feeding regimens. When the feeding regimes were compared, it was observed that the protein and mRNA expression of both NPY and AGRP increased the most in the offspring groups in which the feeding was restricted night -time only. Early stages of development have shown that maternal factors have significantly affected the offspring NPY and AgRP mRNA expression and protein levels. These results show that the metabolic regulation of energy balance may change with maternal factors during the very early stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Being a complex stage of individual development, adolescence provides the experience of challenging situations as the young person develops autonomy, independence, and own behavioral habits while progressing to adulthood. Thus, obesity in this period configures an essential and growing public health problem and progressively demands greater diligence in clarifying the particularities that allow its triggering and perpetuation to obtain adequate understanding that enables the optimization of health promotion strategies that provide quality of life to these adolescents. Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether 12 weeks of multi-professional interventions improved the dietary patterns of obese adolescents. Materials and Methods: This is a pre-experimental and interventional study carried out in an academic institution in the accommodations pertinent to the Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Intervention in Health Promotion. Forty-three adolescents (male = 20 and female = 23) who were overweight were evaluated in the pre- and post-intervention multi-professional moments. The 24-hour food recall (24hR) was applied to collect information on dietary patterns; subsequently, the results were subdivided according to the level of food processing. The 12-week multi-professional program included nutritional interventions (1x/week), psychological interventions (1x/week) and physical exercises (2x/week). Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. A paired test was applied to compare the pre- and post-intervention moments, assuming a significance level of 5%. Results: With the present research, it was possible to determine the potential progress of improvements in dietary patterns of obese adolescents, submitted to intervention over 12 weeks, indicating an increase in grams and kcals in the consumption of fresh foods and a reduction of kcals of processed and ultra-processed foods. Conclusions: Based on the results, it was found that when assessing the level of food processing, it was possible to verify a change in the eating habits of adolescents with obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Being overweight is a significant public health problem. Due to the complexity of obesity in adolescence, the treatment in health recovery must be interdisciplinary. Goals: the present study aimed to investigate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program in overweight adolescents on the consumption of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foods. Methods: the project lasted 14 weeks and was divided into three stages: recruitment of participants and initial assessments; interdisciplinary interventions, which included the simultaneous participation of their parents and, finally, the reassessments. Food intake was measured at the beginning and end of the interventions using a three-day food record. The average values of calories and nutrients were used to generate the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), a numerical score that assesses a diet for its effect on several biomarkers linked to inflammation. For the categorization of the DII®, high values (+1) for the pro-inflammatory effect and lower values (-1) for the anti-inflammatory effect were considered. For all analyses, a p<0.05 was considered. Results: The consumption of carbohydrates, lipids, total cholesterol, and saturated fat was reduced ( p<0.05). On the other hand, there was an increase in the consumption of fiber, proteins, and vitamins A, D, E, B3, B6, B9, B12, and C, in addition to an increase in the consumption of iron, selenium, magnesium and zinc ( p<0.05). The level of inflammation in IBD was significantly decreased for saturated fat, vitamins B6, B9, and C, as well as magnesium ( p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the interdisciplinary intervention promoted a positive response with reduced lipids, total cholesterol, saturated fat, and reduced inflammatory food. New interventions with large groups and different samples are recommended to encourage possible extrapolation of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the effects of multi-disciplinary family and individual interventions on the psychosocial and behavioral parameters of obese adolescents. Methods: This study is a pragmatic trial with parallel groups and repeated measures. Twenty-four overweight adolescents finished 12 weeks of intervention and were included in the statistical analysis. They were allocated into two convenience groups: a group with parents (PG) and a group without parents, i.e., alone (AG). The sample of adolescents was evaluated through the Behavior Change Readiness Questionnaire (BCRQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale for Adolescents (DASS-A). In addition, parents performed the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). The subjects participated in a multi-disciplinary Obesity Treatment Program (MOTP), in which theoretical and practical activities, three times a week (theoretical activities: nutritional education and psychoeducation, both once a week, lasting 30 min a day) and practical activities with physical exercises lasting 1 h a day. Results: The age of adolescents was 13.8 ± 2.4 years old. For the QPMC, a time effect was found, with an increased readiness to change levels for portion control (p = 0.009) and control of fat consumption (p = 0.008) after the interventions. There was no time effect for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity (p > 0.05 for both comparisons). No interaction effect was found between groups for any of the behavioral change domains of BCRQ (p > 0.05). DASS-A showed a time effect with reduced stress (p = 0.041) and depression levels (p = 0.036) after the interventions. There was no effect of time for anxiety and no interaction effect between groups for any of the components of DASS-A (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). As for the parental styles evaluated by the BCRQ, the parents of both groups showed predominantly democratic styles throughout the MOTP. Conclusion: Despite the proven effectiveness of MOTPs in preventing and treating obesity and its comorbidities in adolescents, participation with parents still cannot be considered a predictive factor for significant differences in the parameters evaluated in 12 weeks of intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of traditional and alternated resistance exercises on acute neuromuscular responses (maximum repetition performance, fatigue index, and volume load), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood pressure (BP) in resistance-trained men. Fifteen recreationally resistance-trained men (age: 26.40 ± 4.15 years; height: 173 ± 5 cm, and total body mass: 78.12 ± 13.06 kg) were recruited and performed all 3 experimental conditions in a randomized order: (a) control (CON), (b) traditional (TRT), and (c) alternated (ART). Both conditions (TRT and ART) consisted of 5 sets of bilateral bench press, articulated bench press, back squat, and Smith back squat exercises at 80% 1RM until concentric muscular failure. The total number of repetitions performed across sets in the bench press followed a similar pattern for TRT and ART, with significant reductions between sets 3, 4, and 5 compared with set 1 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference for set 4 between conditions with a lower number of repetitions performed in the TRT. The volume load was significantly higher for ART when compared with TRT. TRT showed significant reductions in BP after 10-, 40-, and 60-minute postexercise and when compared with CON after 40- and 60-minute postexercise. However, the effect size illustrated large reductions in systolic BP during recovery in both methods. Thus, it is concluded that both methods reduced postexercise BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nasal breathing (NB) is a fundamental physiological process, and emerging research indicates its potential role in modulating resting metabolism, impacting energy expenditure and metabolic efficiency. This study investigates the impact of NB on resting metabolic rate (RMR), offering novel insights into metabolic regulation., Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients undergoing nasal surgery, with measurements taken before and 3 months after surgery. Metabolic rate assessments, anthropometric dimensions, and peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) were recorded. Factors like age, sex, and health status were considered to control for confounding variables., Results: A total of 83 patients were initially enrolled: 17 underwent septorhinoplasty (SRP), 61 septoplasty (ST) and 5 inferior turbinate reduction alone. 72 patients completed the follow-up. SRP patients exhibited significantly higher pre- and post-operative RMR compared to ST patients (p = 0.005), and this association was not observed when PNIF was included in the analysis (p > 0.05). Pre-operative and post-operative PNIF values significantly correlated with pre-operative and post-operative RMR (p = 0.049 and p = 0.005, respectively). Post-operative PNIF predicted post-operative RMR after confoundment adjustment in linear regression (β = - 0.043, p = 0.017). Importantly, total body weight increased after surgery (pre-op: 74 ± 14.6 kg versus post-op: 75.6 ± 15.5 kg, p < 0.001) due to an increment in muscle mass (pre-op: 52.3 ± 12 versus post-op: 55.5 ± 14, p < 0.01)., Conclusion: Preliminary analysis suggests a potential link between NB and RMR, emphasizing the overlooked role of nasal respiratory physiology in energy homeostasis. Surgery also elicited body composition alterations. Further research is needed to uncover the underlying mechanisms of this association. Understanding the impact of NB on RMR could underscore its significance in metabolic regulation, reinforcing the importance of nasal surgery on overall health. This study provides foundation for future investigations., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding this article. Data confidentiality: The authors declare that they followed the protocols of their work in publishing patient data. Human and animal protection: The authors declare that the procedures followed are in accordance with the regulations established by the directors of the Commission for Clinical Research and Ethics and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of CHUdSA/ICBAS (2021–234(186-DEFI/194-CE)). Privacy policy, informed consent and Ethics committee authorization: All the processed data were based in published reports that fulfilled privacy policy and ethical considerations., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hepatocytes can switch their metabolic processes in response to nutrient availability. However, the dynamics of metabolites (such as lactate, pyruvate, and ATP) in hepatocytes during the metabolic switch remain unknown. In this study, we visualized metabolite dynamics in primary cultured hepatocytes during recovery from glucose‐deprivation. We observed a decrease in the mitochondrial ATP concentration when glucose was administered to hepatocytes under glucose‐deprivation conditions. In contrast, there was slight change in the cytoplasmic ATP concentration. A decrease in mitochondrial ATP concentration was associated with increased protein synthesis rather than glycogen synthesis, activation of urea cycle, and production of reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that mitochondrial ATP is important in switching metabolic processes in the hepatocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) prediction equations are often used to calculate RMR in athletes; however, their accuracy and precision can vary greatly. Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine which RMR prediction equations are (i) most accurate (average predicted values closest to measured values) and (ii) most precise (number of individuals within 10% of measured value). Data Sources: A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Embase, and Web of Science up to November 2021 was conducted. Eligibility Criteria: Randomised controlled trials, cross-sectional observational studies, case studies or any other study wherein RMR, measured by indirect calorimetry, was compared with RMR predicted via prediction equations in adult athletes were included. Analysis: A narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis (where possible) was conducted. To explore heterogeneity and factors influencing accuracy, subgroup analysis was conducted based on sex, body composition measurement method, athlete characteristics (athlete status, energy availability, body weight), and RMR measurement characteristics (adherence to best practice guidelines, test preparation and prior physical activity). Results: Twenty-nine studies (mixed sports/disciplines n = 8, endurance n = 5, recreational exercisers n = 5, rugby n = 3, other n = 8), with a total of 1430 participants (822 F, 608 M) and 100 different RMR prediction equations were included. Eleven equations satisfied criteria for meta-analysis for accuracy. Effect sizes for accuracy ranged from 0.04 to − 1.49. Predicted RMR values did not differ significantly from measured values for five equations (Cunningham (1980), Harris-Benedict (1918), Cunningham (1991), De Lorenzo, Ten-Haaf), whereas all others significantly underestimated or overestimated RMR (p < 0.05) (Mifflin-St. Jeor, Owen, FAO/WHO/UNU, Nelson, Koehler). Of the five equations, large heterogeneity was observed for all (p < 0.05, I2 range: 80–93%) except the Ten-Haaf (p = 0.48, I2 = 0%). Significant differences between subgroups were observed for some but not all equations for sex, athlete status, fasting status prior to RMR testing, and RMR measurement methodology. Nine equations satisfied criteria for meta-analysis for precision. Of the nine equations, the Ten-Haaf was found to be the most precise, predicting 80.2% of participants to be within ± 10% of measured values with all others ranging from 40.7 to 63.7%. Conclusion: Many RMR prediction equations have been used in athletes, which can differ widely in accuracy and precision. While no single equation is guaranteed to be superior, the Ten-Haaf (age, weight, height) equation appears to be the most accurate and precise in most situations. Some equations are documented as consistently underperforming and should be avoided. Choosing a prediction equation based on a population of similar characteristics (physical characteristics, sex, sport, athlete status) is preferable. Caution is warranted when interpreting RMR ratio of measured to predicted values as a proxy of energy availability from a single measurement. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020218212. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity is one of the most frequent concerns among teenagers, and it may lead to a variety of chronic disorders including heart disease and cancer. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on body shay and self-criticism of obese adolescents referred to nutrition clinics in Tehran in 2019. Materials and Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental method and a pre-test-post-test with a control group. Twenty-four obese volunteer adolescents were selected and assigned to an experimental group (n=12) and a control group (n=12). The experimental group received 90-minute weekly sessions for 2.5 months (10 sessions), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the training phase, all the participants completed the body image shame scale (BISS) and the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale (FSCRS). Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (ANCOVA) by using SPSS 22 software. Results: The CBT group decreased significantly more in body shaming and self-criticism of obese adolescents compared with the control group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: In general, the findings revealed a substantial difference in body shaming and self-criticism among obese teenagers between the experimental groups. In obese teens, CBT reduced body shaming and selfcriticism. Furthermore, this research showed that CBT could help obese teenagers with body shaming and selfcriticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Corrêa Neto, VG, Silva, DdN, Palma, A, de Oliveira, F, Vingren, JL, Marchetti, PH, da Silva Novaes, J, and Monteiro, ER. Comparison between traditional and alternated resistance exercises on blood pressure, acute neuromuscular responses, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): e211-e218, 2024-The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of traditional and alternated resistance exercises on acute neuromuscular responses (maximum repetition performance, fatigue index, and volume load), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood pressure (BP) in resistance-trained men. Fifteen recreationally resistance-trained men (age: 26.40 ± 4.15 years; height: 173 ± 5 cm, and total body mass: 78.12 ± 13.06 kg) were recruited and performed all 3 experimental conditions in a randomized order: (a) control (CON), (b) traditional (TRT), and (c) alternated (ART). Both conditions (TRT and ART) consisted of 5 sets of bilateral bench press, articulated bench press, back squat, and Smith back squat exercises at 80% 1RM until concentric muscular failure. The total number of repetitions performed across sets in the bench press followed a similar pattern for TRT and ART, with significant reductions between sets 3, 4, and 5 compared with set 1 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference for set 4 between conditions with a lower number of repetitions performed in the TRT. The volume load was significantly higher for ART when compared with TRT. TRT showed significant reductions in BP after 10-, 40-, and 60-minute postexercise and when compared with CON after 40- and 60-minute postexercise. However, the effect size illustrated large reductions in systolic BP during recovery in both methods. Thus, it is concluded that both methods reduced postexercise BP., (Copyright © 2024 National Strength and Conditioning Association.)

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