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The concepts of cubic spherical neutrosophic sets (CSNSs), introduced and investigated by Gomathi et al. [5], offer a geometric representation of collection of neutrosophic sets (NSs), enhancing their ability to capture uncertainty. The formulation characterizes information using points on a sphere with a defined center and radius, providing a more precise depiction of fuzziness inherent in uncertain data. The cubic spherical neutrosophic Archimedean triangular norms(ATN) and conorms (ATCN), expanding the model's capabilities to handle uncertainty. These algebraic operators enable the aggregation and combination of uncertain information, offering a more comprehensive approach to decision-making. The research further presents a method for solving multiple-criteria decision-making problems within the cubic spherical neutrosophic context, leveraging the newly integrated norms and conorms. The algorithm utilizes the cosine similarity measure of cubic spherical neutrosophic sets, exemplified through an application involving the selection of the most effective electric truck. This extended framework provides decision-makers with enhanced tools to navigate complex decision landscapes amidst uncertainty, facilitating more informed and robust choices across diverse domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, complex phases of copper vanadium oxides, including Cu3V2O8, Cu2V2O7 and Cu0.4V2O5, were synthesized using an ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation technique and evaluated as suitable electrodes for energy storage devices that exhibit pseudo-capacitive behavior. The structural properties investigation of CuV, CuV + 0.3%PVP, and CuV + 3%PVP nanoparticles at 400 °C. The XRD patterns confirm monoclinic crystal system with multi-phase nature of copper vanadate's further morphology have been optimized with stabilizing and shape-directing agent polyvinylpyrrolidone (CuV + 0.3%PVP and CuV + 3%PVP) only at elevated temperature 400℃. The electrochemical behavior of CuV + 0.3%PVP and CuV + 3%PVP were observed under cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD), and electronic impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Most significantly, the shape-controlled copper vanadate nanoparticles (CuV + 3%PVP) exhibited exceptional electrochemical performance, demonstrating a notable specific capacitance increased significantly. The specific capacitances of CuV and CuV + 3%PVP nanoparticles are 233 F/g and 316 F/g respectively. Thus, copper vanadate materials may be observed as capable electrode material for pseudocapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the preparation and characterization of Zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) thin films using a nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique at different substrate temperatures ranging from 300 to 500 °C. The films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, ammonia gas sensitivity, electrical conductivity, and optical measurements. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of distinct crystallographic planes and improved crystallinity with increasing deposition temperature. SEM analysis showed a transition from amorphous to nanorod structures with increasing temperature. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Sn, Zn, and O elements in the films. The electrical resistivity decreased with increasing temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. The electrical resistivity of the thin films was determined to be 103 Ω-cm. The electrical conductivity increased with temperature, reaching its peak at 500 °C. The films exhibited sensitivity to ammonia, with the highest sensitivity observed at 500 °C. The optical properties showed transmittance peaks and a direct band-to-band transition with increasing substrate temperature. Furthermore, optical transmittance studies revealed a direct transition and an increase in the band gap energy from 3.1 to 3.4 eV as the substrate temperature was raised. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of ZnSnO3 thin films for sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of Fe-doped cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Fe-doped Co3O4 Nps). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals that the Fe-doped samples have a spinel cubic Co3O4 structure with peaks corresponding to (220), (311), (400), (511), and (400) reflection planes. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis shows that the major peaks correspond to Co2+ and Co3+ vibrations in the spinel Co3O4 crystal structure, and their positions shift with the increase in Fe doping concentration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirm the presence of Co2+ and Co3+ in the Co 2p spectrum and identify Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the Fe 2p spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the surface morphology of the Fe-doped Co3O4 Nps, showing hexagonal/granular structures with varying pore sizes. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis confirms the nanocrystalline nature of the Fe-doped Co3O4 Nps. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) elemental analysis confirms the presence of Co, O, and Fe in the doped samples. Fe-doped Co3O4 nanoparticles were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis (EIS). The CV curves displayed consistent electrochemical behavior with observed redox peaks, confirming pseudocapacitive nature. Increasing scan rates led to higher current responses and minor peak position shifts. The Fe-doped Co3O4 nanoparticles exhibit a specific capacity of 253 C/g at a current density of 1.5 A/g, and they maintain 95% of their initial specific capacity after undergoing 1500 cycles. Specific capacity increased with higher Fe doping concentrations, attributed to electron injection and ion diffusion enhancement. GCD profiles showed nonlinear plateau regions, indicating pseudocapacitive behavior, with longer discharge curves for Fe-doped samples, demonstrating superior specific capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed disrupted ion transport paths. Cyclic stability tests showed good capacity retention for all samples, with the 7 wt% Fe-doped Co3O4 sample exhibiting the highest capacity and cyclic stability, making it suitable for pseudo-capacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative investigation into Mn:Co3O4 samples through a multifaceted approach encompassing diverse characterization methodologies and electrochemical assessments. Employing X-ray diffraction, we unveiled the internal geometry and crystallite disposition, which impeccably matched the spinel-cubic structure of Co3O4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis meticulously corroborated the existence of Co, Mn, and O elements while unveiling distinctive valence states for Co and Mn ions. On further analysis, scanning electron microscopy provides a visual insight into granular, hexagonal-shaped layered structures, with varying pore abundance among the all temperatures. The compositional integrity is confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Electrochemical investigations encompass cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CV curves exhibit redox peaks denoting pseudo-capacitive behavior, while GCD profiles display symmetric behavior. The specific capacitance at various scan rates highlights the superior performance of the Mn:Co3O4 sample at 700 °C. EIS analyses affirm low interfacial charge resistance and accelerated ion diffusion. Cyclic stability assessment over 1500 cycles underscores the enduring process of Mn:Co3O4 culminating in a favorable specific capacitance of 625 F/g and a remarkable capacity retention of 96% even after 1500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]