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To investigate the effects of episodic occurrence of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the natural environment, bacterial degradation of labile DOC was studied under laboratory-controlled conditions followed by modelling. A single labile DOC compound was periodically added to the experimental culture and its degradation by a monospecific marine bacterial strain was followed. The measured variables were DOC and bacterial biomass determined from the particulate organic carbon values. Experimental dynamics showed a repetition of 2 successive patterns after each DOC pulse:(1) substrate consumption and bacterial growth in the first few hours after substrate addition, followed by(2) bacterial reduction(organic carbon-related) and associated non-labile DOC release within the next few hours. Based on these experimental results, the Dynamic Energy Budget theory was applied for the first time to such conditions to develop a mechanistic model that comprised 7 parameters and 4 state variables in which bacterial biomass was fractionated into reserve and structure compartments. The model was constructed by accounting for a constant specific maintenance rate and comprised 2 different cell maintenance fluxes, one fuelled from cell reserves when substrate was abundant and one from reserves and cell structures when starvation occurred. This new model of bacterial degradation adequately matched experimental measurements and accurately reproduced the accumulation of non-labile DOC in the culture during the experiment. This model can easily be implemented in an aquatic biogeochemical model and could provide better understanding of the role of bacteria in carbon cycling in fluctuating environments. © Inter-Research 2009.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as a leading cause of acute viral illness in neonates worldwide. However, those with balanced Th1/Th2 responses, as a result of higher IFNγ concentrations, have milder disease and better clinical outcomes. The present study examined the effect of IFNγ administration during primary, neonatal RSV infection on innate and T cell responses during primary and secondary RSV exposure. During primary infection, neonates treated with IFNγ had increased alveolar macrophage (AM) expression of CD80, MHCII, and scavenger receptor A. Subsequent CD8 T cell recruitment and activation was reduced in this group compared to RSV controls, however the RSV-specific CD8 T cell response was enhanced. Upon secondary infection, neutrophil and monocyte recruitment was boosted and expression of CD86 and MHCII was significantly increased on AMs with a correlative decline in CD73 expression compared to primary infection controls. In mice previously infected with RSV, T cell recruitment and activation was significantly increased. However, only those mice that were treated with IFNγ during primary infection showed improved CD8 T cell specificity following secondary RSV exposure. Viral lung titers were also significantly reduced in groups previously exposed to RSV but only IFNγ treatment during primary infection demonstrated significant improvements in airway resistance following methacholine challenge. These results suggest that immunostimulation with IFNγ during primary neonatal RSV is associated with increased innate cell activation and improved CD8 T cell specificity. These cellular changes are associated with enhanced viral clearance and improved airway function.

International audience; This paper assesses how considering variation in DOC availability and cell maintenance in bacterial models affects Bacterial Growth Efficiency (BGE) estimations. For this purpose, we conducted two biodegradation experiments simultaneously. In experiment one, a given amount of sub-strate was added to the culture at the start of the experiment whilst in experiment two, the same amount of substrate was added, but using periodic pulses over the time course of the experiment. Three bacterial models, with different levels of complexity, (the Monod, Marr-Pirt and the dynamic energy budget – DEB – models), were used and calibrated using the above experiments. BGE has been estimated using the experimental values obtained from discrete samples and from model generated data. Cell maintenance was derived experimentally , from respiration rate measurements. The results showed that the Monod model did not reproduce the experimental data accurately, whereas the Marr-Pirt and DEB models demonstrated a good level of reproducibility, probably because cell maintenance was built into their formula. Whatever estimation method was used, the BGE value was always higher in experiment two (the periodically pulsed substrate) as compared to the initially one-pulsed-substrate experiment. Moreover, BGE values estimated without considering cell maintenance (Monod model and empirical formula) were always smaller than BGE values obtained from models taking cell maintenance into account. Since BGE is commonly estimated using constant experimental systems and ignore Correspondence to: R. Sempéré (richard.sempere@univmed.fr) maintenance, we conclude that these typical methods underestimate BGE values. On a larger scale, and for biogeochem-ical cycles, this would lead to the conclusion that, for a given DOC supply rate and a given DOC consumption rate, these BGE estimation methods overestimate the role of bacterio-plankton as CO 2 producers.

A Monod (1942) model was used to describe the interaction and dynamics between marine bacteria and labile-dissolved organic carbon (l-DOC) using data obtained from 36 biodegra- dation experiments. This model is governed by 2 state variables, DOC and bacterial biomass (BB), and 3 parameters, specific maximum assimilation rate (Vmax), half-saturation constant (KS) and bac- terial growth efficiency (BGE). The calibrations were obtained from biodegradation experiments carried out in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean over different seasons and at different depths. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis to determine (1) which parameter had the greatest influence on the model, and (2) whether the model was robust with regard to experimental errors. Our results indicate that BGE is greater in surface layers than in deeper waters, with minimum values observed during winter. In contrast, the Vmax/KS ratio is inversely dependent on depth and does not show any seasonal trend. This reflects an increase in bacterial affinity for substrate with increasing depth (decrease of KS) and/or better specific maximum assimilation rates (increase of Vmax). The sensitivity and robust- ness analyses demonstrate that the model is more sensitive to the Vmax/KS ratio than to BGE, and that the parameters estimated are reliable. However, although the BGE values are close to those esti- mated experimentally, the use of a constant Vmax/KS ratio and BGE in a 1-dimensional model is not appropriate as these parameters should be described as variables that take depth and season into account.