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We trace the evolution of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 3501, making use of its stellar populations extracted from deep integral-field spectroscopy MUSE observations. We present stellar kinematic and population maps, as well as the star formation history, of the south-western half of the galaxy. The derived maps of the stellar line-of-sight velocity and velocity dispersion are quite regular, show disc-like rotation, and no other structural component of the galaxy. However, maps of the stellar populations exhibit structures in the mass-weighted and light-weighted age, total metallicity and [Mg/Fe] abundance. These maps indicate that NGC 3501 is a young galaxy, consisting mostly of stars with ages between 2 to 8 Gyr. Also, they show a thicker more extended structure that is metal-poor and $\alpha$-rich, and another inner metal-rich and $\alpha$-poor one with smaller radial extension. While previous studies revealed that NGC 3501 shows only one morphological disc component in its vertical structure, we divided the galaxy into two regions: an inner metal-rich midplane and a metal-poor thicker envelope. Comparing the star formation history of the inner thinner metal-rich disc and the thicker metal-poor disc, we see that the metal-rich component evolved more steadily, while the metal-poor one experienced several bursts of star formation. We propose this spiral galaxy is being observed in an early evolutionary phase, with a thicker disc already in place and an inner thin disc in an early formation stage. So we are probably witnessing the birth of a future massive thin disc, continuously growing embedded in a preexisting thicker disc., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The existence of massive galaxies lacking a classical bulge has often been proposed as a challenge to $\Lambda$CDM. However, recent simulations propose that a fraction of massive disc galaxies might have had very quiescent merger histories, and also that mergers do not necessarily build classical bulges. We test these ideas with deep MUSE observations of NGC 5746, a massive ($\sim 10^{11}$ M$_\odot$) edge-on disc galaxy with no classical bulge. We analyse its stellar kinematics and stellar populations, and infer that a massive and extended disc formed very early: 80% of the galaxy's stellar mass formed more than 10 Gyr ago. Most of the thick disc and the bar formed during that early phase. The bar drove gas towards the center and triggered the formation of the nuclear disc followed by the growth of a boxy/peanut-shaped bulge. Around $\sim$ 8 Gyr ago, a $\sim$1:10 merger happened, possibly on a low-inclination orbit. The satellite did not cause significant vertical heating, did not contribute to the growth of a classical bulge, and did not destroy the bar and the nuclear disc. It was however an important event for the galaxy: by depositing its stars throughout the whole galaxy it contributed $\sim 30$% of accreted stars to the thick disc. NGC 5746 thus did not completely escape mergers, but the only relatively recent significant merger did not damage the galaxy and did not create a classical bulge. Future observations will reveal if this is representative of the formation histories of massive disc galaxies., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 22 pages, 21 figures (including appendix)

Observations and simulations of interacting galaxies and mergers in the local universe have shown that interactions can significantly enhance the star formation rates (SFR) and fueling of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). However, at higher redshift, some simulations suggest that the level of star formation enhancement induced by interactions is lower due to the higher gas fractions and already increased SFRs in these galaxies. To test this, we measure the SFR enhancement in a total of 2351 (1327) massive ($M_*>10^{10}M_\odot$) major ($1, Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

Using simulated galaxies in their cosmological context, we analyse how the flaring of mono-age populations (MAPs) influences the flaring and the age structure of geometrically-defined thick discs. We also explore under which circumstances the geometric thin and thick discs are meaningfully distinct components, or are part of a single continuous structure as in the Milky Way. We find that flat thick discs are created when MAPs barely flare or have low surface density at the radius where they start flaring. When looking at the vertical distribution of MAPs, these galaxies show a continuous thin/thick structure. They also have radial age gradients and tend to have quiescent merger histories. Those characteristics are consistent with what is observed in the Milky Way. Flared thick discs, on the other hand, are created when the MAPs that flare have a high surface density at the radius where they start flaring. The thick discs' scale-heights can either be dominated by multiple MAPs or just a few, depending on the mass and scale-height distribution of the MAPs. In a large fraction of these galaxies, thin and thick discs are clearly distinct structures. Finally, flared thick discs have diverse radial age gradients and merger histories, with galaxies that are more massive or that have undergone massive mergers showing flatter age radial gradients in their thick disc., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures. Accepted to MNRAS

Theoretical works have shown that off-plane motions of bars can heat stars in the vertical direction during buckling but is not clear how do they affect the rest of components of the stellar velocity ellipsoid (SVE). We study the 2D spatial distribution of the vertical, sigma(z), azimuthal, sigma(phi), and radial, sigma(r) velocity dispersions in the inner regions of Auriga galaxies, a set of high-resolution magneto-hydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations, to unveil the influence of the bar on the stellar kinematics. sigma(z) and sigma(phi) maps exhibit non-axisymmetric features that closely match the bar light distribution with low-sigma regions along the bar major axis and high values in the perpendicular direction. On the other hand, sigma(r) velocity dispersion maps present more axisymmetric distributions. We show that isophotal profile differences best capture the impact of the bar on the three SVE components providing strong correlations with bar morphology proxies although there is no relation with individual sigma. Time evolution analysis shows that these differences are a consequence of the bar formation and that they tightly coevolve with the strength of the bar. We discuss the presence of different behaviours of sigma(z) and its connection with observations. This work helps us understand the intrinsic sigma distribution and motivates the use of isophotal profiles as a mean to quantify the effect of bars., Spanish Government PID2019-107427GB-C32, Consejeria de Economia, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the Spanish State Research Agency, under the Severo Ochoa Program CEX2019-000920-S

The epoch in which galactic discs settle is a major benchmark to test models of galaxy formation and evolution but is as yet largely unknown. Once discs settle and become self-gravitating enough, stellar bars are able to form; therefore, determining the ages of bars can shed light on the epoch of disc settling, and on the onset of secular evolution. Nevertheless, until now, timing when the bar formed has proven challenging. In this work, we present a new methodology for obtaining the bar age, using the star formation history of nuclear discs. Nuclear discs are rotation-supported structures, built by gas pushed to the centre via bar-induced torques, and their formation is thus coincident with bar formation. In particular, we use integral field spectroscopic (IFS) data from the TIMER survey to disentangle the star formation history of the nuclear disc from that of the underlying main disc, which enables us to more accurately determine when the nuclear disc forms. We demonstrate the methodology on the galaxy NGC 1433 -- which we find to host an old bar that is $8.0^{+1.6}_{-1.1}\rm{(sys)}^{+0.2}_{-0.5}\rm{(stat)}$ Gyr old -- and describe a number of tests carried out on both the observational data and numerical simulations. In addition, we present evidence that the nuclear disc of NGC 1433 grows in accordance with an inside-out formation scenario. This methodology is applicable to high-resolution IFS data of barred galaxies with nuclear discs, making it ideally suited for the TIMER survey sample. In the future we will thus be able to determine the bar age for a large sample of galaxies, shedding light on the epoch of disc settling and bar formation., Comment: Accepted for Publication by A&A, 18 pages, 14 figures

Warps are observed in a large fraction of disc galaxies, and can be due to a large number of different processes. Some of these processes might also cause vertical heating and flaring. Using a sample of galaxies simulated in their cosmological context, we study the connection between warping and disc heating. We analyse the vertical stellar density structure within warped stellar discs, and monitor the evolution of the scale-heights of the mono-age populations and the geometrical thin and thick disc during the warp's lifetime. We also compare the overall thickness and the vertical velocity dispersion in the disc before and after the warp. We find that for warps made of pre-existing stellar particles shifted off-plane, the scale-heights do not change within the disc's warped region: discs tilt rigidly. For warps made of off-plane new stellar material (either born in-situ or accreted), the warped region of the disc is not well described by a double $\mathrm{sech^2}$ density profile. Yet, once the warp is gone, the thin and thick disc structure is recovered, with their scale-heights following the same trends as in the region that was never warped. Finally, we find that the overall thickness and vertical velocity dispersion do not increase during a warp, regardless of the warp's origin. This holds even for warps triggered by interactions with satellites, which cause disc heating but before the warp forms. Our findings suggest that the vertical structure of galaxies does not hold any memory of past warps., 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Submitted to MNRAS

The α-element abundances of the globular cluster (GC) and field star populations of galaxies encode information about the formation of each of these components. We use the E-MOSAICS cosmological simulations of ∼L* galaxies and their GCs to investigate the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution of field stars and GCs in 25 Milky Way–mass galaxies. The [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution of GCs largely follows that of the field stars and can also therefore be used as tracers of the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] evolution of the galaxy. Due to the difference in their star formation histories, GCs associated with stellar streams (i.e. which have recently been accreted) have systematically lower [α/Fe] at fixed [Fe/H]. Therefore, if a GC is observed to have low [α/Fe] for its [Fe/H] there is an increased possibility that this GC was accreted recently alongside a dwarf galaxy. There is a wide range of shapes for the field star [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] distribution, with a notable subset of galaxies exhibiting bimodal distributions, in which the high [α/Fe] sequence is mostly comprised of stars in the bulge, a high fraction of which are from disrupted GCs. We calculate the contribution of disrupted GCs to the bulge component of the 25 simulated galaxies and find values between 0.3 and 14 per cent, where this fraction correlates with the galaxy’s formation time. The upper range of these fractions is compatible with observationally inferred measurements for the Milky Way, suggesting that in this respect the Milky Way is not typical of L*galaxies, having experienced a phase of unusually rapid growth at early times.

We use Gaia DR2 astrometric and line-of-sight velocity information combined with two sets of distances obtained with a Bayesian inference method to study the 3D velocity distribution in the Milky Way disc. We search for variations in all Galactocentric cylindrical velocity components ($V_{\phi}$, $V_R$ and $V_z$) with Galactic radius, azimuth, and distance from the disc mid-plane. We confirm recent work showing that bulk vertical motions in the $R\text{-}z$ plane are consistent with a combination of breathing and bending modes. In the $x\text{-}y$ plane, we show that, although the amplitudes change, the structure produced by these modes is mostly invariant as a function of distance from the plane. Comparing to two different Galactic disc models, we demonstrate that the observed patterns can drastically change in short time intervals, showing the complexity of understanding the origin of vertical perturbations. A strong radial $V_R$ gradient was identified in the inner disc, transitioning smoothly from $16$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$ at an azimuth of $30^\circ, Comment: 17 p., 13 fig., accepted MNRAS

The mass of a star is the most fundamental parameter for its structure, evolution, and final fate. It is particularly important for any kind of stellar archaeology and characterization of exoplanets. There exist a variety of methods in astronomy to estimate or determine it. In this review we present a significant number of such methods, beginning with the most direct and model-independent approach using detached eclipsing binaries. We then move to more indirect and model-dependent methods, such as the quite commonly used isochrone or stellar track fitting. The arrival of quantitative asteroseismology has opened a completely new approach to determine stellar masses and to complement and improve the accuracy of other methods. We include methods for different evolutionary stages, from the pre-main sequence to evolved (super)giants and final remnants. For all methods uncertainties and restrictions will be discussed. We provide lists of altogether more than 200 benchmark stars with relative mass accuracies between [0.3 , 2] % for the covered mass range of M∈[0.1,16]M⊙, 75 % of which are stars burning hydrogen in their core and the other 25 % covering all other evolved stages. We close with a recommendation how to combine various methods to arrive at a “mass-ladder” for stars., The authors are much indebted to all colleagues participating in the workshop, even though they were not involved in the textual contributions for this review paper. A.S. acknowledges support from Grants ESP2017-82674-R and PID2019-108709GB-I00 (MICINN) and 2017-SGR-1131 (AGAUR). C.A., J.S.G.M., and M.G.P. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement no.?670519: MAMSIE) and from the KU?Leuven Research Council (grant C16/18/005: PARADISE). M.B. is supported through the Lise Meitner grant from the Max Planck Society and acknowledges support by the Collaborative Research centre SFB 881 (projects A5, A10), Heidelberg University, of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation). V.S.A. acknowledges support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Research grant 7027-00096B) and the Carlsberg foundation (Grant agreement CF19-0649). Funding for the Stellar Astrophysics Centre is provided by The Danish National Research Foundation (Grant agreement No.?DNRF106). D.B., J.C.M., and I.R. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU), and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through Grants ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R and PGC2018-098153-B-C33, as well as the support of the Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA programme). N.B. gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Royal Society (University Research Fellowships) and from the European Research Council (ERC-CoG-646928, Multi-Pop). A.E. acknowledges support from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) under contract ZKD1501-00-W01 (Grant no. 792848). D.K.F. acknowledges funds from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the framework of the Sofia Kovalevskaja Award endowed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and grant 2016-03412 from the Swedish Research Council. D.G. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the CRT foundation under Grant no. 2018.2323 ?Gaseous or rocky? Unveiling the nature of small worlds ?. L.G. acknowledges funding from LSST-Italy and from project MITiC 2015. N.L. was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under Grant number AYA2015-69350-C3-2-P. A.M. acknowledges funding from the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No?749962 (project THOT). B.N. is supported by Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) under Grant PD/BD/113744/2015 from PhD::SPACE, an FCT PhD program, and by the Alexander von?Humboldt Foundation. Further support from FEDER ? Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020 ? Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), and by Portuguese funds through FCT ? Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia in the framework of the Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030389 is also acknowledged. K.P. acknowledges support from the Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ research Grant IP-2014-09-8656). P-E.T. has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme n.?677706 (WD3D). The authors thank our colleagues G.?Bono, T.L.?Campante, M.S.?Cunha, P. Das, C.?Johnston, F.?Kiefer, P.?Maxted, M.J.P.F.G.?Monteiro, Th.?Rodrigues, V. Schaffenroth, M. Vu?kovi? for helpful comments and useful discussions. This work presents results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia and from the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space missions Kepler and TESS.

DW-M and JF-B acknowledge support through the RAVET project by the grant PID2019-107427GB-C32 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU), and through the IAC project TRACES which is partially supported through the state budget and the regional budget of the Consejer ' ia de Econom ' ia, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community., The connection between the Stellar Velocity Ellipsoid (SVE) and the dynamical evolution of galaxies has been a matter of debate in the last years and there is no clear consensus whether different heating agents (e.g. spiral arms, giant molecular clouds, bars and mergers) leave clear detectable signatures in the present day kinematics. Most of these results are based on a single and global SVE and have not taken into account that these agents do not necessarily equally affect all regions of the stellar disc. We study the two-dimensional (2D) spatial distribution of the SVE across the stellar discs of Auriga galaxies, a set of high resolution magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations, to unveil the connection between local and global kinematic properties in the disc region.We find very similar, global, σz/σr = 0.80 ± 0.08 values for galaxies of different Hubble types. This shows that the global properties of the SVE at z = 0 are not a good indicator of the heating and cooling events experienced by galaxies.We also find that similar σz/σr radial profiles are obtained through different combinations of σz and σr trends: at a local level, the vertical and radial components can evolve differently, leading to similar σz/σr profiles at z = 0. By contrast, the 2D spatial distribution of the SVE varies a lot more from galaxy to galaxy. Present day features in the SVE spatial distribution may be associated with specific interactions such as fly-by encounters or the accretion of low mass satellites even in the cases when the global SVE is not affected. The stellar populations decomposition reveals that young stellar populations present colder and less isotropic SVEs and more complex 2D distributions than their older and hotter counterparts., Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) PID2019-107427GB-C32, Consejería de Economía, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community

The mass function of globular cluster (GC) populations is a fundamental observable that encodes the physical conditions under which these massive stellar clusters formed and evolved. The high-mass end of star cluster mass functions are commonly described using a Schechter function, with an exponential truncation mass $M_{c,*}$. For the GC mass functions in the Virgo galaxy cluster, this truncation mass increases with galaxy mass ($M_{*}$). In this paper we fit Schechter mass functions to the GCs in the most massive galaxy group ($M_{\mathrm{200}} = 5.14 \times 10^{13} M_{\odot}$) in the E-MOSAICS simulations. The fiducial cluster formation model in E-MOSAICS reproduces the observed trend of $M_{c,*}$ with $M_{*}$ for the Virgo cluster. We therefore examine the origin of the relation by fitting $M_{c,*}$ as a function of galaxy mass, with and without accounting for mass loss by two-body relaxation, tidal shocks and/or dynamical friction. In the absence of these mass-loss mechanisms, the $M_{c,*}$-$M_{*}$ relation is flat above $M_* > 10^{10} M_{\odot}$. It is therefore the disruption of high-mass GCs in galaxies with $M_{*}\sim 10^{10} M_{\odot}$ that lowers the $M_{c,*}$ in these galaxies. High-mass GCs are able to survive in more massive galaxies, since there are more mergers to facilitate their redistribution to less-dense environments. The $M_{c,*}-M_*$ relation is therefore a consequence of both the formation conditions of massive star clusters and their environmentally-dependent disruption mechanisms., Accepted to MNRAS

We introduce BAYES-LOSVD, a novel implementation of the non-parametric extraction of line-of-sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs) in galaxies. We employ bayesian inference to obtain robust LOSVDs and associated uncertainties. Our method relies on principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the base of templates required for the extraction and thus increase the performance of the code. In addition, we implement several options to regularise the output solutions. Our tests, conducted on mock spectra, confirm the ability of our approach to model a wide range of LOSVD shapes, overcoming limitations of the most widely used parametric methods (e.g. Gauss-Hermite expansion). We present examples of LOSVD extractions for real galaxies with known peculiar LOSVD shapes, i.e. NGC4371, IC0719 and NGC4550, using MUSE and SAURON integral-field unit (IFU) data. Our implementation can also handle data from other popular IFU surveys (e.g. ATLAS3D, CALIFA, MaNGA, SAMI). Details of the code and relevant documentation are freely available to the community in the dedicated repositories., 13 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Public repository with the code can be found at: https://github.com/jfalconbarroso/BAYES-LOSVD

Stellar populations in barred galaxies save an imprint of the influence of the bar on the host galaxy's evolution. We present a detailed analysis of star formation histories (SFHs) and chemical enrichment of stellar populations in nine nearby barred galaxies from the TIMER project. We use integral field observations with the MUSE instrument to derive unprecedented spatially resolved maps of stellar ages, metallicities, [Mg/Fe] abundances and SFHs, as well as H$��$ as a tracer of ongoing star formation. We find a characteristic V-shaped signature in the SFH perpendicular to the bar major axis which supports the scenario where intermediate age stars ($\sim 2$-$6\ \mathrm{Gyr}$) are trapped on more elongated orbits shaping a thinner part of the bar, while older stars ($> 8\ \mathrm{Gyr}$) are trapped on less elongated orbits shaping a rounder and thicker part of the bar. We compare our data to state-of-the-art cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of barred galaxies and show that such V-shaped SFHs arise naturally due to the dynamical influence of the bar on stellar populations with different ages and kinematic properties. Additionally, we find an excess of very young stars ($< 2\ \mathrm{Gyr}$) on the edges of the bars, predominantly on the leading side, confirming typical star formation patterns in bars. Furthermore, mass-weighted age and metallicity gradients are slightly shallower along the bar than in the disc likely due to orbital mixing in the bar. Finally, we find that bars are mostly more metal-rich and less [Mg/Fe]-enhanced than the surrounding discs. We interpret this as a signature that the bar quenches star formation in the inner region of discs, usually referred to as star formation deserts. We discuss these results and their implications on two different scenarios of bar formation and evolution., Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics; 14 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables (including appendix: 29 pages, 29 figures)

Galaxy interactions and mergers are thought to play an important role in the evolution of galaxies. Studies in the nearby universe show a higher fraction of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in interacting and merging galaxies than in their isolated counterparts, indicating that such interactions are important contributors to black hole growth. To investigate the evolution of this role at higher redshifts, we have compiled the largest known sample of major spectroscopic galaxy pairs (2381 with ΔV < 5000 km s-1) at 0.5 < z < 3.0 from observations in the COSMOS and CANDELS surveys. We identify X-ray and IR AGNs among this kinematic pair sample, a visually identified sample of mergers and interactions, and a mass-, redshift-, and environment-matched control sample for each in order to calculate AGN fractions and the level of AGN enhancement as a function of relative velocity, redshift, and X-ray luminosity. While we see a slight increase in AGN fraction with decreasing projected separation, overall, we find no significant enhancement relative to the control sample at any separation. In the closest projected separation bin (< 25 kpc, ΔV < 1000 km s-1), we find enhancements of a factor of ${0.94}_{-0.16}^{+0.21}$ and ${1.00}_{-0.31}^{+0.58}$ for X-ray and IR-selected AGNs, respectively. While we conclude that galaxy interactions do not significantly enhance AGN activity on average over 0.5 < z < 3.0 at these separations, given the errors and the small sample size at the closest projected separations, our results would be consistent with the presence of low-level AGN enhancement....

Stars in globular clusters (GCs) lose a non negligible amount of mass during their post-main sequence evolution. This material is then expected to build up a substantial intra-cluster medium (ICM) within the GC. However, the observed gas content in GCs is a couple of orders of magnitude below these expectations. Here we follow the evolution of this stellar wind material through hydrodynamical simulations to attempt to reconcile theoretical predictions with observations. We test different mechanisms proposed in the literature to clear out the gas such as ram-pressure stripping by the motion of the GC in the Galactic halo medium and ionisation by UV sources. We use the code ramses to run 3D hydrodynamical simulations to study for the first time the ICM evolution within discretised multi-mass GC models including stellar winds and full radiative transfer. We find that the inclusion of both ram-pressure and ionisation is mandatory to explain why only a very low amount of ionised gas is observed in the core of GCs. The same mechanisms operating in ancient GCs that clear the gas could also be efficient at younger ages, meaning that young GCs would not be able to retain gas and form multiple generations of stars as assumed in many models to explain "multiple populations". However, this rapid clearing of gas is consistent with observations of young massive clusters., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We analyze age-velocity dispersion relations (AVRs) from kinematics of individual stars in eight Local Group galaxies ranging in mass from Carina ($M_{*} \sim 10^{6}$) to M31 ($M_{*} \sim 10^{11}$). Observationally the $\sigma$ vs. stellar age trends can be interpreted as dynamical heating of the stars by GMCs, bars/spiral arms, or merging subhalos; alternatively the stars could have simply been born out of a more turbulent ISM at high redshift and retain that larger velocity dispersion till present day - consistent with recent IFU studies. To ascertain the dominant mechanism and better understand the impact of instabilities and feedback, we develop models based on observed SFHs of these Local Group galaxies in order to create an evolutionary formalism which describes the ISM velocity dispersion due to a galaxy's evolving gas fraction. These empirical models relax the common assumption that the stars are born from gas which has constant velocity dispersion at all redshifts. Using only the observed SFHs as input, the ISM velocity dispersion and a mid-plane scattering model fits the observed AVRs of low mass galaxies without fine tuning. Higher mass galaxies above $M_{vir} > 10^{11}$ need a larger contribution from latent dynamical heating processes (for example minor mergers), in excess of the ISM model. Using the SFHs we also find that supernovae feedback does not appear to be a dominant driver of the gas velocity dispersion compared to gravitational instabilities - at least for dispersions $\sigma \gtrsim 25$ km/s. Together our results point to stars being born with a velocity dispersion close to that of the gas at the time of their formation, with latent dynamical heating operating with a galaxy mass-dependent efficiency. These semi-empirical relations may help constrain the efficiency of feedback and its impact on the physics of disk settling in galaxy formation simulations., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures. accepted for publication in MNRAS

Several deep observations such as those carried out at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) have revealed prominent Low Surface Brightness (LSB) fine structures that change the apparent morphology of galaxies. Previous photometry surveys have developed observational techniques which exploit the diffuse light detected in the external regions of galaxies. In these studies the outer perturbations have been identified and classified like tidal tails, stellar streams, and shells. These structures are tracers of interacting and merging events and they keep a memory of the mass assembly of galaxies. Cosmological numerical simulations are needed to estimate their visibility time-scale (among other properties) in order to reconstruct the past merger history of galaxies. In the present work, we analyze a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to build a comprehensive interpretation of the properties of fine structures. We make a census of several types of LSB fine structures by visual inspection of individual snapshots at various time. We reconstruct the evolution of the number of fine structures detected around an early-type galaxy and we compare with the merger history of the galaxy. We find that most of fine structures are associated with major and intermediate mass merger events. Their survival time scale ranges between 0.7 and 4 Gyr. Shells and streams remain visible for a longer time than tidal tails. These estimates of survival times provide clues to interpret the shape and frequency of fine structures observed in deep images in terms of mass assembly. We find that the detectability of stellar streams is the most sensitive to the surface brightness limit. We see 2-3 times more streams with a surface brightness cut of 33 mag arcsec$^{-2}$ than with 29 mag arcsec$^{-2}$. The detection of shells display a strong dependence on the projection angle., 16 pages, 14 figures, accepted in A&A (v2 after language editing)

Galactic disc chemical evolution models generally ignore azimuthal surface density variation that can introduce chemical abundance azimuthal gradients. Recent observations, however, have revealed chemical abundance changes with azimuth in the gas and stellar components of both the Milky Way and external galaxies. To quantify the effects of spiral arm density fluctuations on the azimuthal variations of the oxygen and iron abundances in disc galaxies. We develop a new 2D galactic disc chemical evolution model, capable of following not just radial but also azimuthal inhomogeneities. The density fluctuations resulting from a Milky Way-like N-body disc formation simulation produce azimuthal variations in the oxygen abundance gradients of the order of 0.1 dex. Moreover, in agreement with the most recent observations in external galaxies, the azimuthal variations are more evident in the outer galactic regions. Using a simple analytical model, we show that the largest fluctuations with azimuth result near the spiral structure corotation resonance, where the relative speed between spiral and gaseous disc is the slowest. In conclusion we provided a new 2D chemical evolution model capable of following azimuthal density variations. Density fluctuations extracted from a Milky Way-like dynamical model lead to a scatter in the azimuthal variations of the oxygen abundance gradient in agreement with observations in external galaxies. We interpret the presence of azimuthal scatter at all radii by the presence of multiple spiral modes moving at different pattern speeds, as found in both observations and numerical simulations., Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics (A&A), 17 pages, 18 Figures

Simpson's paradox, or Yule-Simpson effect, arises when a trend appears in different subsets of data but disappears or reverses when these subsets are combined. We describe here seven cases of this phenomenon for chemo-kinematical relations believed to constrain the Milky Way disk formation and evolution. We show that interpreting trends in relations, such as the radial and vertical chemical abundance gradients, the age-metallicity relation, and the metallicity-rotational velocity relation (MVR), can lead to conflicting conclusions about the Galaxy past if analyses marginalize over stellar age and/or birth radius. It is demonstrated that the MVR in RAVE giants is consistent with being always strongly negative, when narrow bins of [Mg/Fe] are considered. This is directly related to the negative radial metallicity gradients of stars grouped by common age (mono-age populations) due to the inside out disk formation. The effect of the asymmetric drift can then give rise to a positive MVR trend in high-[alpha/Fe] stars, with a slope dependent on a given survey's selection function and observational uncertainties. We also study the variation of lithium abundance, A(Li), with [Fe/H] of AMBRE:HARPS dwarfs. A strong reversal in the positive A(Li)-[Fe/H] trend of the total sample is found for mono-age populations, flattening for younger groups of stars. Dissecting by birth radius shows strengthening in the positive A(Li)-[Fe/H] trend, shifting to higher [Fe/H] with decreasing birth radius; these observational results suggest new constraints on chemical evolution models. This work highlights the necessity for precise age estimates for large stellar samples covering wide spatial regions., 13 p., 7 Fig., Accepted to MNRAS

Stellar feedback plays a significant role in modulating star formation, redistributing metals, and shaping the baryonic and dark structure of galaxies -- however, the efficiency of its energy deposition to the interstellar medium is challenging to constrain observationally. Here we leverage HST and ALMA imaging of a molecular gas and dust shell ($M_{H2} \sim 2\times 10^{5} ~{\rm M}_{\odot}$) in an outflow from the nuclear star forming ring of the galaxy NGC 3351, to serve as a boundary condition for a dynamical and energetic analysis of the outflowing ionised gas seen in our MUSE TIMER survey. We use \texttt{STARBURST99} models and prescriptions for feedback from simulations to demonstrate that the observed star formation energetics can reproduce the ionised and molecular gas dynamics -- provided a dominant component of the momentum injection comes from direct photon pressure from young stars, on top of supernovae, photoionisation heating and stellar winds. The mechanical energy budget from these sources is comparable to low luminosity AGN, suggesting that stellar feedback can be a relevant driver of bulk gas motions in galaxy centres - although here $\lesssim 10^{-3}$ of the ionized gas mass is escaping the galaxy. We test several scenarios for the survival/formation of the cold gas in the outflow, including in-situ condensation and cooling. Interestingly, the geometry of the molecular gas shell, observed magnetic field strengths and emission line diagnostics are consistent with a scenario where magnetic field lines aided survival of the dusty ISM as it was initially launched (with mass loading factor $\lesssim 1$) from the ring by stellar feedback. This system's unique feedback driven morphology can hopefully serve as a useful litmus test for feedback prescriptions in magnetohydrodynamical galaxy simulations., Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 27 pages, 17 figures

The kinematics of the Milky Way disc as a function of age are well measured at the solar radius, but have not been studied over a wider range of Galactocentric radii. Here, we measure the kinematics of mono-age, mono-$\mathrm{[Fe/H]}$ populations in the low and high $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$ discs between $4 \lesssim R \lesssim 13$ kpc and $|z| \lesssim 2$ kpc using 65,719 stars in common between APOGEE DR14 and $\it{Gaia}$ DR2 for which we estimate ages using a Bayesian neural network model trained on asteroseismic ages. We determine the vertical and radial velocity dispersions, finding that the low and high $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$ discs display markedly different age--velocity-dispersion relations (AVRs) and shapes $\sigma_z/\sigma_R$. The high $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$ disc has roughly flat AVRs and constant $\sigma_z/\sigma_R = 0.64\pm 0.04$, whereas the low $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$ disc has large variations in this ratio which positively correlate with the mean orbital radius of the population at fixed age. The high $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$ disc component's flat AVRs and constant $\sigma_z/\sigma_R$ clearly indicates an entirely different heating history. Outer disc populations also have flatter radial AVRs than those in the inner disc, likely due to the waning effect of spiral arms. Our detailed measurements of AVRs and $\sigma_z/\sigma_R$ across the disc indicate that low $\mathrm{[\alpha/Fe]}$, inner disc ($R \lesssim 10\,\mathrm{kpc}$) stellar populations are likely dynamically heated by both giant molecular clouds and spiral arms, while the observed trends for outer disc populations require a significant contribution from another heating mechanism such as satellite perturbations. We also find that outer disc populations have slightly positive mean vertical and radial velocities, likely because they are part of the warped disc., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS - The revised version has various updates to the text following suggestions from the referee, but general results remain the same. Code is available https://github.com/jmackereth/monoage-velocity-dispersion, and the APOGEE DR14 age catalogue can be found alongside a paper summary http://www.astro.ljmu.ac.uk/~astjmack/dynamical-heating.html

The main goal of Galactic Archaeology is understanding the formation and evolution of the basic Galactic components. This requires sophisticated chemo-dynamical modeling, where disc asymmetries (e.g., perturbations from the central bar, spirals arms, and infalling satellites) and non-equilibrium processes are taken into account self-consistently. Here we discuss the current status of Galactic chemo-dynamical modeling and focus on a recent hybrid technique, which helps circumvent traditional problems with chemical enrichment and star formation encountered in fully self-consistent cosmological simulations.We show that this model can account for a number of chemo-kinematic relations in the Milky Way. In addition, we demonstrate that (1) our model matches well the observed age-[α/Fe] and age-[Fe/H] relations and (2) that the scatter in the age-[Fe/H] relation cannot be simply explained by blurring (stars on apo- and pericenters visiting the solar vicinity) but significant radial migration (stars born elsewhere but ending up at the solar vicinity today because of a change in guiding radius) is needed. We emphasize the importance of accurate stellar ages, such as those obtained through asteroseismology by the CoRoT and Kepler missions, for breaking the degeneracy among different Galactic evolution scenarios.

The central regions of disc galaxies hold clues to the processes that dominate their formation and evolution. The TIMER project has obtained high signal-to-noise and spatial resolution integral-field spectroscopy data of the inner few kpc of 21 nearby massive barred galaxies, allowing studies of the stellar kinematics with unprecedented spatial resolution. We confirm theoretical predictions of the effects of bars on stellar kinematics, and identify box/peanuts through kinematic signatures in mildly and moderately inclined galaxies, finding a lower limit to the fraction of massive barred galaxies with box/peanuts at ~62%. Further, we provide kinematic evidence of the connection between barlenses, box/peanuts and bars. We establish the presence of nuclear discs in 19 galaxies and show that their kinematics are characterised by near-circular orbits with low pressure support, and are consistent with the bar-driven secular evolution picture for their formation. In fact, we show that these nuclear discs have, in the region where they dominate, larger rotational support than the underlying main galaxy disc. We define a kinematic radius for the nuclear discs and show that it relates to bar radius, ellipticity and strength, and bar-to-total ratio. Comparing our results with photometric studies, we find that state-of-the-art galaxy image decompositions are able to discern nuclear discs from classical bulges, if the images employed have enough physical spatial resolution. In fact, we show that nuclear discs are typically identified in such image decompositions as photometric bulges with (near-)exponential profiles. However, we find that the presence of composite bulges (galaxies hosting both a classical bulge and a nuclear disc) can often be unnoticed in studies based on photometry alone, and suggest a more stringent threshold to the Sersic index to identify galaxies with pure classical bulges., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A; 24 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables, including 2 appendices. A full resolution PDF is available at http://www.sc.eso.org/~dgadotti/kinematics.pdf and FITS files with the derived (spatially-resolved) stellar kinematics (v, sigma, h3 and h4) for all TIMER galaxies are available at https://www.muse-timer.org/data

One of the fundamental assumptions of chemical evolution models (CEMs) of the Milky Way (MW) and other spirals is that higher gas accretion rates are expected in the past, and in the inner regions of the Galaxy. This leads to the so-called `inside-out disc formation scenario'. Yet, these are probably the most unconstrained inputs of such models. In the present paper, we aim at investigating these main assumptions by studying how gas is accreted in four simulated MW-like galaxies assembled within the $\Lambda$CDM scenario. The galaxies were obtained using two different simulation techniques, cosmological setups and initial conditions. Two of them are MW candidates corresponding to the chemodynamical model of Minchev et al. (2013, 2014) (known as MCM) and the Local Group cosmological simulation of Nuza et al. (2014). We investigate vertical and radial gas accretion on to galaxy discs as a function of cosmic time and disc radius. We find that accretion in the MW-like galaxies seem to happen in two distinct phases, namely: an early, more violent period; followed by a subsequent, slowly declining phase. Our simulations seem to give support to the assumption that the amount of gas incorporated into the MW disc exponentially decreases with time, leading to current net accretion rates of $0.6-1\,$M$_\odot\,$yr$^{-1}$. In particular, accretion timescales on to the simulated thin-disc-like structures are within $\sim5-7\,$Gyr, consistent with expectations from CEMs. Moreover, our simulated MW discs are assembled from the inside-out with gas in the inner disc regions accreted in shorter timescales than in external ones, in qualitative agreement with CEMs of the Galaxy. However, this type of growth is not general to all galaxies and it is intimately linked to their particular merger and gas accretion history., Comment: Replaced to match published version. References and table added; 20 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables. Gas accretion timescale vs. galactocentric radius for simulated MW candidates shown in Table B1

In chemodynamical evolution models it is usually assumed that the Milky Way galaxy forms from the inside-out implying that gas inflows onto the disk decrease with galactocentric distance. Similarly, to reproduce differences between chemical abundances of the thick disk and bulge with respect to those of the thin disk, higher accretion fluxes at early times are postulated. By using a suite of Milky Way-like galaxies extracted from cosmological simulations, we investigate the accretion of gas on the simulated stellar disks during their whole evolution. In general, we find that the picture outlined above holds, although the detailed behavior depends on the assembly history of the Galaxy and the complexities inherent to the physics of galaxy formation., 4 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of IAU Symposium 334,"Rediscovering our Galaxy", Eds. C. Chiappini, I. Minchev, E. Starkenburg & M. Valentini, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Early type galaxies (ETG) contain most of the stars present in the local Universe and, above a stellar mass of ~5e10 Msun, vastly outnumber spiral galaxies like the Milky Way. These massive spheroidal galaxies have, in the present day, very little gas or dust, and their stellar populations have been evolving passively for over 10 billion years. The physical mechanisms that led to the termination of star formation in these galaxies and depletion of their interstellar medium remain largely conjectural. In particular, there are currently no direct measurements of the amount of residual gas that might be still present in newly quiescent spheroids at high redshift. Here we show that quiescent ETGs at z~1.8, close to their epoch of quenching, contained 2-3 orders of magnitude more dust at fixed stellar mass than local ETGs. This implies the presence of substantial amounts of gas (5-10%), which was however consumed less efficiently than in more active galaxies, probably due to their spheroidal morphology, and consistently with our simulations. This lower star formation efficiency, and an extended hot gas halo possibly maintained by persistent feedback from an active galactic nucleus (AGN), combine to keep ETGs mostly passive throughout cosmic time., Comment: 16 pages, 4 main figures main, 7 supplementary figures, 2 supplementary tables; accepted for publication in Nature Astronomy

The radial density profiles of stellar galaxy discs can be well approximated as an exponential. Compared to this canonical form, however, the profiles in the majority of disc galaxies show downward or upward breaks at large radii. Currently, there is no coherent explanation in a galaxy formation context of the radial profile per se, along with the two types of profile breaks. Using a set of controlled hydrodynamic simulations of disc galaxy formation, we find a correlation between the host halo's initial angular momentum and the resulting radial profile of the stellar disc: galaxies that live in haloes with a low spin parameter {\lambda}, Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, adapted to the published version in MNRAS-L

Lenticular galaxies (S0s) represent the majority of early-type galaxies in the local Universe, but their formation channels are still poorly understood. While galaxy mergers are obvious pathways to suppress star formation and increase bulge sizes, the marked parallelism between spiral and lenticular galaxies (e.g. photometric bulge–disc coupling) seemed to rule out a potential merger origin. Here, we summarise our recent work in which we have shown, throughN-body numerical simulations, that disc-dominated lenticulars can emerge from major mergers of spiral galaxies, in good agreement with observational photometric scaling relations. Moreover, we show that mergers simultaneously increase the light concentration and reduce the angular momentum relative to their spiral progenitors. This explains the mismatch in angular momentum and concentration between spirals and lenticulars recently revealed by CALIFA observations, which is hard to reconcile with simple fading mechanisms (e.g. ram-pressure stripping).

The stellar radial profiles of disk galaxies are often observed to be truncated, or anti-truncated in the galaxies’ outskirts. As of now, the literature about galaxy formation lacks a model for the formation of observed anti-truncated stellar disks which is based on secular processes. We present an attempt to fill this gap. We were able to model anti-truncated disks in numerical SPH simulations of the formation of isolated galaxies. We will show that the stars in the outskirts of the simulated galactic disk are on very eccentric orbits but were formed on circular orbits at much smaller radii. We argue that a strong central bar is the main driver of the formation of such a disk configuration. The model predicts that such outer stellar disks should show very slow rotation, but high radial dispersion. If confirmed, their existence would constitute galaxy disks of qualitatively very new kinematic properties.

Galaxy formation entails the hierarchical assembly of mass, along with the condensation of baryons and the ensuing, self-regulating star formation. The stars form a collisionless system whose orbit distribution retains dynamical memory that can constrain a galaxy's formation history. The ordered-rotation dominated orbits with near maximum circularity $\lambda_z \simeq1$ and the random-motion dominated orbits with low circularity $\lambda_z \simeq0$ are called kinematically cold and kinematically hot, respectively. The fraction of stars on `cold' orbits, compared to the fraction of stars on `hot' orbits, speaks directly to the quiescence or violence of the galaxies' formation histories. Here we present such orbit distributions, derived from stellar kinematic maps via orbit-based modelling for a well defined, large sample of 300 nearby galaxies. The sample, drawn from the CALIFA survey, includes the main morphological galaxy types and spans the total stellar mass range from $10^{8.7}$ to $10^{11.9}$ solar masses. Our analysis derives the orbit-circularity distribution as a function of galaxy mass, $p(\lambda_z~|~M_\star)$, and its volume-averaged total distribution, $p(\lambda_z)$. We find that across most of the considered mass range and across morphological types, there are more stars on `warm' orbits defined as $0.25\le \lambda_z \le 0.8$ than on either `cold' or `hot' orbits. This orbit-based "Hubble diagram" provides a benchmark for galaxy formation simulations in a cosmological context., Comment: Published in Nature Astronomy, 1 January 2018; doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0348-1; 22pages, 8 figures, 2 tables

Schwarzschild orbit-based dynamical models are widely used to uncover the internal dynamics of early-type galaxies and globular clusters. Here we present for the first time the Schwarzschild models of late-type galaxies: an SBb galaxy NGC 4210 and an S0 galaxy NGC 6278 from the CALIFA survey. The mass profiles within $2\,R_e$ are constrained well with $1\sigma$ statistical error of $\sim 10\%$. The luminous and dark mass can be disentangled with uncertainties of $\sim 20\%$ and $\sim 50\%$ respectively. From $R_e$ to $2\,R_e$, the dark matter fraction increases from $14\pm10\%$ to $18\pm10\%$ for NGC 4210 and from $15\pm10\%$ to $30\pm20\%$ for NGC 6278. The velocity anisotropy profiles of both $\sigma_r/\sigma_t$ and $\sigma_z/\sigma_R$ are well constrained. The inferred internal orbital distributions reveal clear substructures. The orbits are naturally separated into three components: a cold component with near circular orbits, a hot component with near radial orbits, and a warm component in between. The photometrically-identified exponential disks are predominantly made up of cold orbits only beyond $\sim 1\,R_e$, while they are constructed mainly with the warm orbits inside. Our dynamical hot components are concentrated in the inner regions, similar to the photometrically-identified bulges. The reliability of the results, especially the orbit distribution, are verified by applying the model to mock data., Comment: accepted by MNRAS

We study seven simulated disc galaxies, three with a quiescent merger history, and four with mergers in their last 9 Gyr of evolution. We compare their structure at z=0 by decomposing them into "mono-age populations" (MAPs) of stars within 500 Myr age bins. All studied galaxies undergo a phase of merging activity at high redshift, so that stars older than 9 Gyr are found in a centrally concentrated component, while younger stars are mostly found in discs. We find that most MAPs have simple exponential radial and vertical density profiles, with a scale-height that typically increases with age. Because a large range of merger histories can create populations with simple structures, this suggests that the simplicity of the structure of mono-abundance populations observed in the Milky Way by Bovy et al. (2012b,c) is not necessarily a direct indicator of a quiescent history for the Milky Way. Similarly, the anti-correlation between scale-length and scale-height does not necessarily imply a merger-free history. However, mergers produce discontinuities between thin and thick disc components, and jumps in the age-velocity relation. The absence of a structural discontinuity between thin and thick disc observed in the Milky Way would seem to be a good indicator that no merger with a mass ratio larger than 1:15-1:10 occurred in the last 9 Gyr. Mergers at higher redshift might nevertheless be necessary to produce the thickest, hottest components of the Milky Way's disc., 15 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The main goal of Galactic Archaeology is to understand the formation and evolution of the basic Galactic components. This requires sophisticated chemo-dynamical modeling, where disk asymmetries ( e.g. , perturbations from the bar, spirals, and mergers) and non-equilibrium processes are taken into account self-consistently. Here we discuss the current status of Galactic chemo-dynamical modeling and focus on a recent hybrid technique, which helps circumvent traditional problems with chemical enrichment and star formation encountered in fully self-consistent cosmological simulations. We show that this model can account for a number of chemo-kinematic relations in the Milky Way, as discussed in previous works. In addition, we demonstrate that our model matches well the observed age-[α/Fe] relation and that blurring may be insufficient to explain the scatter in the age-metallicity relation.

Despite the recent advancements in the field of galaxy formation and evolution, fully self-consistent simulations are still unable to make the detailed predictions necessary for the planned and ongoing large spectroscopic and photometry surveys of the Milky Way disc. These difficulties arise from the very uncertain nature of sub-grid physical energy feedback within models, affecting both star formation rates and chemical enrichment. To avoid these problems, we have introduced a new approach which consists of fusing disc chemical evolution models with compatible numerical simulations. We demonstrate the power of this method by showing that a range of observational results can be explained by our new model. We show that due to radial migration from mergers at high redshift and the central bar at later times, a sizable fraction of old metal-poor, high-[alpha/Fe] stars can reach the solar vicinity. This naturally accounts for a number of recent observations related to both the thin and thick discs, despite the fact that we use thin-disc chemistry only. Within the framework of our model, the MW thick disc has emerged naturally from (i) stars born with high velocity dispersions at high redshift, (ii) stars migrating from the inner disc very early on due to strong merger activity, and (iii) further radial migration driven by the bar and spirals at later times. A significant fraction of old stars with thick-disc characteristics could have been born near the solar radius., Invited review at IAUS 298, Setting the scene for Gaia and LAMOST - the current and next generations of surveys and models, held in Lijiang, China, May 17-21, 2013. Will appear in IAU Symposium, vol 298, S. Feltzing, G. Zhao, N. Walton and P. Whitelock, eds

Recent improvements in the age dating of stellar populations and single stars allow us to study the ages and abundance of stars and galaxies with unprecedented accuracy. We here compare the relation between age and \alpha-element abundances for stars in the solar neighborhood to that of local, early-type galaxies. We find both relations to be very similar. Both fall into two regimes with a flat slope for ages younger than ~9 Gyr and a steeper slope for ages older than that value. This quantitative similarity seems surprising, given the different types of galaxies and scales involved. For the sample of early-type galaxies we also show that the data are inconsistent with literature delay time distributions of either single or double Gaussian shape. The data are consistent with a power law delay time distribution. We thus confirm that the delay time distribution inferred for the Milky Way from chemical evolution arguments also must apply to massive early-type galaxies. We also offer a tentative explanation for the seeming universality of the age-[\alpha/Fe] relation as the manifestation of averaging of different stellar populations with varying chemical evolution histories., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, submitted to A&A, version in reply to first referee report

In the Milky Way, the thick disk can be defined using individual stellar abundances, kinematics, or age; or geometrically, as stars high above the mid-plane. In nearby galaxies, where only a geometric definition can be used, thick disks appear to have large radial scale-lengths, and their red colors suggest that they are uniformly old. The Milky Way's geometrically thick disk is also radially extended, but it is far from chemically uniform: alpha-enhanced stars are confined within the inner Galaxy. In simulated galaxies, where old stars are centrally concentrated, geometrically thick disks are radially extended, too. Younger stellar populations flare in the simulated disks' outer regions, bringing those stars high above the mid-plane. The resulting geometrically thick disks therefore show a radial age gradient, from old in their central regions to younger in their outskirts. Based on our age estimates for a large sample of giant stars in the APOGEE survey, we can now test this scenario for the Milky Way. We find that the geometrically-defined thick disk in the Milky Way has indeed a strong radial age gradient: the median age for red clump stars goes from ~9 Gyr in the inner disk to 5 Gyr in the outer disk. We propose that at least some nearby galaxies could also have thick disks that are not uniformly old, and that geometrically thick disks might be complex structures resulting from different formation mechanisms in their inner and outer parts., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

Spiral galaxies have most of their stellar mass in a large rotating disk, and only a modest fraction in a central spheroidal bulge. This poses a major challenge for cosmological models of galaxy formation. Galaxies form at the centre of dark matter halos through a combination of hierarchical merging and gas accretion along cold streams, and should rapidly grow their bulge through mergers and instabilities. Cosmological simulations predict galaxies to have most of their mass in the central bulge, and therefore an angular momentum much below the observed level, except in dwarf galaxies. We propose that the continuous return of fresh gas by stellar populations over cosmic times could solve this issue. A population of stars formed at a given instant typically returns half of its initial mass in the form of gas over 10 billion years, and the process is not dominated by rapid supernovae explosions but by the long-term mass-loss from low- and intermediate-mass stars. Using simulations of galaxy formation, we show that this recycling of gas can strongly affect the structural evolution of massive galaxies, potentially solving the bulge fraction issue: we find that the bulge-to-disk ratio of a massive galaxy can be divided by a factor of 3. The continuous recycling of baryons through star formation and stellar mass loss helps the growth of disks and their survival to interactions and mergers. Instead of forming only early-type, spheroid-dominated galaxies (S0 and ellipticals), the standard cosmological model can then successfully account for massive late-type, disk-dominated spiral galaxies (Sb-Sc)., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, ApJL accepted. Movie available at http://marie.martig.free.fr/spiral/

We point out a natural mechanism for quenching of star formation in early-type galaxies. It automatically links the color of a galaxy with its morphology and does not require gas consumption, removal or termination of gas supply. Given that star formation takes place in gravitationally unstable gas disks, it can be quenched when a disk becomes stable against fragmentation to bound clumps. This can result from the growth of a stellar spheroid, for instance by mergers. We present the concept of morphological quenching (MQ) using standard disk instability analysis, and demonstrate its natural occurrence in a cosmological simulation using an efficient zoom-in technique. We show that the transition from a stellar disk to a spheroid can be sufficient to stabilize the gas disk, quench star formation, and turn an early-type galaxy red and dead while gas accretion continues. The turbulence necessary for disk stability can be stirred up by sheared perturbations within the disk in the absence of bound star-forming clumps. While gas stripping processes are limited to dense groups and clusters, and other quenching mechanisms like AGN feedback, virial shock heating and gravitational heating, are limited to halos more massive than 10^12 Mo, the MQ can explain the appearance of red ellipticals even in less massive halos and in the field. The dense gas disks observed in some of today's red ellipticals may be the relics of this mechanism, whereas red galaxies with quenched gas disks are expected to be more frequent at high redshift., ApJ in press. Movies available at http://marie.martig.free.fr/MQ

Star formation in galaxies is for a part driven by galaxy mergers. At low redshift, star formation activity is low in high-density environments like groups and clusters, and the star formation activity of galaxies increases with their isolation. This star formation-density relation is observed to be reversed at z~1, which is not explained by theoretical models so far. We study the influence of the tidal field of a galaxy group or cluster on the star formation activity of merging galaxies, using N-body simulations including gas dynamics and star formation. We find that the merger-driven star formation is significantly more active in the vicinity of such cosmological structures compared to mergers in the field. The large-scale tidal field can thus enhance the activity of galaxies in dense cosmic structures, and should be particularly efficient at high redshift before quenching processes take effect in the densest regions., MNRAS Letters, in press

We derive age constraints for 1639 red giants in the APOKASC sample for which seismic parameters from Kepler, as well as effective temperatures, metallicities and [alpha/Fe] values from APOGEE DR12 are available. We investigate the relation between age and chemical abundances for these stars, using a simple and robust approach to obtain ages. We first derive stellar masses using standard seismic scaling relations, then determine the maximum possible age for each star as function of its mass and metallicity, independently of its evolutionary stage. While the overall trend between maximum age and chemical abundances is a declining fraction of young stars with increasing [alpha/Fe], at least 14 out of 241 stars with [alpha/Fe]>0.13 are younger than 6 Gyr. Five stars with [alpha/Fe]>0.2 have ages below 4 Gyr. We examine the effect of modifications in the standard seismic scaling relations, as well as the effect of very low helium fractions, but these changes are not enough to make these stars as old as usually expected for alpha-rich stars (i.e., ages greater than 8-9 Gyr). Such unusual alpha-rich young stars have also been detected by other surveys, but defy simple explanations in a galaxy evolution context., 15 pages, 12 figures, 2 tables. MNRAS in press

The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 sq. deg of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-Object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 2350 sq. deg of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 sq. deg; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5,513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra., Comment: DR12 data are available at http://www.sdss3.org/dr12. 30 pages. 11 figures. Accepted to ApJS

Gas and dust in star-forming galaxies at the peak epoch of galaxy assembly are presently the topic of intense study, but little is known about the interstellar medium (ISM) of distant, passively evolving galaxies. We report on a deep 3 mm-band search with IRAM/PdBI for molecular (H$_2$) gas in a massive ($M_{\star}{\sim}6{\times}10^{11}M_{\odot}$) elliptical galaxy at z=1.4277, the first observation of this kind ever attempted. We place a 3$\sigma$ upper limit of 0.32 Jy km/s on the flux of the CO($J$=2$\rightarrow$1) line or $L'_{\rm CO}$$, Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures & 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJL

We report the discovery of a group of apparently young CoRoT red-giant stars exhibiting enhanced [alpha/Fe] abundance ratios (as determined from APOGEE spectra) with respect to Solar values. Their existence is not explained by standard chemical evolution models of the Milky Way, and shows that the chemical-enrichment history of the Galactic disc is more complex. We find similar stars in previously published samples for which isochrone-ages could be robustly obtained, although in smaller relative numbers, which could explain why these stars have not received prior attention. The young [alpha/Fe]-rich stars are much more numerous in the CoRoT-APOGEE (CoRoGEE) inner-field sample than in any other high-resolution sample available at present, as only CoRoGEE can explore the inner-disc regions and provide ages for its field stars. The kinematic properties of the young [$\alpha$/Fe]-rich stars are not clearly thick-disc like, despite their rather large distances from the Galactic mid-plane. Our tentative interpretation of these and previous intriguing observations in the Milky Way is that these stars were formed close to the end of the Galactic bar, near corotation -- a region where gas can be kept inert for longer times, compared to other regions shocked more frequently by the passage of spiral arms. Moreover, that is where the mass return from older inner-disc stellar generations should be maximal (according to an inside-out disc-formation scenario), further diluting the in-situ gas. Other possibilities to explain these observations (e.g., a recent gas-accretion event) are also discussed., Comment: Letter in press in Astronomy and Astrophysics (5 pages, 4 figures + 2 pages Appendix)

Recent spectroscopic observations in the Milky Way suggest that the chemically defined thick disk (stars with high [alpha/Fe] ratios and thus old) has a significantly smaller scale-length than the thin disk. This is in apparent contradiction with observations of external edge-on galaxies, where the thin and thick components have comparable scale-lengths. Moreover, while observed disks do not flare (scale-height does not increase with radius), numerical simulations suggest that disk flaring is unavoidable, resulting from both environmental effects and secular evolution. Here we address these problems by studying two different suites of simulated galactic disks formed in the cosmological context. We show that the scale-heights of coeval populations always increase with radius. However, the total population can be decomposed morphologically into thin and thick disks, which do not flare. We relate this to the disk inside-out formation, where younger populations have increasingly larger scale-lengths and flare at progressively larger radii. In this new picture, thick disks are composed of the imbedded flares of mono-age stellar populations. Assuming that disks form inside out, we predict that morphologically defined thick disks must show a decrease in age (or [alpha/Fe] ratios) with radius and that coeval populations should always flare. This also explains the observed inversion in the metallicity and [alpha/Fe] gradients for stars away from the disk midplane in the Milky Way. The results of this work are directly linked to, and can be seen as evidence of, inside-out disk growth., 5 pages, 2 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

We study the relationship between the structure and star-formation rate (SFR) of X-ray selected low and moderate luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the two Chandra Deep Fields, using Hubble Space Telescope imaging from the Cosmic Assembly Near Infrared Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS) and deep far-infrared maps from the PEP+GOODS-Herschel survey. We derive detailed distributions of structural parameters and FIR luminosities from carefully constructed control samples of galaxies, which we then compare to those of the AGNs. At z~1, AGNs show slightly diskier light profiles than massive inactive (non-AGN) galaxies, as well as modestly higher levels of gross galaxy disturbance (as measured by visual signatures of interactions and clumpy structure). In contrast, at z~2, AGNs show similar levels of galaxy disturbance as inactive galaxies, but display a red central light enhancement, which may arise due to a more pronounced bulge in AGN hosts or due to extinguished nuclear light. We undertake a number of tests of these alternatives, but our results do not strongly favour one interpretation over the other. The mean SFR and its distribution among AGNs and inactive galaxies are similar at z>1.5. At z1.5., 25 pages (double-column), 17 Figures, under review at A&A