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The buckwheat market is dominated by common buckwheat, however, the production of Tartary buckwheat is also growing. New varieties of Tartary buckwheat have been registered, and the technology of husking and grinding is being developed. The offer of Tartary buckwheat is becoming more accessible for consumers, and buckwheat products and beverages is strongly increasing in the industry. The selection of buckwheat dishes in gastronomy is becoming more and more noticeable. Buckwheat festivals, days of buckwheat delicacies, weeks of buckwheat cuisine, and competitions in preparing buckwheat dishes are organized. Traditional and modern media are contributing to the growing popularity of buckwheat. Gluten-free, sugar-free, lactose- free products (including buckwheat) are becoming a food hit. Buckwheat products with less salt are part of the offer of healthy foods. The present results were presented at the 3th EuroIbra, Prague, Czech Republic in September 2021, and published on the first time in this publication. Izvleček Na trgu prevladuje navadna ajda, narašča tudi pridelava in uporaba tatarske ajde. Potrjene so nove sorte tatarske ajde, razvija se tehnologija luščenja in mletja ajde. Za potrošnike postaja ponudba tatarske ajde dostopnejša. V industriji se močno razvija ponudba ajdovih izdelkov in pijač. Na trgu je veliko različnih ajdovih kruhov (delež ajde je večinoma do 30 %), tudi ajdov toast in ajdov prepečenec. Prevladuje uporaba navadne ajde, kruhov iz tatarske ajde je malo. Ponudba ajdovih jedi v gastronomiji je vedno bolj opazna. Organizirajo se festivali ajde, dnevi ajdovih dobrot, tedni ajdove kulinarike, tekmovanja v pripravi ajdovih jedi. K vedno večji popularnosti ajde prispevajo tradicionalni in sodobni mediji. Med svoje vsebine uvrščajo ajdove jedi, ki jim gostinci dajejo pridih kulinaričnih doživetij. Priljubljeni postajajo ajdovi izdelki in jedi brez glutena, brez sladkorja in brez laktoze. Tudi ajdovi izdelki z manj soli so vključeni v ponudbe izdelkov in jedi za ohranjanje zdravja. Ta članek je bil predstavljen na 3th EuroIbra, Prague, Czech Republic, septembra 2021, tu pa je prvič objavljen.

In this paper, a preliminary analysis of the landslide inventory is presented for the wider area of the municipalities of Glina and Dvor, within Sisak-Moslavina County in Croatia, where LiDAR scanning for 45.85 km2 was conducted. Landslide polygons were outlined based on the visual interpretation of HRDEM derivates. In total, 477 landslides were contoured with an average landslide density of 9.85 per km2. Most of the landslides are characterised as moderate, shallow, and not recent. The spatial relationship between landslides and geological units is expressed with the landslide index. Subsequently, the geological units were grouped into four engineering geological units representing different susceptibilities to landslides. The geological units most prone to landslides are the Eocene, Oligocene, Palaeocene and Jurassic sandstones. Even though all geological units were analysed here, the majority of landslides are within sandstones. A particular emphasis was on landslide occurrence in metamorphic and igneous rocks of the ophiolite sequence, a distinctive characteristic of the research area where less susceptibility to landslide processes was observed. Moreover, to further distinguish the differences between the units in the area a morphometric characteristic (relief) and drainage network was also analysed. The purpose of this analysis was to additionally confirm the landslide susceptibility assessment and the division of geological units into engineering geological units, which again implied the different behaviours between landslides in igneous and metamorphic rocks compared to sandstones. Because the research area is poorly studied regarding landslide susceptibility, relief, and drainage networks, these findings will be a step forward in recognising the relationship between them and creating a base for the development of a landslide susceptibility map for this area.

Two-mica leucogranites and/or granodiorites, often affected by various degrees of post-emplacement deformation and/or metamorphism (i.e., sheared granites, metagranites or orthogneisses), occur in several parts of the Tisza Mega-unit (Carpathian–Pannonian region), including the Apuseni Mts. (Romania), the Papuk Mt. (Croatia), and basement highs of the Pannonian Basin (Battonya–Pusztaföldvár and Algyő–Ferencszállás areas, SE Hungary). Despite the similar petrological characteristics (e.g., mineralogical composition, texture), these formations have not been compared to each other yet for correlational purposes and the scarce geochemical and almost completely lacking geochronological records also demanded further petrological investigations and datings.Petrographically, granitoids from all the studied areas (SW Apuseni Mts., Papuk Mt. and the previously mentioned basement highs) proved to be similar, medium to coarse-grained monzogranites or granodiorites, containing quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. In some quarries or rarely in drill cores aplites and pegmatites were also found. As accessory components most commonly apatite, zircon, monazite, and xenotime, occasionally garnet were identified. As secondary phases sericite, albite, chlorite, epidote, kaolinite, and calcite appear frequently. Whole-rock geochemistry revealed that despite the various post-magmatic alterations (deformation/metamorphism/fluid effects etc.), the majority of the granitoids preserved their primary major and trace element compositions. All of them proved to be subalkaline, peraluminous, alkali-calcic or calc-alkalic with basically magnesian and S-type (rarely S/I-type) character. Major and trace element distributions, chondrite-normalized REE patterns (with slight negative Eu anomalies) and other relatively immobile trace element (HFSEs) concentrations showed significant similarities among the studied samples suggesting their common origin and local correlation possibilities within the Tisza Mega-unit. Interestingly, samples from the Papuk Mt. geochemically differ from the others as well as the aplites and pegmatites associated with the Codru granitoids (Apuseni Mts.). The former might represent a different source and igneous episode; however, the geochemical distinction of the latter (with more pronounced negative Eu anomaly and lower concentrations in REEs and HFSEs) is rather odd. Trace element-based discrimination diagrams (e.g., Yb vs. Ta, Yb+Ta vs. Rb) suggested that most of the studied rocks are volcanic-arc granites and only a few of them (basically aplites and pegmatites) are syn-collisional despite their typical S-type mineralogy (e.g., muscovite, monazite, garnet) that unequivocally referred to continental crustal sources.Considering another means of geotectonic discrimination (e.g., Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios) and the ascertainment of Broska et al. (2022) in case of Western Carpathians granitoids, it is feasible that the studied granites bear the geochemical signature of a slab break-off, being crust- and mantle-derived, too, while shallower level melts (aplites and pegmatites) represent purely crustal sources in the Variscan orogeny. The latter corresponds to the calculated zircon saturation temperatures, as well (granites: 740–780 °C, aplites/pegmatites: 580–600 °C).Preliminary datings (Battonya granitoids, SE Hungary) suggested that the main zircon crystallization period occurred in the Early Carboniferous (356 Ma) that fits well into the regional geological framework of the European Variscides.This study was financed by NRDIF (K131690).Broska, I., Janák, M., Svojtka, M., Yi, K., Konečný, P., Kubiš, M., Kurylo, S., Hrdlička, M., Maraszewska, M. (2022). Lithos 412–413:106589

Several short sections have been studied in Istria (Outer Dinarides, Northern Adriatic) to determine impact of short-term climate variability during the critical period of Mid-Eocene greenhouse climate evolution on pelagic assemblages from the northern mid-latitudes. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples were laboratory processed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera was done together with quantitative research methods. Planktonic foraminifera tests are recrystallized and not suitable for stable isotope data. Because of that, isotope analyses have been proceeded (δ 13C and δ 18O) from bulk sediments and δ 13C is correlated with regional to global results. Based on new calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy with regional geochronology (Fornaciari et al., 2010), and implementations of available geochemical data for two hyperthermal intervals (Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum CIE), for the first time these events are going to be more precisely dated from the first attempts made by Jovane et al. (2007), where the age was miscorrelated with 41.5 Ma for the MECO, which is actually the LLTM age dated in Southern Hemisphere.

In NW Croatia Middle Triassic volcano-sedimentary successions were deposited on the passive continental margin during a period of extensional tectonic related to the Neotethyan rifting. The studied succession in Očura Quarry on Ivanščica Mt is 34 m thick section, divided into three parts. The lower part is composed of dominantly basaltic rocks. In the basal part glomeroporpyric basalt is overlaid by basaltic autoclastite and peperite. The middle part is composed of cm–dm thick irregularly and wavy bedded calcarenites, in places coarsening upward. Carbonate lithoclasts are mostly micritic limestones with bioclasts. Basaltic lithoclasts are less common, one with the porphyric to glomeroporphiric texture, similar to basalt from the lower part; and the other type completely hyaline. There are also thin layers of biomicrites with filaments and radiolarians, thin layers of volcaniclastics, and a thick breccia interval. The upper part is composed of extremely unsorted breccia with slump-texture. Clasts of limestones, calcarenites, and subordinary basalts are supported by fine grained matrix of carbonate and basaltic particles. Within breccia there are abundant framestone clasts containing complex reef community, dominating of sponge Celyphia zoldana, with other microorganisms of uncertain taxonomy Plexoramea cerebriformis and Olangocoelia otti, and others. The investigated section represents sedimentation in the deeper marine environment near the steep edge of the carbonate platform that prograde over it. Basalts found at the base of the section represent submarine effusions, and their fragmentation and reworking. A thick interval of calcarenites with basaltic lithoclasts is formed by shedding of the carbonate material from the nearby platform to the pelagic/basinal areas, indicated by the pelagic limestone interlayers. Chaotic breccia with meter sized fragments of reefal limestones indicates a more proximal position regarding to the shallow marine area from which these clasts were derived. Slump texture emphasizes gravitational processes. The general trend of coarsening upward, as well as the predominance of the framestone clasts in the breccias imply the progradation of the platform over the basinal areas. Similar successions have been described from the neighbouring area.

An integrated stratigraphic study has been performed of the Lower Miocene deposits of the Poljanska and Mala sections (North Croatian Basin), coupled with 40Ar/39Ar dating, geochemical and mineralogical study of tuffitic and silty sand beds. The sedimentary record evidences deposition influenced by volcaniclastic input. The presence of marine, brackish and non– marine microfossils indicates complex palaeoenvironment, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography. Four different units were recognized based on their fossil content and sedimentological data. At the base of the Poljanska section (Unit P1), tuffitic sediments bear common endemic brackish, and rare marine to freshwater and terrestrial microfossils. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating obtained on volcanic glass shards from this layer provided an age of 22.2 ± 1.9 Ma correlating with the earliest Early Miocene and indicating the existence of older volcanic activity in the NCB pro tempore. The succession transitions into the brackish-water lacustrine environments (Unit P2). This unit has two presumed different climatic events: a maximum temperature event in the lower part of the interval and one interruption with lower temperatures recognized in the upper part of the interval. The co-occurrence of limnic and marine species in the uppermost part of the investigated sediments (Unit P3) indicates a marine inflow into the coastal lake. It marks the beginning of a salina-type lake formation in Poljanska. In the Mala section (Unit M1), biostratigraphically dated to the NN4 Zone, a transgressive sequence is documented through the presence of marine calcareous nannoplankton, planktonic and benthic foraminifera, and ostracods.

Slovenian cuisine is traditionally related to the use of buckwheat, especially common buckwheat. At the Education Centre Piramida Maribor there are developing possibilities of using common and Tartary buckwheat in modern gastronomy. This paper presentings buckwheat dishes, which were developed and upgraded according to the trends in modern nutrition, along with market responses. Present varieties of buckwheat bread made with different leavening agents (e.g. yeast, sourdough, baking powder, cream of tartar, mineral water and without rising agents), confectionnery (e.g. cakes, pies, cream-pies, strudels, biscuits) from Tartary buckwheat, common buckwheat and other flours and also Tartary buckwheat pasta are presented. Buckwheat (either as gruel or as flour) can also be used as an ingredient in filling the chocolate pralines or in ice cream. In addition various buckwheat dishes with a touch of contemporary trends and culinary art are introduced. Furthermore, the possibilities of using common and Tartary buckwheat flour for gluten-free confectionery and for a variety of sweet and savory gluten-free dishes in the culinary will be presented. The latest speciality will be the presentation of buckwheat bread, confectionery and pasta combined with edible flowers.

Smještena na visokom okršenom platou Biokova, jama Njemica je trenutno peta najdublja jama Republike Hrvatske (-934 m), morfologije tipične za duboke jame visokog Dinarskog krša. Razvijena je u slijedu mezozojskih karbonatnih naslaga. Na dnu jame nalazi se sifonsko jezero koje je trenutno u fokusu speleoloških istraživanja zbog velikog potencijala za daljnje napredovanje u dubinu. Hidrološki režim sifona nije poznat, no postoji mogućnost veze sa saturiranom zonom dubokog krškog vodonosnika. Tijekom studenog 2021. godine u okviru speleoronilačke akcije, provedena su sedimentološka istraživanja. U blizini sifona, na suhom dnu zabilježene su neporemećene nevezane klastične naslage, debljine do 10 cm. Sediment je opisan in situ, fotodokumentiran i uzorkovan. Na uzorcima su napravljene sedimentološko-mineraloške analize s ciljem određivanja porijekla siliciklastičnog detritusa i interpretacije taložnih okoliša (granulometrijska analiza, modalna analiza teške i lake mineralne frakcije). Mineralni sastav ukazao je na alohtono porijeklo detritusa, pri čemu je otkriven zanimljiv mineraloški fenomen koji se može povezati s vulkanskim utjecajem (euhedralna zrna augita i nealterirani sanidini). Takav sastav ukazuje na pretaloživanje pleistocensko-holocenskih naslaga Biokova (smeđa tla i koluvijalni sediment), te naslaga okolnog područja u kojima je arhiviran utjecaj kvartarne vulkanske aktivnosti iz šire Jadranske regije. Taloženje se odvijalo u saturiranom i mirnom vodenom okolišu, obaranjem čestica iz suspenzije. Laminirane klastične naslage mogle su nastati tijekom preplavljivanja sadašnjeg dna jame što otvara nova pitanja o mogućoj dinamici sifona i fluktuirajućoj razini vode. Neočekivano, u uzorcima su pronađene ljušturice ostrakoda, spikule spužvi, gastropod i foraminifere. Najbrojnija i najzanimljivija je sub-recentna ostrakodna zajednica. Nađeni ostrakodi nemaju očuvane mekane dijelove, a vidljiv je i razvoj kristala kalcita unutar nekoliko ljušturica. Ostrakodi su nađeni u laminiranim sedimentima bez naznaka pretaloživanja, a korelativni su sa živućim endemskim vrstama na širem prostoru Dinarskog krša (Pseudocypridopsis sywulai i Phreatocandona cf. motasi). Rezultati ukazuju na važnost znanstvenog pristupa čak i malim pojavama klastičnih sedimenata u speleološkim objektima koje predstavljaju vrijedan arhiv procesa i događaja u krškim terenima.

The Eocene sediments along Adriatic coast deposited in the Dinaric foreland basin were processed sedi- mentologically, micropaleontologically, mineralogically and geochemically to assess the continuity of sed- imentation, determine the age, composition of the foraminiferal assemblages and environmental conditions. This work presents the bulk rock chemistry of hemipelagic/pelagic deposits (H/P sediments) collected in four geographically separated regions: Pićan-Pazin area on the Istrian Peninsula (Jakomići, Kožljak and Racani sections, 3 samples), Selce-Bribir (Kostelj section, 4 samples), Hvar Island (Zaraće Bay, 4 samples and Podstine Bay, 3 samples) and Krk Island (Baška beach section, 5 samples). These results were used to define the sediment maturity, the type of sources of deposited sediments and the geotectonic environment of marls deposition. The analyzed samples show a wide range of SiO2 contents. The values between 15 and 30 wt% were recorded in Istrian sediments, sediments from Podstine Bay and from the lower part of the Zaraće section, while significantly higher values (41–50 wt%) were measured for the Kostelj section, sediments from is- land of Krk and the upper part of the Zaraće Bay section. The Al2O3 wt% content is the lowest in the Pods- tine section (4–7 wt%). Sediments from Istria and the lower part of the Zaraće Bay section show the same alumina content (7–9 wt %). The samples from island of Krk have values between 8 and 13 wt%, while the samples from Kostelj and the upper part of the Zaraće section have the highest Al2O3 values (13–16 wt%). The lowest ICV values (Index of Compositional Variability (ICV = [Fe2O3 + K2O + Na2O + CaO + MgO + MnO + TiO2)/Al2O2]) have the samples from Kostelj section (1.40–2.09) and the upper part of the Zaraće section (1.75 and 1.90). Slightly higher values have the sediments from Baška beach (2.75–3.22). The samples from the Istrian peninsula and the samples from the lower parts of two sections on the island Hvar have similar ICV index values (from 4.08 to 6.48). The highest calculated ICV values (8.51 and 10.85) of the studied samples have the upper part of the Podstine Bay section on the island of Hvar, which can be ascribed to a high carbonate content. The studied samples have the chemical index of weathering (CIA = [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO* + Na2O + K2O)] x 100) between 62 and 76, which describes an intermediate weathering (Nesbitt and Young, 1982) and could be interpreted as conversion of feldspars, volcanic glass and other labile components to clay minerals. Clay mineral assemblage contains illite, illite-smectite, chlorite, dioctahedral vermiculite and sparse kaolinite and generally corresponds to ICV and CIA values. Low CN abundance of marls from Istria (< 11%), suggests a drop in marine carbonate productivity linked to climatic changes and/or a sea level rise. Acknowledgements. This research is supported by Croatian Science Foundation (IP 2019-04-5775).

The Poljanska and Mala sections are located on the south-western slopes of Mtn. Papuk in the northern part of Croatia, close to the active Poljanska quarry. The Poljanska succession starts with light grey tuffitic sediments. Above the tuffitic sediment, a thin grey siltstone layer and a brown medium-grained limonitized silty sand layer with seepage cracks are exposed. The silty sand continues into dark grey layered siltstone rich in plant remains and mollusc shells. Above the fossiliferous siltstone, a lens of light grey medium-grained silty sand appears, followed by grey horizontally layered fossiliferous silt intercalated with a few cm thick coal lens. The subsequent sedimentation was represented by the exchange of clayey sandy silt and silty sand. The uppermost part of the section is dominated by horizontally laminated grey siltstones and thin bentonite and clayey, silty sand interlayers. Mala section lithotype is determined as gravelly silty sand. The modal composition of the tuffitic sediment and silty sand samples was performed to determine the provenance of the material. All samples contain quartz and feldspars as a light mineral fraction (LMF). Only the tuffitic sediment and the silty sand layer above it additionally contain volcanic glass particles in the LMF. Gravelly silty sand of the Mala section and silty sand from the middle and upper part of the Poljanska section contains muscovite and lithic fragments. Among the transparent heavy minerals (THM), garnet and pyroxene (mostly orthopyroxene) grains are predominant in the tuffitic sediment. In contrast, gravelly silty sand and silty sand above tuffitic sediment predominantly contain garnet. In the upper part of the Poljanska section, silty sands contain pyroxene as prevalent. The tuffitic sediment contains 45% of fresh volcanic glass shards in the LMF. The XRPD analyses also proved volcanic glass by the broadening diffraction maximum at 20-30 °2θ, originating from an amorphous compound. The multi-purpose SEM images of glass shards show their angular shape and abundant pipe vesicles and bubble walls. The mineralogical composition of gravelly silty sand, tuffitic sediment, siltstone, and silty sand samples were also analysed by XRPD. Among clay minerals, the main component in all samples is the dioctahedral smectite, which corresponds to beidellite. Only the uppermost part of the section contains zeolite minerals from the clinoptilolite/heulandite group. The bulk rock chemistry of tuffitic sediment and silty sand samples was conducted. In the studied samples, SiO2/Al2O3 ratio for tuffitic sediment and the following silty sand layer sample is slightly higher, 4.84 and 4.25, respectively, than in other samples (3.07–2.61). This is consistent with the analysis of the modal composition of the same sediments because these two samples contain volcanic glass shards. The K2O/Al2O3 ratio is used as an indicator of the source composition of sediments. The studied samples, excluding one sample from the upper part of the section, have the same K2O/Al2O3 ratio less or equal to 0.5, indicating feldspar-rich source rocks. The degree of chemical weathering of the source rocks was constrained by calculating the chemical index of alteration (CIA= [Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)]x100. The CIA index, between 65 and 76, indicates weak to intermediate intensity of chemical weathering in the source area. The samples of the Poljanska and Mala sections are plotted near the (CaO*+Na2O)–Al2O3) line and follow the trend of the average tonalite and gabbro weathering (Nesbit & Young, 1984). Tuffitic sediment and one silty sand sample from the upper part of the section show a more intermediate igneous provenance, while other samples show mafic igneous provenance source rocks. The 40Ar/39Ar dating method was applied on separated volcanic glass particles from the tuffitic sediment. The inverse isochron age of the volcanic glass shards of 22.2 ± 1.9 Ma is considered to be the best estimate 40Ar/39Ar age. Mineralogical analyses revealed that the deposits are of a hybrid origin, both pyroclastic and terrigenous. The pyroclastic material is mainly slightly altered into smectite and clinoptilolite heulandite type of zeolites (the uppermost part of the Poljanska section). The occurrence of clinoptilolite/heulandite-type zeolites was probably caused by a gradual increase in aridity and salinity. Bulk rock chemical analysis suggests an intermediate to prevailing mafic chemical composition source rock affinity. The new age data presented within this study does not correlate to the rhyolite volcanic activity in the North Croatian Basin (NCB) as we expected but very likely implies the existence of an even older volcanic activity in the NCB, which may have provided material for the formation of the studied rocks. Acknowledgement: The authors are very grateful to Marijan Kovačić, Monika Milošević, Mirjana Miknić, Radovan Filjak, Mirko Belak and Ivo Suša, for their help during the fieldwork. Special thanks to Janet Gabites for Ar/Ar chronology. This study was financed by the Department of Geology of the Croatian Geological Survey. References: Nesbitt, H.W. & Young, G.M. 1984. Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1523–1534.

During the Eocene, the transient carbonate ramp system developed in the Central Neo-Tethys region in front of the evolving Dinaric foreland basin (Ćosović et al., 2018). Shallow-water carbonates and deep-water carbonate-clastic successions crop out in the southeastern part of the Outer Dinarides (Pelješac Peninsula, Hvar Island). The investigation of benthic and planktonic foraminifera coupled with geochemical and sedimentological data provided evidence for accurate age attribution of the deposits (early Bartonian, SBZ 17, E11), recognition of two ramp facies belts (middle to outer), the rate of terrigenous input in basin deposits and changes in the composition of foraminifera around the MECO. The ramp deposits were characterized by scattered and reworked Larger benthic foraminiferal (LBF) tests, and according to the alternation of periods of low (intense bioturbation) and higher energy the various types of LBF accumulations originated. Tests of large Nummulites and orthophragminids (Discocyclina sp., in particular) are predominant, whereas sphaerogypsinids, miliolids, asterigerinids and opeculinids are less abundant. Towards the younger deposits, Solenomeris and annelids became more numerous, while representatives of genus Nummulites and associated fauna became less diversified. The adjacent basins were dominate by the eutrophic deep-dwelling large subbotinids, whose abundances increased slightly towards the younger part, in contrast to the large oligotrophic acarininids, whose abundances decreased in the younger part. The assemblages of smaller benthic foraminifera are poorly preserved, show low diversity, and are rarely found compared to the planktonic foraminifera, scarce in specimens. The detailed reconstruction suggests that eutrophication occurred during sedimentation and the oxygen content on the seafloor may have decreased.

The object of this study is two new sections on the south-western slopes of the Papuk Mountain, along the Sokolovac stream: the Poljanska section exposing tuffitic, continental, and brackish deposits, and the Mala section, comprising marine sediments.

Several short sections from Istria, northern Adriatic (Racani––Rac

Njemica cave on Biokovo Mountain is the fifth deepest pit in the Republic of Croatia (-936 m). It is primarily a vertical speleological object characterized by the alternation of spacious large halls and large verticals. At the bottom of the pit is a deep siphon lake with an unclear hydrological regime. From the deepest part of the pit in March 2021, sampling was conducted in the hall at the bottom of the pit. Two micro-locations were selected. The first location is situated nearby an underground bivouac at the depth of 930 meters. The second sampling site is situated nearby siphon lake at the very bottom of Njemica cave. Sub-recent ostracods were found within the sediment. Numerous ostracods of one endemic species of the family Cyprididae - Pseudocypridopsis sywulai Petkovski, Scharf, and Keyser, together with a small number of the juvenile specimens of the family Candonidae - Phreatocandona cf. motasi Danielopol were identified in all samples.

The Eocene sediments along the eastern Adriatic coast, deposited in the Dinaric foreland basin, are characterized by an abundance of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF). Representatives of the Nummulites are abundant in limestones deposited in oligotrophic, euphotic to mesophotic carbonate ramp settings and in deep basin sediments (being redeposited in mass - transport deposits). Nummulite-rich Lutetian to Bartonian sediments occur in the northwestern part of the basin and Bartonian to Priabonian in the SE part. For this study, nummulite tests from 60 thin sections of shallow-water limestones collected in the northern and southern parts of the foreland basin were examined in detail. The foraminiferal tests from the different areas show signs of mechanical, biological, or chemical degradation, which varies greatly depending on the area. The study of Lutetian carbonates from Istria and Northern Adriatic region has shown that 2 to 5% of all Nummulites tests show boring marks. The A– and B– generation representatives were equally affected by bioerosion. The traces are small and randomly distributed holes near to the outer walls. The Nummulites tests of Bartonian – Priabonian (Hvar Is., Pelješac) are more frequently bioeroded, about 10% of all specimens show boring marks, and preferably B-generation specimens are destroyed. Destruction varies from multiple holes of the same size distributed in a line along the test diameter to complete destruction of the internal test structure. There is a kind of size selection of the bioeroders, because the boring marks in the B-generation tests are larger, than those in the A-generation tests. The more intense bioturbation suggests greater biological competition in the middle to outer ramp settings around the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum in this part of the Neotethys. There are several possible causes for this: (i) a slightly higher seawater temperature around the MECO led to a higher occurrence of bioeroders (even the appearance of some new forms, such as the recorded crabs from the eastern Neotethys, Schweitzer et al., 2007), or (ii) a difference in sedimentation rate (burial history) between the two areas, or (iii) the Lutetian LBF assemblages were more resistant to biological destruction?Schweitzer, C.E., Shirk, A.M., Ćosović, V., Okan, Y., Feldmann, R.M. and Hosgor; I.: New species of Harpactocarcinus from the Tethys Eocene and their paleoecological settings, Journal of Paleontology, 81/5, 1091-1100, 2007.This study is conducted within the framework of the scientific project IP-2019-04-5775 BREEMECO, funded by the Croatian Scientific Foundation.

This contribution reports new findings on petrogenesis and possible geotectonic setting of rare subvolcanic Triassic(?) dolerite cropping out in External Dinarides with a goal to contribute to the debate on geodynamic evolution of the continental margin of the Adriatic-Dinaridic platform(s) at the onset of the Mesozoic. Petrography of studied rocks revealed the crystallization order: clinopyroxene → plagioclase → alkali-feldspar ± amphibole ± Fe-Ti oxides. The geochemistry of calc-alkaline dolerite suggested magma generation from a spinel-garnet bearing peridotite mantle source (60sp:40grt). Two mechanisms explaining the origin of dolerite are here suggested. The first involves a low-grade partial melting of the altered lithospheric mantle and the subduction-modified oceanic lithosphere accompanied with subducted/recycled sediments. The second proposes a melting of the subduction- altered heterogeneous lithospheric (subcontinental) mantle contaminated and/or metasomatized during an earlier Hercynian subduction in the Late Paleozoic. Accordingly, two geodynamic concepts have been suggested: (i) Middle Triassic north-vergent active subduction of the Paleotethys beneath the Andean-type active Laurassian continental margin coupled by the formation of a pericontinental volcanic arc and subsequent extension and back-arc rifting, within the Adria Plate, which led to the formation of locally aborted rift systems and subsidence of the platform and (ii) Middle Triassic extension, unaffected by contemporaneous active subduction, of the High Karst nappe unit of the Greater Adria as a result of an ephemeral syn-rift volcanic stage which featured the formation of the Dinaridic aborted rift system followed by the platform subsidence and emergence of local sedimentary basins.

In the central Neo-Tethys (Dinaric foreland basin, Croatia) the middle Eocene sediments are arranged in a NW-SE oriented facies belt that differs in thickness, age attribution and facies. The carbonate ramp facies passed into Transitional beds (including “Globigerina marls”) and basin sediments (flysch). Tectonic influences associated with the ongoing orogen, sea-level changes, and warming events (Early Eocene Climate Optimum, EECO, and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, MECO) had a major control on sedimentation. Thus, these sedimentary sequences are a reliable tool for studying biotic response to climate change for platform to basin assemblages. The multidisciplinary study includes the taxonomic classification of different fossil groups, microfacies and petrologic interpretation of the rocks and interpretation of the biodiversity of the foraminiferal assemblages, geochemical composition of the sediments, and isotopic analysis of different elements of the skeletons. The limestones, rich in larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), were deposited on the transient carbonate ramps. The successions are rarely complete in terms of depositional settings (missing outer ramp, Španiček et al., 2017 ; inner ramp, Ćosović et al., 2022) and very often stratigraphically incomplete (Ćosović et al., 2018), whereas the sediments are diagenetically altered. The LBF tests that contribute most to sediment production are recrystallized and cemented and therefore unsuitable for isotopic analysis. Great proportion of tests of the Bartonian (nummulitids of genus Nummulites and orthophragminids) LBF show traces of bioerosion, and in some cases, it is unclear when bioerosion occurred (burrowing traces in large orthophragminids follow the growth pattern). The morphology of the basin(s) was also strongly tectonic. The depth of the basin varies from NW (Lutetian) to SE (Bartonian), with estimates ranging from 900 - 1200 m (Živković & Babić, 2003) down to 1800 m. The proportion of smaller benthic foraminifera follows this trend, as they are more abundant in sediments from the NW part and almost absent in sediments in the SE. This could be an indication of lower oxygen levels at the bottom of the basin due to increased stratification from warming. Unfortunately, planktonic tests, whether or not they occur in organic-rich marls, have always been recrystallized. Tests deposited near the EECO were also highly dissolved. Could this be the results of supra-lysoclinal dissolution or due to stratification? In shallower basins significant shoaling of the lysocline and thermocline follows local circulation patterns and local tectonics (Cramwinckel et al., 2020). The shallowing of the thermocline considered as a global event due to warming, resulted in the migration of certain species from their habitats, and the changes in their size (gigantism or dwarfism). How then might we interpret the conditions? In addition to interpreting the microfacies interpretation using the standard criteria for carbonate environments, bulk-sediment geochemical analysis proved to be the key to interpreting conditions on the bottom. The ratio of certain elements indicates the intensity of weathering and terrestrial influx in carbonate environments.

Svrha ovo rada je ispitati utjecaj obuke i obrazovanja zaposlenih u IT sektoru u Hrvatskoj i saznati da li količina obuke i obrazovanja koju zaposlenici mogu očekivati od poslodavca ima utjecaj na njihovu motivaciju i produktivnost. U radu se obrađuje sam pojam motivacije te se opisuju postojeće teorije motivacije koje su donesene na prijašnjim istraživanjima. Polazeći od poznatih teorijskih motiva koje su postavili Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom i Adams,te istraživanja novijeg datuma koja su provedena u IT sektoru u kojima se zaposlenike ispitivalo o različitim motivacijskim čimbenicima koji utječu na njihov rad i zadovoljstvo, oblikovan je ovaj rad te je provedeno istraživanje unutar jedne organizacije u Hrvatskoj. Izdvojena su tri rada koja su provedena u IT organizacijama putem ankete, prema kojima je napravljeno i istraživanje u ovom radu i anketno ispitivanje je provedeno po uzoru na prijašnja istraživanja. Anketnom upitniku pristupila su 83 zaposlenika te su rezultati ankete prikazani kroz grafove i tablice. Razina obuke u kojoj su ispitanici sudjelovali kod postojećeg poslodavca uspoređena je s faktorima motivacije pomoću Pearsonov koeficijenta korelacije, a valjanost instrumenta je utvrđena pomoću Cronbachova alfa koeficijenta. Izvedeni su zaključci i preporuke prema rezultatima ankete.

Maloljetnici su posebna kategorija počinitelja kaznenih djela i na njih se primjenjuje posebna grana kaznenog prava, a to je maloljetničko kazneno pravo. Oni su posebno ranjiva skupina počinitelja zbog svoje dobi i nedovoljno razvijene ličnosti koja je podložna raznim utjecajima izvana stoga je nužno da se na njih prije svega djeluje odgojno radi resocijalizacije. Postupak prema maloljetnicima iz tog razloga nije toliko strog i formalan, a sude im sudovi za mladež, odnosno suci koji su specijalizirani za rad na takvim predmetima. Jedan od temeljnih elemenata razlikovanja pravnog položaja maloljetnih od punoljetnih počinitelja kaznenih djela svakako su sankcije koje se mogu izreći maloljetnicima, a to su odgojne mjere i maloljetnički zatvor. Svrha odgojnih mjera je specijalna prevencija, maloljetniku se prije svega nastoji pružiti pomoć i zaštita kroz odgovarajući tretman u ustanovama koje su predviđene za pružanje takve pomoći. Svrha maloljetničkog zatvora je osim specijalne i generalna prevencija. U hrvatskom kaznenom pravu maloljetniku se samo iznimno oduzima sloboda, jer se primjenom načela supsidijariteta uvijek nastoji odabrati blaža sankcija, ako se njome može ostvariti svrha kažnjavanja.

The Mt. Strahinjščica in NW Croatia contains volcano-sedimentary successions formed along the NE margin of Adria during period of arc-related extension in the Middle-Late Triassic. It is built of sedimentary (dolomitic rocks, radiolarites, cherts, clay, siltstones and sandstones), magmatic rocks (altered andesitic basalts and diabases), and tuffs. The Sekolje section on the southern slope of Strahinjščica Mt. represents a 100-meter thick volcano-sedimentary succession with pyroclastic and siliciclastic lithofacies types. The pyroclastic facies is recorded in the section from the beginning to 38.90 m. It consists of two different lithotypes: vitroclastic and crystaloclastic tuffs. Vitroclastic tuffs are composed of fine ash with glass shards and pumice fragments. Both glass shards and pumice fragments are devitrified into microcrystalline quartz, albite, clay minerals, calcite and chlorite respectively. Rare crystalloclasts of quartz and K-feldspar/plagioclase are still present. Crystalloclastic tuffs are composed of coarse ash to lapilli sized pyroclastic material. Dominant crystalloclasts are quartz, plagioclase and K- feldspars, with less biotite. Quartz crystalloclasts are angular with varied size, show jig-saw fit texture, and occasionally have oval- spherical cavities typical for volatile rich systems. Plagioclase and K-feldspar crystalloclasts have mainly hypidiomorphic to idiomorphic shape. Carbonate and silicified tuff lithoclasts and chert are subordinate. Matrix of the crystalloclastic tuffs is made of fine ash devitrified to chlorite, microcrystalline quartz, clay minerals, opaque minerals, with carbonate domains sporadically. The siliciclastic facies between 38.90 and 100.60 m is divided into siltstone and volcanogenic sandstone lithotypes. Dark grey to brown siltstones are homogenous, thin bedded or laminated with radiolarian-rich lamina and lenses. Grains of quartz, K-feldspar and muscovite are recognized in the siltstones, while the matrix is composed of chlorite, clay minerals, sericite, and organic matter. Volcanogenic sandstones are poorly sorted and composed mainly of pyroclastic and volcanogenic particles, with approximately equal amount of highly altered feldspars and lithoclasts, and some quartz grains. Matrix is composed of chlorite, sericite, fine quartz and feldspar grains. Described lithofacies types at Sekolje section suggest that the sedimentation of the pyroclastic material occurred simultaneously with active volcanism. Occurrence of two lithotypes in the pyroclastic facies indicate segregation of the material from the bulk pyroclastic cloud through sedimentation processes. Crystalloclastic coarse pyroclasts were transported and deposited by gravity currents, while fine ash tuffs, consisting mainly of glass shards, settled from suspensions. These processes could have happened after the pyroclastic eruption and syn-eruptive resedimentation to the deeper marine environment while the siliciclastic facies was deposited during abating volcanic activity. Siltstones were deposited in distal, probably anoxic environments. The organic matter in this lithofacies consists of charcoalified plant debrís, palynomorphs are extremely rare. The coarsening of clastic material in the upper part of the section and transition to the volcanogenic sandstones can be interpreted as shallowing of the basin areas and/or increased proximity to the source area.