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Conventional breeding programmes on common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) are based on knowledge of relationships between forage yield components and economically important characteristics. To improve this knowledge, a small-plot trial was carried out in 2005 and 2006 at Rimski Sancevi, Serbia, with fourteen common vetch accessions from the Novi Sad Vicia collection of diverse geographic origin and collection status. Results showed significant variability in forage yield components and related characteristics. Two-year average values of forage dry matter (DM) yield ranged from 8.0 t ha(-1) (cvs. Armantes and Labari) to 10.2 t ha(-1) (cv. Slavej). The highest 2-year average concentration of crude protein (CP) was for cv. Armantes (239 g kg(-1) DM). Highly significant positive genetic correlation coefficients were found between time from sowing to first flowering and main stem length (0.938) and between number of stems per plant and CP content in the forage DM (0.910). Significant positive phenotypic correlation coefficients were detected between main stem length and time from sowing to first flowering (0.830). A cluster analysis showed four main groups of cultivars based on the recorded forage yield components and related characteristics. It is concluded that common vetch represents a stable and reliable source of protein-rich forage for regions such as the Balkans area of SE Europe. Genetic variability within common vetch and knowledge of the tested cultivars offer a basis for further improvement and developing novel cultivars.

Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] is one of the most interesting species in the plant kingdom, due to the diversity of fruit shapes, sizes and ways of use. Warty genotypes are rare compared to non warty genotypes. Considering unusual external appearance of warty fruits, we focused our research on the investigation of its inheritance patterns. By crossing different bottle gourd phenotypes, we studied the mode of inheritance and identified and verified genes responsible for the fruit skin color and warty phenotype segregation. Two parental lines, LAG 70 (with warty fruit of light green color) and LAG 71 (smooth fruit, variegated), F1, F2 and backcrosses populations along with both parents were evaluated. Genetic analysis indicated that warty fruit type is a result of monogenic inheritance, whereby the warty fruit type is dominant (Wt) trait over to the non-warty fruit type (wt). The mode of inheritance of fruit color was controlled by recessive epistasis, with a ratio of 9 variegated (A-, B-), 3 dark green colored (aaB-) and 4 light green colored (aabb) fruits in the F2 generation.

Species from Cucurbitaceae family are not widely present in Serbia, although because of their morphological and decorative features deserve more attention. The aim of this paper was to study the morphological variability and usage of ten species of the Cucurbiataceae family. Based on genetic variability, species were grouped into 8 clusters. Fruit characteristics of most investigated species showed great similarity and the greatest differences were attained for flower and fruit characteristics. The longest was the fruit of Trichosanthes cucumerina (46.2 cm), while the shortest of Cucumis myriocarpus (3.4 cm) which had the smallest circumference as well (4.4 cm). The largest circumference of fruit was recorded for the species Cucumis aculeatus (16.4 cm). In terms of fruit color Momordica balsamina had a red fruit, allocated from other species whose fruits were in various shades of green. Variability is reflected in large variations in size, shape and color of fruit. Considerating that usages of these species are multiple (food for humans and animals, ornamental) studyed species deserve special attention in their further propagation and use.

The creation of new sunflower hybrids with high genetic potential for seed yield on the basis of interspecies hybridization requires a possession of the information about the mode of inheritance and the combining abilities of the created inbreed lines for the total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds. Apart from this the research of interdependence between yield components and seed yield allows the defining of traits which have the biggest influence on the yield formation. Significant differences were found among the A lines, Rf testers and their F1 hybrids in total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds. Analysis of variance of the combining abilities revealed highly significant differences for GCA and SCA. Highly significant positive value GCA was demonstrated by A-line NS-GS-5 for both traits. Hybrid NS-GS-5xRHA-R- PL-2/1 has the highest significant value SCA for both traits. The main role in inheritance of the total seed number per head and the mass of 100 seeds is played by non additive component of the genetic variance which is confirmed by the GCA/SCA relation in F1 generation that is less than one (0.11, 0.24). Rf-testers had the highest average contribution in the expression of the total seed number per head (55.8%) while for the mass of 100 seeds a more significant contribution was given by A-line (70.6%). A strong positive interdependence has been determined between seed yield and total seed number per head (0.376*) and a very strong positive interdependence was determined between seed yield and the mass of 100 seeds (0.823). These research can be significant for the creation of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids on the basis of interspecies hybridization. Stvaranje novih hibrida suncokreta sa visokim genetskim potencijalom za prinos semena na osnovu interspecijes hibridizacije zahteva posedovanje informacija o načinu nasleđivanja i kombinacionim sposobnostima stvorenih inbred linija za ukupan broj semena po glavi i masu 100 semena. Pored ovoga, istraživanja međuzavisnosti komponenti prinosa i prinosa semena omogućavaju definisanjae svojstava koja imaju najveći uticaj na formiranje prinosa. Pronađene su značajne razlike između A linija, Rf testera i njihovih F1 hibrida u ukupnom broju semena po glavi i masi od 100 semena. Analizom varijanse kombinacionih sposobnosti uočene su visoko značajne razlike za OKS i PKS. Visoko značajnu pozitivnu vrednost OKS pokazala je A-linija NS-GS-5 za obe ispitivane osobine. Hibrid NS-GS-5xRHA-R-PL-2/1 ima visoko značajnu vrednost PKS za ukupan broj semena po glavi i masu 100 semena. Glavnu ulogu u nasleđivanju ukupnog broja semena po glavi i mase 100 semena igra neaditivna komponenta genetske varijanse, što je potvrđeno odnosom OKS/PKS u F1 generaciji koji je manji od 1 (0.11, 0.24). Najveći prosečan doprinos u ekspresiji ukupnog broja semena po glavi (55.8%) imali su Rf testeri, dok je za masu od 100 semena mnogo važniji doprinos A-linija (70.6%). Jaka pozitivna međuzavisnost utvrđena je između prinosa semena i ukupnog broja semena po glavi (0.376*) i vrlo jaka pozitivna međuzavisnost utvrđena je između prinosa semena i mase 100 semena (0.823). Ova istraživanja mogu biti značajna za stvaranje novih visoko prinosnih hibrida suncokreta na bazi interspecijes hibridizacije.

Gorjanovic B., M. Brdar-Jokanovic, and M. Kraljevic-Balalic (2011): Phenotypic variability of bread wheat genotypes for nitrogen harvest index-Genetika, Vol 43, No. 2, 419 -426. Nitrogen harvest index (grain nitrogen content over total nitrogen content ratio) is a measure of the efficiency of nitrogen translocation from the vegetative portions of the plant to the grain. It can be recommended as a selection criterion for nitrogen use efficiency improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate nitrogen harvest index in twelve bread wheat genotypes at three nitrogen levels and to classify genotypes according to their phenotypic similarity for the examined trait. The results of factorial ANOVA showed that nitrogen harvest index was influenced mostly by the year x genotype interaction, year of investigation and genotype; and to the lowest extent by the applied nitrogen rate. Increasing nitrogen doses did not lead to the increased nitrogen harvest index. The calculated nitrogen harvest index values were the highest for wheat growing season 2004/05, and the smallest for the season 2006/07. The highest nitrogen harvest indices were calculated for cultivars Pobeda at the N-0 rate and Zlatka at the N-100 rate (0.93), and the lowest for cultivar Tamaro at the N-0 rate (0.63). Analyzing the constructed dendogram, cultivars Pobeda and Renan at all three levels of nitrogen supply can be singled out as the genotypes with the highest, and cultivar Tamaro as the variety with the lowest harvest index value. The results of this study may be used in developing new high-yielding bread wheat cultivars with improved nitrogen use efficiency. Growing such cultivars would provide the savings in mineral fertilizers and minimize their possible harmful effect on environment.

The two most important criteria for introducing new confectionary hybrids into production are high seed and protein yield. That is why it is important to find the traits that are measurable, and that at the same time show a strong correlation with seed and protein yield, so that they can be used as a criteria for confectionary hybrid breeding. Results achieved during 2008 at the locations Rimski Šančevi (Region of Vojvodina) and Kula (Central Serbia) show that the new confectionary hybrids are expressing higher seed yields in comparison to standards (Vranac and Cepko) though with a lower seed oil content. A very strong positive correlation was determined between seed yield and seed protein content, kernel content and mass of 1000 seeds. A very strong positive correlation was determined between seed protein content, seed yield and mass of 1000 seeds, with protein yield. This indicates that seed yield, seed protein content and mass of 1000 seeds have a high influence on protein yield. The degree of interdependence between different traits is a sign of direction which is supposed to facilitate better planning of sunflower breeding program. Dva najznačajnija kriterijuma za uvođenje novih konzumnih hibrida u proizvodnju su visok prinos semena i proteina. Zato je važno pronaći osobine koje su merljive, a istovremeno ispoljavaju jaku korelaciju sa prinosom semena i proteina tako da se mogu koristiti kao kriterijumi za oplemenjivanje konzumnih hibrida. Postignuti rezultati u toku 2008. godine na lokalitetima Rimski Šančevi (region Vojvodina) i Kula (uža Srbija) pokazuju da novi hibridi konzumnog tipa postižu veće prinose semena u poređenju sa standardima (Vranac i Cepko) uz smanjenje sadržaja ulja. Utvrđena je veoma jaka pozitivna korelacija između prinosa semena i sadržaja proteina u semenu, sadržaja jezgra, mase 1000 semena. Pozitivna veoma jaka korelacija konstatovana je između sadržaja proteina u semenu, prinosa semena i mase 1000 semena sa prinosom proteina. To pokazuje da prinos semena, sadržaj proteina u semenu i masa 1000 semena imaju visok uticaj na prinos proteina. Stepen međuzavisnosti između različitih osobina je putokaz koji treba da omogući bolje planiranje programa za oplemenjivanje suncokreta.

This paper deals with interrelationship between grain yield and some physiological parameters of wheat plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency as well as interrelationships between these parameters and some yield related traits (biological yield, grain harvest index). The aim of such investigation is to affirm possibilities of using physiological parameters of wheat plant nitrogen nutrition efficiency as criterions in breeding on its grain yield. The investigation, conducted as three years field trials, included 30 wheat cultivars and perspective lines. There were studied: nitrogen content in the above - ground part of plant at anthesis, in grain, in straw and total nitrogen content at maturity, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen reutilization, post - anthesis nitrogen accumulation and physiological efficiency of nitrogen. The positive and statistically high significant relationships between nitrogen content in the above - ground part of plant at anthesis, in grain and in straw, total nitrogen content at maturity, nitrogen reutilization and post - anthesis accumulation as physiological parameters and grain yield were registered in investigated material. Most of listed parameters, important by grain yield aspect, can be studied easily and measured before wheat vegetative period ends. The investigated parameters can be recommended as criterions for selecting of parental pairs and evaluating progeny in breeding of wheat on grain yield, considering to their determined interrelationships and their measurability. U radu je razmatrana mogućnost korišćenja fizioloških parametara, koji se odnose na efikasnost ishrane pšenice azotom, kao kriterijuma u oplemenjivanju na prinos zrna, na osnovu njihove međuzavisnosti i uticaja na neke osobine povezane sa prinosom zrna pšenice (biološki prinos, žetveni indeks zrna). Istraživanje je izvedeno kao trogodišnji poljski ogled i uključivalo je 30 sorti i perspektivnih linija pšenice. Od fizioloških parametara proučavani su: sadržaj azota u nadzemnom delu biljke u cvetanju, sadržaj azota u zrnu i slami, ukupni sadržaj azota u zreloj biljci, žetveni indeks azota, reutilizacija i prirast azota i fiziološka efikasnost azota. Utvrđena je pozitivna i statistički visoko značajna korelacija između prinosa zrna i skoro svih ispitivanih fizioloških parametara: sadržaja azota u biljci, u cvetanju, zrnu, slami, ukupnog sadržaja azota u zreloj biljci, reutilizacije i prirasta azota. Imajući to u vidu, kao i njihovu merljivost i jednostavnost u izračunavanju, navedeni fiziološki parametri mogu se preporučiti kao kriterijumi za odabir roditeljskih parova i ocenu potomstava u oplemenjivanju pšenice na prinos zrna.

Nitrogen use efficiency parameters of twelve bread wheat cultivars were studied in nine environments comprised of three nitrogen applications tested over three years. An environment-by-trait association biplot and a trait-association by environment biplot were applied to understand environmental effects on these traits and relationships among them. The following trait associations were relatively stable across environments: negative associations of straw nitrogen content vs. nitrogen remobilization efficiency, straw nitrogen content vs. nitrogen harvest index and a positive association of nitrogen remobilization efficiency vs. nitrogen harvest index. The selection of genotypes with a high nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen remobilization efficiency could be used in the development of cultivars with desired nitrogen use efficiency. A low straw nitrogen content can also be used as a reliable and cost-effective indicator in the selection of genotypes with high nitrogen use efficiency.

Nitrogen harvest index - NHI is a measure of efficiency of nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to grain. The goal of this paper is to investigate variability and stability of nitrogen harvest index of twelve bread wheat genotypes, on three nitrogen levels. ANOVA showed that nitrogen harvest index was mostly under influence of the year x genotype interaction, year of investigation and genotype, and in the smallest amount of the nitrogen rate. Increasing doses of nitrogen did not lead to increased nitrogen harvest index. AMMI analysis showed that most genotypes differed in both the main effect and in GxE interaction. The highest stability i.e. the smallest interaction effect, was found in varieties Axis, Ilona, Sonata and Renan on N0 rate, and in varieties Malyska, Petrana, Axis and Evropa 90 on N100 rate. Cultivar Pobeda with the high average values for nitrogen harvest index, also had small interaction effect, i.e. it proved to be a stable variety.

Gorjanovic B., M. Zoric, and M. Kraljevic Balalic (2010): Effect of nitrogen rate on grain yield of bread wheat genotypes. - Genetika, Vol 42, No. 2, 279 -286. The improvement in grain yield is the main objective of bread wheat breeding programs. Numerous studies indicate that nitrogen is the key factor of yield and quality in the wheat. The goal of this paper is to investigate variability of grain yield, of twelve bread wheat genotypes, on three nitrogen level. ANOVA showed that this trait was mostly under influence of the genotype (36, 3%), year x genotype interaction (26, 3%), year of investigation (14, 1%), and in the smallest amount of the nitrogen rate (8, 8%). On all three nitrogen level, the highest grain yield was found in the variety Malyska. The lowest grain yield in control was found in the variety Nevesinjka, while in the N75 and N100 rates it was found in the variety Tamaro. The mean performance of individual cultivars, in nine environments (three years x three nitrogen rates), was depicted using which-won-were view of SREG2 biplot. The nine environments fall into two sectors, which is an indication of a strong crossover GE interaction. Genotype Malyska was the winner (the highest yielding variety) in first sector containing seven environments, while genotypes Pertrana and Axis were the winners in second sector containing two environments.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic trace metal pollutant for humans, animals, and plants. It is a heavy metal present in soils from natural and anthropogenic sources. Much of the Cd taken up by plants is retained in the root, but a portion is translocated to the aerial portions of the plant and into the seed. The objective of this research was to determine the variability and diversity of Cd content in the leaves of 30 wheat cultivars with different ploidy level, during two years. Analyses of Cd content (ppm) in the leaves at heading stage were performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Significant differences between the mean values of the genotypes in Cd content were found. Tetraploid wheat genotypes had higher Cd content than hexaploid genotypes. Cd content was predominantly influenced by the year of growing (73%). The influence of genotype on Cd content amounted 16% and the interaction genotype × year 11%. The cluster of the genotypes consists of four groups. In the groups three and four were some of the genotypes (Kalyan Sona, Partizanka and NS Rana 5) with lowest Cd content in the leaves. They could be chosen as parents in the hybridization for lower cadmium concentration. Kadmijum (Cd) pripada grupi 'teških metala'. On je toksičan za biljke, životinje i ljude. Njegovo prisustvo u zemljištu potiče iz prirodnih i intropogenih izvora. Veći deo usvojenog Cd zadržava se u korenu, ali deo se translocira u nadzemne delove biljke i u seme. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita varijabilnost i divergentnost sadržaja Cd u listovima kod 30 genotipova pšenice različitog nivoa ploidnosti. Ogled je izveden u toku dve vegetacione sezone. Sadržaj Cd (ppm) u listovima pšenice u fazi klasanja određen je primenom AAS. Ustanovljene su značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima između ispitivanih genotipova. Tetraploidni genotipovi imali su veći sadržaj Cd u odnosu na heksapolidne. Glavni efekti (genotip i godina) i interakcija pokazali su visoko značajne razlike. Sadržaj Cd je najvećim delom bio uslovljen godinom ispitivanja (73%). Uticaj genotipa na sadržaj Cd iznosio je 16%, dok je interakcija genotip×godina iznosila 11%. Klaster genotipova sastojao se od četiri grupe. U grupi tri i četiri nalazili su se genotipovi sa najmanjim sadržajem Cd u listovima tj. najefikasniji u korišćenju Cd (Kalyan Sona, Partizanka i NS Rana 5). Oni bi se mogli koristiti kao roditelji u hibridizaciji na niži sadržaj Cd.

Vegetative propagation of superior genotypes via stem cuttings depends on their development of strong vigorous root system. Fourteen characters of cutting rooting were examined in multiannual tests with 12 genotypes of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides BARTR. EX MARSH) in course of evaluation of their utilization in selection tests. Variability and relationship among examined characters, and cutting survival rate were analyzed according to contribution of expected variances to the total variance and results of principal component analysis, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis. Along with total number and length of first-order roots, the characters that are regularly used in the assessment of rooting potential, our results signify dynamic shoot growth and uniform arrangement of roots on cutting at the beginning of growing period. The best results were obtained for shoot height at the second half of May. A rapid and non-destructive way of shoot characters’ measurement allows testing of larger material and prevents losses in propagation material of interesting genotypes. Alone or together with total root number and length these alternative characters could be used for the improvement of selection tests and procedures for cultivar technology design.

Present in excessive amounts, micronutrient boron may become toxic for plants. The aim of this study was to investigate boron tolerance in seedlings of 12 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes treated with boric acid. Selection criterion was root growth suppression in the presence of boron, which varied between 15.2 (Apache) and 46.3% (Renan). Root lengths on control and root growth suppression on treatments were not correlated. Boron content and dry weight of seedlings varied in vast intervals in all groups on control, as well as on treatments, which is probably caused by different boron tolerance mechanisms. Root growth suppression in genotypes Apache, Trakija and Bezostaja 1 was less than 20% and they may be considered as boron tolerant. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto and Donjecka 48 are marked as boron sensitive owing to more than 30% shorter roots on boron treatments. Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka and Mironovska 808 were medium tolerant to excess boron. Mikroelement bor može imati toksično dejstvo na više biljke ukoliko se u spoljašnjoj sredini nade u visokoj koncentraciji. Cilj rada je bilo ispitivanje tolerancije na bor kod klijanaca 12 genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) tretiranih bornom kiselinom. Selekcioni kriterijum je bila redukcija rasta korena u prisustvu bora, koja je varirala između 15,2 (Apache) i 46,3% (Renan). Nije zabeležena korelacija između dužine korenovog sistema na kontroli i redukcije rasta korena na tretmanima. Sadržaj bora i masa suvih klijanaca su varirali u širokim intervalima u svim grupama, i na kontroli i na tretmanima, čemu su verovatno uzrok različiti mehanizmi tolerancije na bor. Kod genotipova Apache, Trakija i Bezostaja 1 je redukcija rasta korena bila manja od 20% i oni bi se mogli smatrati tolerantnim na bor. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto i Donjecka 48 su svrstani u grupu osetljivih genotipova. Redukcija rasta korena je u ovoj grupi iznosila preko 30%. Sorte Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka i Mironovska 808 su bile srednje tolerantne na visoke koncentracije bora.

Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity, as well as free proline and soluble protein content were measured in eight soybean parent genotypes and six F1 hybrids. The aim of this study was to determine variability and the mode of inheritance for these parameters, and point out the genotypes of interest for future breeding programs. Analysed genotypes and their F1 hybrids expressed significant differences in activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase enzymes, as well as in soluble proteins and free proline contents. Since mode of inheritance for all investigated traits was in most cases dominance or heterosis, it can be concluded that these parameters are under control of dominant genes. The obtained results suggest that genotypes with favorable traits, such as variety Linda, line 1511, and F1 hybrids (Linda x LN92-7369) and (Balkan x BL-8), could be of interest as a good starting material for further breeding programs. U radu je određena aktivnost enzima metabolizma azota nitrat reduktaze i glutamin sintetaze, kao i sadržaj rastvorljivih proteina i slobodnog prolina u osam roditeljskih genotipova i šest F1 hibrida. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se utvrde varijabilnost navedenih genotipova za odabrane parametre i način njihovog nasleđivanja. Ustanovljeno je postojanje statistički značajnih razlika između genotipova, kako u pogledu enzimske aktivnosti, tako i u količini rastvorljivih proteina i slobodnog prolina. Budući da su se ova svojstva nasleđivala pretežno dominantno, uz pojavu heterozisa, može se pretpostaviti da su pod kontrolom gena sa dominantnim dejstvom. Kao genotipovi sa povoljnim osobinama izdvojili su se roditeljska sorta Linda i linija 1511, i hibridi (Linda x LN7369) i (Balkan x BL-8), koji bi mogli poslužiti u uzgoju genotipova soje povećane tolerantnosti na sušu sa povećanim kapacitetom za usvajanje azota i sadržaj proteina.

One of the primary tasks of sunflower breeding is the development of inbred lines by interspecific hybridization for the purpose of obtaining high-yielding, stable hybrids that are characterized by altered plant appearance and the ability to produce a higher number of plants per unit area under intensive agriculture conditions. Studied in this paper by the line x tester method were seven new divergent cms inbred lines (A) lines, three Rf restorers utilized as testers, and 21 F1 hybrids developed. Significant differences in the mean values of all the traits studied were observed. Highly significant GCA and SCA values were obtained for petiole length (PL) and total leaf area per plant (TLA). The nonadditive component of genetic variance played the main role in the inheritance of both these traits. This was confirmed by the GCA/SCA ratios for PL and LA in the F1 generation, which were below the value of one (0.43 and 0.07, respectively). The greatest average contribution to the expression of PL (49.9%) and TLA (57.1%) was found in the female A lines. A positive correlation was found between seed yield (SY) and PL (0.374*) and TLA (0.630**), while seed oil content (SOC) and TLA were found to be negatively correlated (-0.520**). The findings of this study can be used in the development of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids with high yields based on interspecific hybridization. Jedan od primarnih zadataka oplemenjivanja suncokreta je stvaranje inbred linija putem interspecijes hibridizacije radi dobijanja visokoprinosnih i stabilnih hibrida promenjenog izgleda koji u uslovima intenzivne agrotehnike omogućavaju povećanje broja biljaka po jedinici površine. Za linija x tester analizu korišćeno je sedam novih divergentnih (A) citoplazmatski muško sterilnih inbred linija nastalih interspecijes hibridizacijom, tri Rf-restorer linije kao testeri i 21 hibrid F1 generacije. Dobijene su značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima za sva ispitivana svojstva. Izračunate su visoko značajne vrednosti OKS i PKS za dužinu lisne drške (DLD) i ukupne lisne površine po biljci (ULP). Glavnu ulogu u nasleđivanju oba svojstva ima neaditivna komponenta genetske varijanse. To potvrđuje i odnos OKS/PKS u F1 generaciji koji je manji od jedinice i iznosi 0.43 za DLD i 0.07 za ULP. Najveći prosečan doprinos u ekspresiji ovih svojstava imale su A-linije majke i to (49.9%) za DLD i (57.1%) za ULP. Ustanovljena je pozitivna međuzavisnost prinosa semena (PS) sa DLD (0.374*) i ULP (0.630**). Između sadržaja ulja u semenu (SU) i ULP ustanovljena je značajna negativna međuzavisnost (-0.520**). Ova istraživanja mogu biti od značaja za stvaranje novih visoko prinosnih genotipova suncokreta na bazi interspecies hibridizacije.

Boron (B) deficit as well as excess may significantly limit the organic production in plants. In extreme cases they may kill the affected plants. Boron excess occurs primarily in arid and semiarid regions, in saline soils or in consequence to human action. Excessive boron concentrations retard plant growth and cause physiological and morphological changes (chlorosis and necrosis) first of all in leaf tips and then in marginal or intercostal parts of the lamina. Physiological mechanisms of plant tolerance to boron excess have not been studied in sufficient detail. The predominant opinion holds that they are based on restricted uptake and accumulation of boron in the root and aboveground plant parts. Significant differences in boron excess tolerance have been observed not only between different crops but even between different genotypes of the same crop. This has enabled the breeding of crop genotypes and crops adapted to growing on soils rich in available boron and intensified the research on the inheritance of plant tolerance to high B concentration. Sources of tolerance to high B concentration have been found in many crops (wheat, mustard, pea, lentil, eucalypt). Using different molecular techniques based on PCR (RAPD, SRAP), plant parents and progenies have been analyzed in an attempt to map as precisely as possible the position of B-tolerant genes. Small grains have been studied in greatest detail for inheritance of B tolerance. B tolerance in wheat is controlled by at least four additive genes, Bo1, Bo2, Bo3 and Bo4. Consequently, there exists a broad range of tolerance levels. Studies of Arabidopsis have broadened our understanding of regulation mechanisms of B transport from roots to above ground parts, allowing more direct genetic manipulations.

Grain yield of wheat is dependent on grain weight, which is the result of grain filling duration and rate. The study was undertaken to examine the relation between grain weight and rate and duration of grain filling in five high-yielding NS wheat cultivars. Stepwise multivariate analysis of nonlinear regression estimated grain filling parameters was used to examine cultivar differences in grain filling. On the basis of three-year average, the highest grain dry weight had cultivar Renesansa, and the lightest grains were measured for cultivar Evropa 90. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that all three nonlinear regression estimated parameters (grain weight, rate and duration of grain filling) were equally important in characterizing the grain filling curves of the cultivars studied, although sequence of their significance varied in different years, which is probably caused by different environmental conditions in three years of experiment. Prinos pšenice zavisi od mase zrna, koja je rezultat dužine i intenziteta nalivanja zrna. Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje veza između mase zrna i intenziteta i dužine nalivanja zrna kod pet visokoprinosnih NS sorti pšenice. Stepnjise multivarijaciona analiza nelinearnom regresijom procenjenih parametara nalivanja zrna je upotrebljena da se ispitaju razlike među sortama u pogledu nalivanja zrna. U trogodišnjem proseku je najveću masu zrna imala sorta Renesansa dok su najlakša zrna izmerena kod sorte Evropa 90. Stepnjise multivarijaciona analiza je pokazala da su sva tri nelinearnom regresijom procenjena parametra (masa zrna, intenzitet i dužina nalivanja zrna) jednako značajna za karakterizaciju krivih nalivanja zrna proučavanih sorti, mada je redosled značajnosti varirao u različitim godinama. Ovome su verovatno uzrok različiti uslovi sredine kojima su proučavane sorte bile izložene tokom tri godine eksperimenta.

The influence of genotype, year and genotype x year interaction on variation of 14 characters of hardwood cutting rooting ability in field conditions, as well as relationship among them was examined in four dates of observation during the first half of vegetation period for fifteen genotypes of Populus deltoides Bartr. are presented. The influence of year rose throughout the examined period, while influence of genotype x year interaction was usually weak. Most of characters had high heritability in second date of observation (second half of May). Beside total number of first-order roots, results signify number of roots on middle and basal part of cutting, as well as shoot characters (number of leaves and shoot height), while characters describing wound roots (roots on basal cut) appeared insignificant. Examined characters were grouped according to PCA(Principal Component Analysis) in two groups, defined by number of roots in the middle part of cutting and number of roots on basal part of cutting. .

Using the line x tester analysis we studied the combining ability and gene effects of plant height, spike length and number of spikelets per spike in durum wheat. The results of the study show that non-additive genes play more important role than additive genes in the inheritance of plant height, number of spikelets per spike in both years and in inheritance of spike length only in the first year of research. Variety Belfugito, the best general combiner for plant height and number of spikelets per spike, combined well in two best hybrids: Belfugito x Alifen and Belfugito x Yavaros 79, and these hybrids may be used in wheat breeding programs. In the majority of the cases, good specific combining ability (SCA) effects were associated with crosses of two genetically divergent parents having at least one parent as a good general combiner.

Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (PX), glutahione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) as well as formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liposoluble fluorescent compounds (LFC) in leaves of 20 wheat genotypes, parents and hybrids of F1 and F2 generation were examined. The aim was to determine inheriting pattern of investigated parameters and relation between antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation and LFC formation. No consistent role of inheritance of antioxidant parameters was found. Investigated genotypes and hybrids, among themselves, differed significantly in antioxidative enzyme activities and MDA and LFC content. Results presented indicate that high contents of MDA and LFC are associated with low activities of antioxidative enzymes. Also, relatively small quantities of MDA and LFC are associated with high activities of SOD and CAT.

The main reason that makes breeding for the main yield components difficult is that they are in negative correlation with each other. Numerous researchers have studied relations between yield and different yield components in order to find dependable selection criteria. The goal of this paper is to estimate the variability and correlations between yield components. The experiment was conducted on twelve durum wheat genotypes. Plant height was in both years positively correlated with number of spikelets per spike and negatively correlated with spike length. grain weight per spike. number of grains per spike and harvest index. Spike length was positively correlated with grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike. in both years and with harvest index only in the first year. while it was negatively correlated with number of spikelets per spike in the first year. Number of spikelets was in negative correlations with grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike in the first year and with harvest index in both years of investigations. Grain weight per spike was positively correlated with number of grain per spike and harvest index in both years. Number of grains per spike was in positive correlation with harvest index in both years of investigations.

Using the line x tester analysis (Sing and Choudhary, 1979), we studied the combining ability, gene effects and mode of inheritance of plant height and spike length, using 5 females, 3 testers and 15 F] hybrids of wheat. The mode of inheritance of characters under study depended on the cross combination and the year of growing. In most cases the mode of inheritance was dominant. Estimation of the genetic components of variation as well as ratio of GCA/SCA showed that plant height in the first year and spike length in the second year of research were predominantly controlled by additive gene action. Non-additive gene effects have been found to be more important than additive ones in the inheritance of plant height in the second year and spike length in the first year of research. The estimates of general combining ability (GCA) pointed out that the best general combiner for the plant height in the first year was line NS 31/96, while in the second year the best combiner was variety Fundulea 490. For the spike length the best general combiner in the both years was line NS 31/96. The line NS 31/96 was the best general combiner in this research and it can be used in wheat breeding.

The development of new high-yielding and stable sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization requires information on the heterotic effects for agronomically important traits in the F, generation. Heterotic effects for seed yield, plant height and head diameter were studied in interspecific sunflower hybrids developed by the line x tester method. The female inbred lines were developed by interspecific hybridization, while the male restorer inbreds with good combining abilities were used as testers in the form of fertility restorers. F, hybrids were obtained by crossing each tester with each female inbred. The inbred lines and their F, hybrids differed significantly in their mean values of the traits under study. Heterosis values for seed yield per plant were positive and highly significant relative to both the parental mean (98.4-274.1%) and the better parent (54.8-223.2%). Significantly less heterosis was recorded in the case of plant height relative to parental mean (19.0-66.0%) and better parent (-3.9-51.6%). With head diameter, the heterotic effect ranged from 19.0 to 55.6% (parental mean) and from 7.8 to 36.6% (better parent). The results of this study may be used for the development of new high-yielding and stable sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization. Stvaranje visoko prinosnih i stabilnih hibrida suncokreta na bazi interspecijes hibridizacije zahteva posedovanje informacije o efektu heterozisa za agronomski važna svojstva u F, generaciji. Efekat heterozisa za prinos semena. visinu biljke i prečnik glave proučavan je kod interspecijes hibrida nastalih ukrštanjem primenom linija x tester metoda. Inbred linije majke nastale su interspecijes hibridizacijom, a restorer inbred linije oca dobrih kombinacionih sposobnosti korišćene su kao testeri u formi restauratora fertilnosti. Hibridi F1 generacije nastali su ukrštanjem svakog testera sa svakom inbred linijom majke. Vrednosti heterozisa za prinos semena po biljci bile su pozitivne i visoko značajne u odnosu na roditeljski prosek (98.4-274.1%) i u odnosu na boljeg roditelja (54.8-223.2%). Znatno niži efekat heterozisa ustanovljen je za visinu biljke (19.0-66.0%) u odnosu na roditeljski prosek i u odnosu na boljeg roditelja (6.1-51.6%). Kod prečnika glave vrednosti heterozisa su se kretale od 19.0% do 74.7% u odnosu na roditeljski prosek i od 11.6-36.6% u odnosu na boljeg roditelja.

Grain yields of wheat (Triticum aestivitm L) are influenced partly by final grain dry weight, which is largely determined by the rate and duration of the grain filling process. A study was undertaken to compare the observed final grain dry weight of five groups of wheat genotypes differing in earliness (extra early, medium early, medium late, late and a control group of high yielding NS cultivars) with the observed duration and average and maximum rates of grain filling in two different environments. Correlation coefficients were used to determine which grain filling parameter had more influence on final grain dry weight, in an environment common for our country (2002), final grain dry weight was strongly positively correlated with the average and maximum rates and strongly negatively correlated with the duration of grain filling. The medium late and control groups had the highest final grain dry weights. Correlations between final grain dry weight and the duration and average rate of grain filling were positive in an unfavorable environment (2001). The NS cultivars and extra early genotypes had the highest final grain dry-weights. The rate and duration of grain filling are usually negatively correlated. The influence of grain filling parameters on final grain dry weight is not the same in different environments, so the ability of the genotype to compensate for the low grain filling rate with grain fill prolongation in unfavorable environments might be more important. The observed average grain filling rate is probably more important as a parameter for describing these processes than the maximum one. Prinos zrna pšenice (Triticnm aestivum L) je delom uslovljen krajnjom masom suvog zrelog zrna. koja je u velikoj meri određena intenzitetom i dužinom trajanja procesa nalivanja zrna. Cilj istraživanja je poređenje eksperimentalno utvrđene krajnje mase suvog zrelog zrna 5 grupa genotipova pšenice različite ranostasnosti (ekstra rane, srednje rane, srednje kasne kasne i kontrolna grupa najprinosnijih NS sorti) sa eksperimentalno utvrđenim prosečnim i maksimalnim intenzitetom, te dužinom trajanja nalivanja zrna u različitim uslovima sredine. Korelacioni koeficijenti su upotrebljeni u pokušaju da se odredi koji parametar nalivanja zrna ima veći uticaj na krajnju masu suvog zrelog zrna. U kod nas uobičajenim uslovima sredine (2002) je krajnja masa suvog zrelog zrna bila u jakim pozitivnim vezama sa prosečnim i maksimalnim intenzitetom i u jakoj negativnoj vezi sa dužinom trajanja nalivanja zrna. Najveće krajnje mase suvih zrelih zrna postigli su srednje kasni i genotipovi kontrolne grupe. Korelacije između krajnje mase suvog zrelog zrna i dužine trajanja, te prosecnog intenziteta nalivanja zrna su bile značajno pozitivne u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine (2001). Novosadske sorte i ekstra rani genotipovi su imali najveće mase suvih zrelih zrna. Intenzitet i dužina trajanja nalivanja zrna su obično u negativnoj korelaciji. Uticaj parametara nalivanja zrna na krajnju masu suvog zrelog zrna nije jednak u različitim uslovima sredine, tako da bi mogla biti bitnija sposobnost genotipa da u nepovoljnim uslovima sredine niske intenzitete nalivanja zrna nadomesti produženjem akumulacije suve materije. Za opisivanje ovih procesa bi prosečni intenzitet nalivanja zrna mogao biti važniji parametar od maksimalnog.

Phenotypic stability of the yield components of three sunflower (Helianthus annum L) inbred lines in their third, fourth and fifth year of self-pollination was analyzed. Stability parameters were calculated following an Eberhart and Russell (1966) model. According to regression coefficients, the investigated lines showed satisfactory stability of the protein content in seeds and weight per 1000 seeds. The line D4441 in the third year of self-pollination was identified as the most stabile one regarding protein content. As for weight per 1000 seeds, the best genotype stability was detected in the line Rs 4 I 10 in its fourth year of self-pollination.

The main goals of sunflower breeding in Yugoslavia and abroad are increased seed yield and oil content per unit area and increased resistance to diseases, insects and stress conditions via an optimization of plant architecture. In order to determine the mode of inheritance, gene effects and correlations of total leaf number per plant, total leaf area and plant height, six genetically divergent inbred lines of sunflower were subjected to half diallel crosses. Significant differences in mean values of all the traits were found in the F1 and F2 generations. Additive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of total leaf number per plant and plant height, while in the case of total leaf area per plant the nonadditive ones were more important looking at all the combinations in the F1 and F2 generations. The average degree of dominance (Hi/D)1/2 was lower than one for total leaf number per plant and plant height, so the mode of inheritance was partial dominance, while with total leaf area the value was higher than one, indicating super dominance as the mode of inheritance. Significant positive correlation was found: between total leaf area per plant and total leaf number per plant (0.285*) and plant height (0.278*). The results of the study are of importance for further sunflower breeding work. Oplemenjivanje suncokreta u svetu i kod nas usmereno je na povećanje prinosa semena i sadržaja ulja po jedinici površine, otpornosti prema bolestima insektima i stresnim. uslovima optimalizacijom arhitekture biljke. U cilju utvrđivanja načina nasleđivanja, efekta gena i međuzavisnosti ukupnog broja listova po biljci, ukupne lisne površine po biljci i visine biljke, izvršena su dialelna ukrštanja isključujući recipročna sa šest genetski divergentnih inbred linija suncokreta. Dobijene su signifikantne razlike u srednjim vrednostima za sva ispitivana svojstva F1 i F2 generaciji. Aditivni efekat gena je bio od većeg značaja u nasleđivanju ukupnog broja listova po biljci i visini biljke dok je neaditivni efekat gena bio značajniji kod ukupne lisne površine po biljci uzevši u obzir sve kombinacije ukrštanja u F1 i F2 generaciji. Prosečan stepen dominacije (H1/D)1/2 je kod ukupnog broja listova po biljci i visine biljke manji od jedinice iz toga se može zaključiti da je način nasleđivanja parcijalna dominacija, a kod ukupne lisne površine je veći od jedinice što ukazuje na superdominaciju. Značajna pozitivna međuzavisnost ustanovljena je između ukupne lisne površine po biljci i ukupnog broja listova po biljci (0.285*), visine biljke (0.278*). Rezultati ovih istraživanja imaće značaja u daljem radu na oplemenjivanju suncokreta.

The mode of inheritance and gene effect for plant height of 7x7 half diallel crosses of wheat varieties and lines was evaluated in F1 and F2 generation. The mode of inheritance, calculated for each combination separately, was different and depended on the cross combination. The absence of interallelic interaction between the genes determining the expression of plant height was concluded from the regression analysis. The regression line intercepts the Wr axis below the origin in F1 indicating overdominance over an average of all arrays. In F2 the regression line cuts the Wr axis above the origin indicating partial dominance.

Sunflower is the main crop species for the production of edible oil in many countries of the world, including ours. Plant height and head size, form and position on the stem as well as the number of leaves, their size, duration and distribution on the plant all play an important role in defining optimal plant architecture in sunflower hybrids (Škorić, 1975, 1989, 2002). In order to monitor the mode of inheritance and gene effects for head diameter in the F1 and F2 generations, half diallel crosses were made in six genetically divergent sunflower inbreds. The mean values of the trait in question differed significantly. The mode of inheritance of head diameter in the F1 generation was superdominance in all but four crosses, which had dominance instead. In the F2 generation, on the other hand, the prevailing mode was dominance, while superdominance was recorded in four cases. The dominant component accounted for the bulk of genetic variance, and the mode of inheritance of head diameter taking into account both the F1 and F2 generations was superdominance. These findings may prove valuable for developing high-yielding sunflower genotypes. Suncokret je u mnogim zemljama u svetu i kod nas osnovna biljka za proizvodnju jestivog ulja. Visina biljke, veličina, forma i položaj glave na stablu, broj listova, njihova veličina, trajanje i raspored na biljci imaju važnu ulogu u definisanju optimalne arhitekture hibrida suncokreta (Škorić 1975; 1989; 2002). U cilju praćenja načina nasleđivanja i efekta gena prečnika glave suncokreta u F1 i F2 generaciji izvršena su dialelna ukrštanja isključujući recipročna sa šest genetski divergentnim inbred linijama suncokreta. Dobijene su značajne razlike u srednjim vrednostima za ispitivano svojstvo. Prečnik glave se u F1 generaciji nasleđivao superdominantno jedino se u četiri ukrštanja javila dominacija, dok se u F2 generaciji nasleđivao dominantno, a superdominacija se zadržala u četiri kombinacije. Glavni deo genetske varijanse čini dominantna komponenta, a način nasleđivanja prečnika glave je superdominacija uzevši u obzir sve kombinacije ukrštanja u obe generacije (F1 i F2). Ova istraživanja mogu biti od značaja u stvaranju visoko prinosnih genotipova suncokreta.

Tolerance to low temperature is one of the most important component of winter hardiness in winter wheat. In the process of creation new winter wheat varieties resistant to low temperatures it is important to know the genetics of this character. Seven wheat varieties Noa, Amigo, Sava, Rana Niska, Saitama, UPI 301, NS-5260 and their F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 generations were used to determine the genetic base of low temperature resistance. The mode of inheritance observed in most of the F1 hybrids was partial dominance, although some cases where the parent with the higher or lower mean value dominated were also recorded. In the F2 generation, intermediacy was also the predominant mode of inheritance. In Noa x Sava and Noa x Rana Niska both additive and dominant gene effects were found. Frost tolerance was under control of additive genes in cross Noa x Amigo, Saitama x Sava and NS-5260 x UPI 301 and dominant genes in Saitama x Rana Niska. In the process of winter wheat breeding the most importance have combinations in which additive gene effects predominate, since those crosses have greater chance to fix the favorable genes responsible for cold tolerance. The selection of progeny tolerant to low temperatures from those combinations should be more successfully.

The development of sunflower hybrids with high genetic potential for seed and oil yields requires information on the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for plant height and head diameter in the F1 generation. Used in this study were thirteen new divergent cms inbred lines (A), three Rf restorers utilized as testers, and their F1 hybrids. The inbred A-lines, Rf-testers and F1 hybrids differed significantly in the mean values for plant height and head diameter. The mode of inheritance for plant height was superdominance of the better parent and for head diameter it was dominance and superdominance of the better parent. Highly significant positive values of GCA for both traits were found in cms inbred line NS-G-7 and restorer line RHA-N-49. Based on the GCA values chosen were lines with the best GCA for plant height (NS-G-9, NS-G-7) originating from PRA-RUN and head diameter (NS-G-13, NS-G-12) originating from DES. The greatest highly significant positive SCA value was found in NS-G-1xRHA-N-49 for plant height and in NS-G-8xRUS-RF-OL-168 for head diameter. Non-additive genetic variance played the main role in the inheritance of both traits as confirmed by the GCA/SCA ratios in the F1 generation, which were invariably smaller than unit. The female A lines had the highest contribution to the expression of head diameter and plant height. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31025]

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships among boron (B) concentration, boron content, and tolerance to excess boron in 40 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Boron tolerance was estimated at seedling stage by filter paper technique, imposing three boron treatments (50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 boric acid, H3BO3) and comparing the response of root length and dry weight to the control (0.93 mg L-1 H3BO3). Although substantial variation in boron tolerance, concentration, and content has been found among the studied wheat genotypes, regression analysis showed no relationship between neither root length reduction and boron concentration, nor dry weight reduction and boron concentration. On the other hand, a positive linear relationship was found between boron content and both root length and dry weight response to high external boron; tolerant wheat genotypes were characterized by higher boron content than the sensitive ones. The results may be explained by significant decline of root length and dry weight in sensitive genotypes, which caused reduced uptake of all nutrients, including boron. Vice versa, root length and dry weight of tolerant genotypes were affected by boron treatments to the smaller extent, allowing the uptake of higher amounts of boron and resulting in comparatively high boron content.

SUMMARY Four interspecies populations, originating from three annual (H. debilis, H. praecox, H. deserticola) and one perennial (H. resinosus) wild species, were used to produce 13 new (cms) inbred lines with cytoplasmic male sterility, three Rf restorer lines with good general combining ability used as testers and their F1 hybrids. A two-year trial with three replicates was set up using the line × tester method. The inbred A-lines, Rf-testers and F1 hybrids differed significantly in the mean values for both studied traits. The mode of inheritance for leaf area was dominance and superdominance of the better parent and for plant height it was superdominance of the better parent. Highly significant positive values of general combining ability for both traits were found in inbred lines NS-G-7, NS-G-8, NS-G-9. The greatest highly significant positive specific combining ability value was found in NS-G-6 × RUS-Rf-OL-168 for the total leaf area per plant and in NS-G-6 × RHA-N-49 for plant height. The non-additive gene effect had greater influence on both traits. A significant heterotic effect was found for both traits in relation to the parental average so as in relation to the better parent.

Bean grain size, along with grain color and shape, is a constituent of bean's market quality. In order to be able to satisfy the broad market demand, cultivars with grain of all classes (from the smallest to largest) and top agronomic qualities must be developed. This paper analyzed 24 bean genotypes. They had different grain size in terms of their specific responses to growing conditions over three growing seasons. The two-way ANOVA was used to separate the main effects responsible for the formation of grain of a particular size. The genotype effects were 89.9%, the year effects 2.2%, and those of genotype x year interaction 7.9%. A large portion of interaction variability was attributable to two (AMMI) or tree (SREG) highly significant (by the Gollob F-test) principal components. Most of the genotypes exhibited high stability. The various types of interactions between individual genotypes and growing conditions in a given year are shown in two types of biplot graphs (GE and GGE).t to introduce organic agriculture programs in breeding institutions. Krupnoća zrna pasulja je, uz njegovu boju i oblik, tržišni kvalitet pasulja. Da bi se zadovoljili različiti zahtevi tržišta moraju se stvarati sorte u svim trgovačkim klasama pasulja, od sitnog do najkrupnijeg zrna visokih agronomskih kvaliteta. U radu je analizirana specifičnost reakcije 24 genotipa pasulja različite krupnoće zrna na uslove uzgajanja tokom tri vegetacione sezone. Izdvojeni su glavni efekti odgovorni za formiranje zrna određene krupnoće. Rezultati ispitivanja govore da su uticaj genotipa, uslova uspevanja i specifične reakcije genotipa na uslove uspevanja značajni za formiranje zrna određene mase 1000 zrna kod pasulja. Uticaj genotipa je izuzetni visok, oko 90%, uticaj godine mnogo manji, ali takođe značajan, a interakcije genotip x godina oko 8 %. Primenom AMMI za objašnjenje varijabilnosti interakcije bile su potrebne dve visoko značajne glavne komponente, a za SREG model tri. Najveći deo genotipova, uz pojedinačne specifične reakcije, ispoljio je visoku stabilnost za krupnoću zrna što potvrđuje i njihov raspored na AMMI1 biplot grafikonu. Na osnovu AMMI2 biplot grafikona može se zaključiti da svaka godina ispoljava karakterističan uticaj, da su pojedini genotipovi imali pozitivnu ili negativnu interakciju sa pojedinim godinama, ali i da je bilo genotipova bez specifične reakcije sa uslovima uspevanja. Pomoću GGE biplota konstruisanog primenom SREG modela zaključeno je da su od ispitivanih genotipova oni sa krupnim zrnom imali manju stabilnost od onih sa sitnim zrnom. Korišćenjem AMMI i SREG metoda multivarijacione analize, a posebno konstruisanjem GE i GGE biplot grafikona mogu se dobiti potrebni odgovori o uzrocima formiranja zrna određene krupnoće kod pasulja, o stabilnosti ispitivanih genotipova i o specifičnim reakcijama pojedinačnih genotipova sa određenim uslovima uspevanja.

Due to the interaction and noise in the experiments, yield trails for studying varieties are carried out in numerous locations and in the course of several years. Data of such trials have three principle tasks: to evaluate precisely and to predict the yield on the basis of limited experimental data; to determine stability and explain variability in the response of genotypes across locations; and to be a good guide for the selection of the best genotype for sowing under new agroecological conditions. The yield prediction without the inclusion of the interaction with the environments is incomplete and imprecise. Therefore, a great deal of breeding and agronomic studies are devoted to observing of the interaction via multilocation trials with replicates with the aim to use the interaction to obtain the maximum yield in any environment. Fifteen maize hybrids were analyzed in 24 environments. As the interaction participates in the total sum of squares with 6%, and genotypes with 2%, the interaction deserves observations more detailed than the classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) provides it. With a view to observe the interaction effect in detail in order to prove better understanding of genotypes, environments and their interactions AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction) and the cluster analysis were applied. The partition of the interaction into the principal components by the PCA analysis (Principal Components Analysis) revealed a part of systematic variations in the interaction. These variations are attributed to the length of the growing season in genotypes and to the precipitation sum during the growing season in environments. Results of grouping by the cluster analysis are in high accordance with grouping observed in the biplot of the AMMI1 model. Ogledi za ispitivanje varijeteta se izvode u brojnim lokacijama i u toku više godina i u osnovi imaju tri glavna zadatka: da precizno procene i predvide prinos na osnovu ograničenih eksperimentalnih podataka; da determinišu stabilnost i objašnjivu varijabilnost u odgovoru genotipova kroz lokacije; i da budu kvalitetan vodič za odabir najboljeg genotipa za setvu u novim agro-ekološkim uslovima. Procena prinosa bez uključivanja interakcije sa spoljnom sredinom je nekompletna i neprecizna. Zbog toga je značajan deo oplemenjivačkih i agronomskih istraživanja posvećen istraživanju interakcije, kroz višelokacijske oglede sa ponavljanjima, u cilju iskorišćavanja interakcije za dobijanje maksimalnog prinosa u svakoj sredini. U radu je analizirano 15 hibrida kukuruza u 24 spoljne sredine. Obzirom da interakcija učestvuje u ukupnoj sumi kvadrata sa 6%, a sami genotipovi sa 2% ona zaslužuje detaljnije razmatranje nego što nam to nudi klasična analiza varijanse (ANOVA). Sa ciljem da se detaljnijim uvidom u interakcijski efekat omogući bolje razumevanje genotipova, spoljnih sredina i njihovih interakcija primenjene su AMMI (Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction) i klaster analiza. Raščlanjujući interakciju na glavne komponente PCA (Principal Components Analzsis) analizom, otkriva se deo sistematskog variranja koji se nalazi u interakciji, a koji je kod genotipova vezan za dužinu vegetacije, a kod spoljnih sredina za količinu padavina u toku vegetacije. Rezultati grupisanja klaster analizom su u visokoj saglasnosti sa grupisanjem koje se uočava na biplotu AMMI1 modela.

Excess boron can limit the plant growth and yield, particularly in and and semiarid environments. Sixty wheat genotypes were included in the trial in order to investigate the relationship among traits related to tolerance to excess boron and to determine the most informative treatment. Root length, dry weight and boron content were measured at seedling stage. Genotypes with small root growth Suppression on treatments, namely boron tolerant genotypes, generally had smaller dry weight reduction and lower boron content. Positive correlations among diverse boron treatments were found for all studied traits; therefore, any analysed treatment may be informative enough for further research.

Final grain dry weight, a component of yield in wheat, is dependent on the duration and the rate of grain filling. The purpose of the study was to compare the grain filling patterns between common wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.), and durum wheat, (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and investigate relationships among grain filling parameters, yield components and the yield itself. The most important variables in differentiating among grain filling curves were final grain dry weight (W) for common wheat genotypes and grain filling rate (R) for durum wheat genotypes; however, in all cases the sets of variables important in differentiating among grain filling curves were extended to either two or all three parameters. Furthermore, in one out of three environmental conditions and for both groups of genotypes, the most important parameter in the set was grain filling duration (T). It indicates significant impact of environmental conditions on dry matter accumulation and the mutual effect of grain filling duration and its rate on the final grain dry weight. The medium early anthesis date could be associated with further grain weight and yield improvements in wheat. Grain filling of earlier genotypes occurs in more temperate environments, which provides enough time for gradual grain fill and avoids the extremes of temperature and the stress of dry conditions.

SUMMARY Significant manifestation of heterosis for agronomically important traits is the main precondition for obtaining productive sunflower hybrids (Skoric et al., 2006). Development of high-yielding and stable sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization requires knowledge of heterotic effects occurring in the F1 generation. Heterosis for seed yield per plant, total seed number per head and 1,000-seed weight was studied in interspecific hybrids obtained by the line × tester method. The seven female inbred lines used in the study had been developed by interspecific hybridization, while the three male restorer inbreds with good combining abilities were used as testers in the form of fertility restorers. Twenty-one F1 hybrids were obtained by crossing each tester with each female inbred line. A trial with the lines and F1 hybrids was set up at Rimski Sancevi. Experiment Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad using a randomized block design with three replications. Our study found significant differences in the mean values of all the traits under investigation. Heterosis values for seed yield were positive and highly significant relative to parental average (98.4-274.1%) as well as better parent (55.8-223.2%). Considerably less heterosis was found for total seed number per head (69.6-203.7%) relative to parental average and better parent (47.6-183.3%). With 1,000-seed mass, the values ranged between 26.5% and 48.8% relative to parental average and from -42.4% to 30.9% relative to better parent. This study could prove useful in the development of new high-yielding sunflower hybrids based on interspecific hybridization.

The heritability, phenotypic variability and components of variance for spike length and number of spikelets per spike have been studied in 50 cultivars from different selection centers all over the world. The experiment was performed in randomized block design in three replications on the experimental field in two years. A total number of 60 plants have been analyzed in the full maturity stage. Average estimated values of spike length and number of spikelets per spike differed significantly among years and among cultivars. The highest average value of spike length had Mironovskaya 808 cultivar (x =14.5 cm), and the lowest value was found in Etoille de Choisy (x=8.1 cm) and San Pastore cultivar (x=8.2). During investigated periods the highest average value for number of spikelets/spike had Sava cultivar (x=28.2), and the lowest value expressed Frontana cultivar (x=19.2). The average variation coefficient for spike length was 8.0%, and for number of spikelets per spike was 7.5%. The lowest variability for spike length was established in Pernel cultivar (V=4.8%) and the highest in Lepenica cultivar (V=12.9%). The coefficient of variation for number of spikelets per spike ranged from 4.7% in Bankut 1205 to 12.4% in Norin 10 cultivar. The obtained herita bility values in broad sense were fairly high for spike length (96.4%) and number of spikelets per spike (79.1%). Phenotypic analysis of variance indicated that genetic variance took a larger portion of the total phenotypic variability for spike length (81.82%) and for number of spikelets per spike (57.36%) than influence of environmental factors on expressing of analyzed yield components. U radu je proučavana genetička i fenotipska varijabilnost dužine klasa i broja klasića po klasu kod 50 genetički divergentnih sorti pšenice. Istraživanja su obavljena u poljskom ogledu izvedenom po slučajnom blok sistemu u tri ponavljanja, tokom dve godine. Analize su uradjene na uzorku od 60 biljka u punoj fazi zrelosti. Utvrdjene su signifikantne razlike za dužinu klasa i broj klasića po klasu izmedju sorti i godina. Najveća vrednost dužine klasa ustanovljena je kod sorte Mironovskaya 808 (14,5 cm), a najmanja kod sorti Etoille de Choisy (8,1 cm) i San Pastore (8,2 cm). Sorta Sava je imala najveći broj klasića po klasu (28,2), a najmanja vrednost za ovo svojstvo utvrdjena je kod Frontane (19,2). Prosečna varijabilnost dužine klasa (V = 8,0%) i broja klasića po klasu (V = 7,5%) bila je dosta niska. Najmanju varijabilnost za dužinu klasa ispoljila je sorta Pernel (V = 4,8%), a za broj klasića po klasu sorta Bankut 1205 (V = 4,7%). Utvrdjena je visoka vrednost za heritabilnost u širem smislu za dužinu klasa (h2 = 96,4%), a nešto niža vrednost za broj klasića po klasu (h2 = 79,1%). Analizom komponenti fenotipske varijanse ustanovljeno je da genetički faktori imaju veći udeo u ispoljavanju dužine klasa (81,82%) i broja klasića po klasu (57,36%) od faktora spoljne sredine

We analysed the grain yield and quality in common vetch accessions to assess their breeding potential. A small-plot trial was carried out in 2005 and 2006 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Sanevi. 14 accessions, of diverse geographic origin and status, from the Novi Sad Vicia collection were tested. The highest grain yield was in accession VIC 006 (2205 kg ha(-1)), while the highest grain dry matter crude protein was in accession Topaze (329 g kg(-1)). Significant positive correlations were found between the time from sowing to harvest and grain dry matter crude protein content (r(gxy) = 0.754). A cluster analysis of the tested common vetch accessions showed four main groups that are assumed to correlate with geographic and biological origin. The variability measured offers a basis for developing novel common vetch cultivars that could increase the use of this crop among the farmers in Serbia and the Balkans.

Diallel crosses between five divergent vulgare wheat cultivars were made in order to evaluate the mode of inheritance and combining ability of grain proteins. Significant differences in grain protein content were found between cultivars and their hybrids. It was established that the inheritance of seed protein in the F1 generation included both additive and non-additive gene action.