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The retention of contaminants within low-conductivity regions such as clay lenses and aquitards can greatly affect groundwater remediation processes. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the effects of the geometry of low-conductivity zones, conductivity contrast, and flow regime on solute flushing. We conducted a series of flushing tests in cylindrical models containing a cylindrical low-conductivity zone (i.e., low-K zone) embedded in a highly conductive medium (i.e., high-K zone). Seven models comprising four high-conductivity-contrast (SL, SS, LL, and LS), one medium-contrast (LLM), one low-contrast (LLL), and one homogeneous (H) models were considered. Experiments were conducted at two flow rates (Q = 0.6 and 26 cm3/min) for each heterogeneous model (SL, SS, LL, LS, LLM, and LLL) to compare the flushing processes in different flow regimes. First, we verified the validity of our experiments by comparing the results of the H model from an analytical solution with our experiment. The results of the high-contrast models showed that for a diffusion-dominated regime (Q = 0.6 cm3/min), the pore volume injected (PVI) required to flush out solute mass was much smaller than that in an advection-dominated regime (Q = 26 cm3/min). To evaluate the pore volumes required to flush out solutes for the four high-contrast models, we introduced a parameter P0.01, which is defined as the PVI needed for the relative concentration to become 0.01 at the middle of the low-K zone. P0.01 decreases with increasing the specific surface area of the low-K zone for diffusion-dominated regimes, while it increases with increasing the length of the low-K zone for advection-dominated regimes. We also determined the importance of the effect of K contrast on solute retention by comparing the results of three different models of K contrast (LL, LLM, and LLL).

For slug-injection tracer tests, tracer concentrations below the detection limit of the measurement instrument can cause truncation of the observed data. This study investigated the truncation effect on the estimation error of parameters based on analytical solutions and the results of a laboratory-scale experiment. Spatial moment analysis was performed to estimate the measured total mass and transport parameters, including the pore velocity and the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities. Increasing the travel distance and detection limit caused the measured mass and dispersivities to be underestimated regardless of the dimensionality because hydrodynamic dispersion occurs with increasing travel distance, which smoothens the concentration front. The one- and two-dimensional cases showed that the truncation effect on the measured mass and longitudinal dispersivity depended on dimensionality. In contrast, the pore velocity showed no such dependence; the center of mass did not change as the unmeasured portion due to truncation was increased because the plume, which exhibited a Gaussian distribution, was truncated symmetrically. In the experiment, the measured mass and dispersivities likewise depended on the travel distance and detection limit, but there were large differences in the detection limit at which the dimensionless parameter reached a value of zero between the experimental results and analytical solution. This is because the initial plume in the experiment was of a finite size. Thus, experimental design factors such as the scale, device, and dimensionality should be considered to minimize the estimation error of transport parameters, excluding the pore velocity.

Progress in power electronic devices is currently accepted through the use of wide bandgap materials (WBG). Among them, diamond is the material with the most promising characteristics in terms of breakdown voltage, on-resistance, thermal conductance, or carrier mobility. However, it is also the one with the greatest difficulties in carrying out the device technology as a result of its very high mechanical hardness and smaller size of substrates. As a result, diamond is still not considered a reference material for power electronic devices despite its superior Baliga's figure of merit with respect to other WBG materials. This review paper will give a brief overview of some scientific and technological aspects related to the current state of the main diamond technology aspects. It will report the recent key issues related to crystal growth, characterization techniques, and, in particular, the importance of surface states aspects, fabrication processes, and device fabrication. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of diamond devices with respect to other WBG materials are also discussed., The authors thank the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of the Spanish Government for funding under Grant Nos. TEC2017-86347-C2-1-R, ESP2017-91820, PID2020-117201RB-C21, and PID2019-110219RB-100 and the Junta de Andalucia (Andalusian Government, Spain) for funding through Nos. P20_00946, FEDER-UCA18- 106470 and FEDER-UCA18-107851 projects.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate effects of stratified porous formation on solute dispersion using two-dimensional laboratory tracer tests. An image analysis technique was used to analyze the solute dispersion processes and quantify the dispersivity and behaviors of forward and backward tails of solute plumes. Longitudinal dispersivity estimates for the stratified porous media increased with travel distance and are in reasonable agreement with previous work. Moreover, in all of the stratified cases the transverse dispersivity exhibited a similar trend which decayed with travel distance. The summary of dispersivities estimated from this study and previous studies suggests that if both degree of heterogeneity and scale for stratified and randomly heterogeneous porous media are similar, the longitudinal dispersivity is larger in stratified media than in randomly heterogeneous media. In order to quantify behaviors of forward and backward tails, we defined the travel distances x05 and x95 corresponding to the 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively, of the cumulative concentrations in the longitudinal direction, and found that the distance between x05 and x95 spread out linearly in the stratified cases.

Synthesis of phenanthroindolizidine core was efficiently achieved through a pathway involving hetero Diels-Alder reaction of α-allenylchalcogenoketenes, generated in situ by thermal [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of alkynyl propargyl sulfides or selenides, with cyclic imines and the subsequent iodine-assisted photochemical cyclization.

Advanced carcinoma of the lower female reproductive tract is rare during pregnancy and the postpartum period. We here present a case of a 32-year-old Japanese woman, whose entire lower reproductive tract had been invaded by carcinomas as of 2 months after childbirth. She had been infertile, and pregnancy had been established by repeated embryo transfer. The gynecological cancer screening, which included Pap smear tests, was negative during the periods she underwent infertility treatment or during the first trimester. At 26 gestational weeks, the patient noticed uterine contractions concomitant with genital bleeding. Labor progressed slowly and steadily; thus, the pregnancy was ended by cesarean section at 29 weeks. At 2 months after childbirth, the patient experienced increased left abdominal pain and underwent a pelvic examination, revealing multiple pelvic masses and diffuse vaginal tumors causing stenosis. Vaginal tumors were biopsied, and histochemical analysis showed undifferentiated carcinoma with possible adenocarcinoma. Imaging modalities including CT, MRI, and PET-CT suggest that the carcinoma had invaded the entire reproductive tract, especially the uterine body, metastasized into the lungs and the ischial bones, and disseminated onto the peritoneum. She received multiple rounds of chemotherapy but died 6 months after childbirth. Taking into consideration the clinical feature and immunohistochemical profiles of the cancer cells, the endometrium is the most likely origin.

Biodegradable resin concrete is made of biodegradable resin and aggregate. The experiments on this new concrete were started in 2012, and six papers were published. The strength degradation of biodegradable resin concrete was evaluated using the results of the three-point bending and compression tests, and the surface degradation was evaluated using the binarized photo data. The results showed that the decomposition of the biodegradable resin by microorganisms and the bond strength reduction between the biodegradable resin and aggregate by hydrolysis caused the degradation mechanism. Moreover, to estimate the fatigue life and clarify the strength retention period of biodegradable resin concrete, the statistical deterioration prediction formulas were introduced using the Weibull distribution. This provided the appropriate estimates associated with the strength retention period of biodegradable resin concrete. This paper summarizes the experimental results on biodegradable resin concrete and describes future tasks.

Objectives Unemployment or job change due to treatment for a disease is affected by various factors such as disease type, degree of disability, and workplace patient support. This study aimed to clarify the factors affecting the unemployment/job-change rate among workers who had designated intractable diseases. Methods A questionnaire survey was administered to 3,210 designated patients with intractable diseases who underwent applications for renewal of medical care subsidies at the Hirakata City Public Health Center during fiscal year 2019 (July-December). Of these patients, 539 workers aged 20-59 years who were employed as regular workers, temporary contract worker/dispatched workers, and part-time workers when they became designated intractable diseases were subjects of the analysis. Unemployment/job-change due to the treatment for a designated intractable disease was treated as an event occurrence, while the absence of unemployment/job-change due to disease at the time of the survey were considered censored cases. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the trend of the unemployment/job-change rate associated with the duration of work. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine the relationship between unemployment/job-change and factors such as gender, age at onset, disease groups, activities of daily living, types of employment, experienced workplace supports (e.g., reduced working hours and hourly paid leave), and existence of insoluble medical difficulties at the workplace. Results The unemployment/job-change rate due to treatment for designated intractable disease was 19.4%. Significantly independent factors of unemployment/job-change were the following: 50s at onset (compared to those in their 30s, HR = 2.55, 95% CI (1.21-5.37)), requiring outing assistance (compared to going out alone, 2.31 (1.13-4.71)), being a temporary contract worker/dispatched worker (compared to a regular worker, 2.66 (1.20-5.89)), existence of insoluble medical difficulties at workplace (4.15 (2.43-7.09)). Experienced workplace support was not a significant factor in preventing unemployment/job-change. Conclusions Age at onset, degree of disability, form of employment, and existence of insoluble medical difficulties at the workplace were significantly associated with unemployment/job change due to treatment for designated intractable diseases. The relationship between workplace patient supports and unemployment/job-change was not clear, but to reduce medical difficulties in the workplace, workplace supports must be expanded. Given that workplace support is not an obligatory effort for employers, it is necessary to establish a system where employers can easily promote workplace support.

In recent years, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have been isolated from different wildlife species that have not been exposed to antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance profile analysis of wildlife-derived Escherichia coli is one of the ways to obtain information about changes in wildlife habitats. The Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi) is one of the Japanese endemic wildlife species that requires conservation due to its declining population. However, detailed information on its ecology, including habitat, is unclear. We conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing (broth microdilution assay) of 12 antimicrobials on 135 E. coli strains isolated from the feces of free-living Amami rabbits, collected between 2017 and 2020. No antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were isolated from any sample, indicating that antimicrobial-resistant E. coli were not widely distributed in the Amami rabbit population. In addition, these results suggested that the habitat of Amami rabbits may not be contaminated with antimicrobials derived from humans, Japanese livestock, and wildlife that come in contact with the rabbits. This is the first study to examine the antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from the Amami rabbits for a multi-year period. In order to observe changes in wildlife habitats on the Amami-Oshima Island, inhabited by many rare species including Amami rabbits, continued surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in wildlife is necessary.

InP-based quantum dots (QDs) have been proposed as an alternative to CdSe-based QDs for both bioimaging and device displays. In this work, we incorporate hydrophilic InP/ZnS QDs into silica nanocapsules. The morphology, number of incorporated QDs, and photoluminescence (PL) properties of the capsules depend on the alkoxide hydrolysis conditions. By selecting a method of QD surface silanization, multiple QDs (typically 3) are incorporated into the nanocapsules (∼40 nm in size) without causing significant deterioration of the initial PL efficiency (up to 36%). Degradation analysis in different buffer solutions indicates that silica nanocapsules have higher stabilities than pristine QDs. The surface of the nanocapsules was modified with carboxyl groups without any change in morphology. Bright PL images with high resolution were obtained after introducing the nanocapsules into rat hippocampal neurons, when compared with commercial Q-trackers (polymer coated CdSe/ZnS QDs).

The degree of behavioural synchrony of animals within a group can be considered a reflection of how individuals adjust their behaviours to manage the costs/benefits accompanying group-living. In this study, we focused on activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony as behavioural synchrony. We aimed to quantify the degree of behavioural synchrony and identify which factors can affect the synchrony in wild females of Japanese macaques. Japanese macaques live in female philopatric multi-female and multi-male groups and have a linear dominance hierarchy. The groups are characterized by changing spatio-temporal cohesiveness among group members. Two observers conducted simultaneous focal animal sampling on adult females using global positioning system devices to record locations. The overall degree of activity synchrony was positive compared with random, and the degree was highest when macaques were located within visual range of each other. Both activity synchrony and travel direction synchrony were influenced by spatial cohesion, i.e. interindividual distance, which shows that the probabilities of synchrony were higher with individuals located closer. Activity synchrony was also influenced by activity type, showing that the probabilities of synchrony were higher when individuals engaged in foraging. These results suggest that synchronized foraging may be caused by enhanced feeding with other group members when they are closer to each other. Our approach to quantitatively measure spatial dispersal while observing group members simultaneously revealed the roles of spatial cohesion and activity types for determining the degree of behavioural synchrony.

Fecal DNA-based 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing using next-generation sequencers allows us to understand the dynamic gut microbiome adaptation of animals to their specific habitats. Conventional techniques of fecal microbiome analysis have been developed within the broad contexts defined by human biology; hence, many of these techniques are not immediately applicable to wild nonhuman primates. In order to establish a standard experimental protocol for the analysis of the gut microbiomes of wild animals, we selected the Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island. We tested different protocols for each stage of fecal sample processing: storage, DNA extraction, and choice of the sequencing region in the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. We also analyzed the gut microbiome of captive Japanese macaques as the control. The comparison of samples obtained from identical macaques but subjected to different protocols showed that the tested storage methods (RNAlater and lysis buffer) produced effectively the same composition of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as the standard frozen storage method, although the relative abundance of each OTU was quantitatively affected. Taxonomic assignment of the detected bacterial groups was also significantly affected by the region being sequenced, indicating that sequencing regions and the corresponding polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for the 16S rRNA gene should be carefully selected. This study improves the current standard methods for microbiome analysis in wild nonhuman primates. Japanese macaques were shown to be a suitable model for understanding microbiome adaptation to various environments.

Linezolid (LZD) is an antimicrobial that is commonly used for treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the development of thrombocytopenia, one of the most frequent adverse side effects of this antimicrobial, can lead to discontinuation of LZD treatment. While clinical studies indicate that risk factors for the development of LZD-induced thrombocytopenia include treatment for >14 consecutive days, renal dysfunction, and chronic liver disease, the fundamental mechanism governing the pathogenesis of this disorder remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of LZD-induced thrombocytopenia by investigating the impact of LZD treatment on platelet destruction and production using rat platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and human immortalized cell lines, respectively. Compared to the control population, an increase in lactate dehydrogenase release was not detected upon exposure of rat PRP to varying concentrations of LZD, indicating that this compound is not cytotoxic towards platelets. Meanwhile, LZD treatment resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in the proliferation of HEL human erythroleukemia and MEG-01 human megakaryoblast cells in vitro, but did not influence the differentiation of these cell lines. Lastly, LZD treatment yielded elevated levels of phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), which regulates platelet release, in MEG-01 cells. Based on these results, we speculate that LZD induces thrombocytopenia by promoting MLC2 phosphorylation and thereby suppressing the release of platelets from mature megakaryocytes. These findings provide the first insight into the mechanism of LZD-mediated thrombocytopenia and may facilitate the development of strategies to treat and/or prevent this disease.

This is a retrospective study aimingto clarify the current status of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in Japan. Our data were collected from 12 facilities between September 2004 and September 2012, and entered into a database. A majority of PGD in Japan was performed for balanced structural chromosomal abnormalities in couples with recurrent miscarriage. PGD for monogenic diseases was performed only in two facilities. The average maternal age was 38 years for monogenic diseases and 40 years for chromosomal abnormalities. Overall there have been671 cycles to oocyte retrieval reported. Of these cycles, 85% (572 cycles)were for chromosomal abnormalities, and 15% (99 cycles) for monogenic diseases. Diagnosis rates in the current study were 70.8% for monogenic diseases and 94.0% for chromosomal abnormalities. Rates of embryo transfer of PGD were 62.7% for monogenic diseases and 25.5% for chromosomal abnormalities. Clinical pregnancy rates per embryo transfer were 12.0% for monogenic diseases and 35.6% for chromosomal abnormalities. Our study is the first PGD report from all facilities which had the approval of the ethics committee of the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. We have built a basis for gathering continuous PGD data in Japan.

Accumulating evidence suggests that heat shock proteins (HSPs) are implicated in progression of cancer. HSP22 (HSPB8), a small HSP, is recognized to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. However, the expression and the role of HSP22 in ovarian cancer remain to be clarified. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of HSP22 in transforming growth factor (TGF)-α-induced migration of ovarian cancer cells. The expression of HSP22 was detected in a serous ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3.ip1. The migration was reduced by down-regulation of HSP22 expression. The TGF-α-induced migration was reduced by SB203580 (a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor), SP600125 (a SAPK/JNK inhibitor) and Y27632 (a Rho-kinase inhibitor). However, down-regulation of HSP22 had little effect on the TGF-α-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, SAPK/JNK and MYPT, a target protein of Rho-kinase. The HSP22 expression was further analyzed in 20 resected specimens of human ovarian serous carcinoma. The expression of HSP22 was detected in all the twenty tissues (8.24-109.22 pg/mg protein), and the cases with highly expression of HSP22 showed a tendency to acquire the progressive ability. Our results strongly suggest that HSP22 acts as a positive regulator in TGF-α-induced migration of ovarian cancer cells, subsequently directing ovarian cancer toward progression.

We investigate entanglement entropy in a scalar field theory on the fuzzy sphere. The theory is realized by a matrix model. In our previous study, we confirmed that entanglement entropy in the free case is proportional to the square of the boundary area of a focused region. Here we argue that this behavior of entanglement entropy can be understood by the fact that the theory is regularized by matrices, and further examine the dependence of entanglement entropy on the matrix size. In the interacting case, by performing Monte Carlo simulations, we observe a transition from a generalized volume law, which is obtained by integrating the square of area law, to the square of area law., 18 pages, 8 figures, published version

The complicated replication mechanisms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) have impeded HBV studies and anti-HBV therapy development as well. Herein we report efficient genome replication of HBV applying adenovirus vectors (AdVs) showing high transduction efficiency. Even in primary hepatocytes derived from humanized mice the transduction efficiencies using AdVs were 450-fold higher compared than those using plasmids. By using an expression unit consisting of the CMV promoter, 1.03-copy HBV genome and foreign poly(A) signal, we successfully generated an improved AdV (HBV103-AdV) that efficiently provided 58 times more pregenomic RNA than previously reported AdVs. The HBV103-AdV-mediated HBV replication was easily and precisely detected using quantitative real-time PCR in primary hepatocytes as well as in HepG2 cells. Notably, when the AdV containing replication-defective HBV genome of 1.14 copy was transduced, we observed that HBV DNA-containing circular molecules (pseudo-ccc DNA) were produced, which were probably generated through homologous recombination. However, the replication-defective HBV103-AdV hardly yielded the pseudo-ccc, probably because the repeated sequences are vey short. Additionally, the efficacies of entecavir and lamivudine were quantitatively evaluated using this system at only 4 days postinfection with HBV103-AdVs. Therefore, this system offers high production of HBV genome replication and thus could become used widely.

Understanding cohesion among individuals within a group is necessary to reveal the social system of group-living primates. Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) are female-philopatric primates that reside in social groups. We investigated whether individual activity and social factors can affect spatio-temporal cohesion in wild female Japanese macaques. We conducted behavioral observation on a group, which contained 38 individuals and ranged over ca. 60 ha during the study period. Two observers carried out simultaneous focal-animal sampling of adult female pairs during full-day follows using global positioning system which enabled us to quantify interindividual distances (IIDs), group members within visual range (i.e., visual unit), and separation duration beyond visual range as indicators of cohesion among individuals. We found considerable variation in spatio-temporal group cohesion. The overall mean IID was 99.9 m (range = 0–618.2 m). The percentage of IIDs within visual range was 23.1%, within auditory range was 59.8%, and beyond auditory range was 17.1%. IIDs varied with activity; they were shorter during grooming and resting, and longer during foraging and traveling. Low-ranking females showed less cohesion than high-ranking ones. Kin females stayed nearly always within audible range. The macaques were weakly cohesive with small mean visual unit size (3.15 counting only adults, 5.99 counting all individuals). Both-sex units were the most frequently observed visual unit type when they were grooming/resting. Conversely, female units were the most frequently observed visual unit type when they were foraging. The overall mean visual separation duration was 25.7 min (range = 3–513 min). Separation duration was associated with dominance rank. These results suggest that Japanese macaques regulate cohesion among individuals depending on their activity and on social relationships; they were separated to adapt food distribution and aggregated to maintain social interactions. Am. J. Primatol. 76:694–703, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Several 6-chromanol derivatives with various substituents (one or two amino, acetylamino, chloro or nitro substituents at the 5-, 7-, 8- or 5,7-positions on the phenyl ring of 2,2-dimethyl-6-chromanol) were synthesized, and their second order rate constants (k) for a reaction that demonstrates radical scavenging activity (reaction with the galvinoxyl radical) were determined. Three monoacetylamino compounds, 8-nitro compound, and 5,7-diamino, 5,7-diacetylamino, and 5,7-dinitro compounds were newly synthesized. log k was plotted against the Hammett sigma (σm) or Taft sigma (σ*) constants for the compounds containing each of the four substituents to obtain their reaction constants (ρ) from the slopes. The σ plots representing radical scavenging activity showed a linear correlation with negative ρ values for all compounds with substituted positions. The results indicate that the electron-donating effect of the amino and acetylamino groups on the chroman ring enhanced radical scavenging activity, whereas the electron-withdrawing effect of the chloro and nitro groups decreased this activity. Furthermore, the magnitude of ρ for the substituted compounds increased in the following order with respect to the substitution position: meta-substituted (−3.71 for 6a–d), ortho-monosubstituted (−0.86 for 4a–d, −0.87 for 5a–d), and ortho-disubstituted (−0.47 for 7a–d). The greater ρ magnitudes for the meta-substituted compound indicated that the radical scavenging reactions were more sensitive to inductive substituent effects than for the ortho-substituent compounds. The ρ values for ortho-mono- and ortho-disubstituted compounds were smaller than that for the meta-substituted compound, despite the fact that the k values for the ortho-substituted compounds were higher than those for the meta-substituted compounds. Thus, electron-donating groups in ortho-substituted 6-chromanols accelerate the reaction rate through resonance stabilization in addition to the inductive substituent effect.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of different exercise programs onthe physical fitness and the psychological states in young untrained women. [Methods]Participants were divided into the dance exercise group (n=7, age 22.6±2.4 years) and the walk exercise group (n=7, age 21.9±1.5 years). They performed each training on 13 days for 4 weeks,and one session training was 30 minutes. On the first and last exercise days, psychological states were examined using Two- dimensional Mood Scale (TDMS). Peak oxygen uptake (V・O2peak) and maximal work rate (Wmax) were evaluated by the incremental cycling test before and after training. [Results] During the first exercise session, the vitality of TDMS increased in number significantly only in the dance-exercise group. However, the vitality of TDMS increased in number significantly in both of the groups during the last exercise session. V・O2peak and Wmax did not differ significantly between before and after training in both of the groups. [Conclusions]These results suggested that dance-exercise was more effective for psychological state in earlier training phase, and that type of the exercise program should be changed depending on the stage of training phase.

Biodegradable resin concrete made of biodegradable resin and aggregate was examined from many angles in order to apply it for temporary materials such as sheet pile and pile. The rate of deterioration of biodegradable concrete specimens was evaluated from the results of three-point bending tests and unconfined compression tests. The strength of biodegradable concrete was found to gradually decrease and the relationship between bending strength and curing period was similar to the relationship between void ratio and compressive strength of porous concrete. The fact that aggregate breaks away from resin was confirmed on a broken-out section after a three-point bending test. Based on these results, it is concluded that the degradation mechanism is due to the decomposition of biodegradable resin by microorganisms and the bond strength between biodegradable resin and aggregate.骨材と微生物によって分解可能な樹脂からなる生分解性樹脂コンクリートを，矢板や杭材などの仮設資材に適用することを考案し，土中埋設した場合の，曲げ強度，圧縮強度の経時変化を検討した。その結果，埋設期間の経過にともない生分解性樹脂コンクリートの曲げ強度と圧縮強度が低下することが明らかとなった。曲げ強度の低下は，ポーラスコンクリートの空隙率と圧縮強度の関係に類似することから，分解による空隙の増加が示唆された。また，曲げ試験後の破断面では，骨材が樹脂から抜け落ちている状況が観察され，生分解性樹脂コンクリートの劣化が，微生物による樹脂の分解と，加水分解による骨材と樹脂の付着強度低下に起因することが明らかとなった。

We study entanglement entropy on the fuzzy sphere. We calculate it in a scalar field theory on the fuzzy sphere, which is given by a matrix model. We use a method that is based on the replica method and applicable to interacting fields as well as free fields. For free fields, we obtain the results consistent with the previous study, which serves as a test of the validity of the method. For interacting fields, we perform Monte Carlo simulations at strong coupling and see a novel behavior of entanglement entropy., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, to be published in PTEP