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1. Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Baker, Timothy R., Dexter, K., Lewis, Simon L., Brienen, Roel Jacobus Wilhelmus, Feldpausch, Ted R., Lloyd, Jon, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Arroyo, Luzmila, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Higuchi, Niro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon, Ben Hur Junior, Silveira, Marcos, Vilanova, Emilio, Gloor, Emanuel, Malhi, Yadvinder, Chave, Jérôme, Barlow, Jos, Bonal, Damien, Davila Cardozo, Nallaret, Erwin, Terry, Fauset, Sophie, Herault, Bruno, Laurance, Susan G.W., Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Stahl, Clément, Sullivan, Steven, Ter Steege, Hans, Vos, Vincent, Zuidema, Pieter A., Almeida, Everton, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Andrade, Ana, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Araujo Murakami, Alejandro, Arets, Eric J. M. M., Aymard, Gerardo A., Baraloto, Christopher, Barbosa de Camargo, Plínio, Barroso, Jorcely, Bongers, Frans, Boot, René, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Castro, Wendeson, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Comiskey, James, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Lola da Costa, Antonio Carlos, del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Di Fiore, Anthony, Fernanda Duque, Luisa, Elias, Fernando, Engel, Julien, Flores Llampazo, Gerardo, Galbraith, David, Herrera Fernández, Rafael, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hubau, Wannes, Jimenez-Rojas, Eliana, Lima, Adriano José Nogueira, Umetsu, Ricardo Keichi, Laurance, William F., Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Aurelio Melo Cruz, Omar, Morandi, Paulo, Neill, David, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Parada Gutierrez, Alexander, Pardo, Guido, Peacock, Julie, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Peñuela-Mora, Maria Cristina, Petronelli, Pascal, et al., Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Baker, Timothy R., Dexter, K., Lewis, Simon L., Brienen, Roel Jacobus Wilhelmus, Feldpausch, Ted R., Lloyd, Jon, Monteagudo-Mendoza, Abel, Arroyo, Luzmila, Álvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Higuchi, Niro, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon, Ben Hur Junior, Silveira, Marcos, Vilanova, Emilio, Gloor, Emanuel, Malhi, Yadvinder, Chave, Jérôme, Barlow, Jos, Bonal, Damien, Davila Cardozo, Nallaret, Erwin, Terry, Fauset, Sophie, Herault, Bruno, Laurance, Susan G.W., Poorter, Lourens, Qie, Lan, Stahl, Clément, Sullivan, Steven, Ter Steege, Hans, Vos, Vincent, Zuidema, Pieter A., Almeida, Everton, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Andrade, Ana, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Araujo Murakami, Alejandro, Arets, Eric J. M. M., Aymard, Gerardo A., Baraloto, Christopher, Barbosa de Camargo, Plínio, Barroso, Jorcely, Bongers, Frans, Boot, René, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Castro, Wendeson, Chama Moscoso, Victor, Comiskey, James, Cornejo Valverde, Fernando, Lola da Costa, Antonio Carlos, del Aguila Pasquel, Jhon, Di Fiore, Anthony, Fernanda Duque, Luisa, Elias, Fernando, Engel, Julien, Flores Llampazo, Gerardo, Galbraith, David, Herrera Fernández, Rafael, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Hubau, Wannes, Jimenez-Rojas, Eliana, Lima, Adriano José Nogueira, Umetsu, Ricardo Keichi, Laurance, William F., Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lovejoy, Thomas E., Aurelio Melo Cruz, Omar, Morandi, Paulo, Neill, David, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Parada Gutierrez, Alexander, Pardo, Guido, Peacock, Julie, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Peñuela-Mora, Maria Cristina, Petronelli, Pascal, and et al.

Abstract

Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate‐induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long‐term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water‐deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large‐statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry‐affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet‐affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry‐affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate‐change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole‐community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large‐statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change.

Published
2019

2. Hyperdominance in Amazonian forest carbon cycling

Author

Fauset, Sophie, Johnson, Michelle O., Gloor, Emanuel, Baker, Timothy R., Monteagudo, Abel, Brienen, Roel Jacobus Wilhelmus, Feldpausch, Ted R., Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Malhi, Yadvinder, Ter Steege, Hans, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Baraloto, Christopher, Engel, Julien, Petronelli, Pascal, Andrade, Ana, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Chave, Jérôme, Allie, Elodie, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Terborgh, John, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Silveira, Marcos, Aymard, Gerardo A., Arroyo, Luzmila, Bonal, Damien, Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Neill, David, Hérault, Bruno, Dourdain, Aurélie, Torres-Lezama, Armando, Marimon, Beatriz S., Salomão, Rafael P., Comiskey, James A., Rejou-Mechain, Maxime, Toledo, Marisol, Licona, Juan Carlos, Alarcón, Alfredo, Prieto, Adriana, Rudas, Agustin, van der Meer, Peter J., Killeen, Timothy J., Marimon, Ben Hur Junior, Poorter, Lourens, Boot, R.G.A., Stergios, Basil, Vilanova, Emilio, Costa, Flávia R.C, Levis, Caroline, Schietti, Juliana, Souza, Priscila, Groot, N., Arets, Eric J. M. M., Chama Moscoso, Victor, Castro, Wendeson, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Peña-Claros, Marielos, Stahl, Clément, Barroso, Jorcely, Talbot, Joey, Guimarães Vieira, Ima Célia, Van Der Heijden, Geertje, Thomas, R., Vos, Vincent, Almeida, E.C., Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Erwin, Terry, Morandi, Paulo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Valadaõ, Marco B.X., Zagt, Roderick, van der Hout, Peter, Alvarez Loayza, Patricia, Pipoly, John, Wang, Ophelia, Alexiades, Miguel N., Cerón, Carlos, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Di Fiore, Anthony, Peacock, Julie, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Umetsu, Ricardo Keichi, Barbosa de Camargo, Plínio, Burnham, Robyn J., Herrera, Rafael, Quesada, Carlos Alberto, Stropp, Juliana, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Steininger, Marc, Reynel Rodriguez, Carlos, Restrepo, Z., Esquivel Muelbert, Adriane, Lewis, Simon L., Pickavance, Georgia C., Phillips, Oliver L., Fauset, Sophie, Johnson, Michelle O., Gloor, Emanuel, Baker, Timothy R., Monteagudo, Abel, Brienen, Roel Jacobus Wilhelmus, Feldpausch, Ted R., Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Malhi, Yadvinder, Ter Steege, Hans, Pitman, Nigel C. A., Baraloto, Christopher, Engel, Julien, Petronelli, Pascal, Andrade, Ana, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Laurance, Susan G.W., Laurance, William F., Chave, Jérôme, Allie, Elodie, Nuñez Vargas, Percy, Terborgh, John, Ruokolainen, Kalle, Silveira, Marcos, Aymard, Gerardo A., Arroyo, Luzmila, Bonal, Damien, Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma, Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro, Neill, David, Hérault, Bruno, Dourdain, Aurélie, Torres-Lezama, Armando, Marimon, Beatriz S., Salomão, Rafael P., Comiskey, James A., Rejou-Mechain, Maxime, Toledo, Marisol, Licona, Juan Carlos, Alarcón, Alfredo, Prieto, Adriana, Rudas, Agustin, van der Meer, Peter J., Killeen, Timothy J., Marimon, Ben Hur Junior, Poorter, Lourens, Boot, R.G.A., Stergios, Basil, Vilanova, Emilio, Costa, Flávia R.C, Levis, Caroline, Schietti, Juliana, Souza, Priscila, Groot, N., Arets, Eric J. M. M., Chama Moscoso, Victor, Castro, Wendeson, Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N., Peña-Claros, Marielos, Stahl, Clément, Barroso, Jorcely, Talbot, Joey, Guimarães Vieira, Ima Célia, Van Der Heijden, Geertje, Thomas, R., Vos, Vincent, Almeida, E.C., Alvarez Davila, Esteban, Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Erwin, Terry, Morandi, Paulo, Almeida de Oliveira, Edmar, Valadaõ, Marco B.X., Zagt, Roderick, van der Hout, Peter, Alvarez Loayza, Patricia, Pipoly, John, Wang, Ophelia, Alexiades, Miguel N., Cerón, Carlos, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau, Di Fiore, Anthony, Peacock, Julie, Pallqui Camacho, Nadir C., Umetsu, Ricardo Keichi, Barbosa de Camargo, Plínio, Burnham, Robyn J., Herrera, Rafael, Quesada, Carlos Alberto, Stropp, Juliana, Vieira, Simone Aparecida, Steininger, Marc, Reynel Rodriguez, Carlos, Restrepo, Z., Esquivel Muelbert, Adriane, Lewis, Simon L., Pickavance, Georgia C., and Phillips, Oliver L.

Abstract

While Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, the abundance of trees is skewed strongly towards relatively few 'hyperdominant' species. In addition to their diversity, Amazonian trees are a key component of the global carbon cycle, assimilating and storing more carbon than any other ecosystem on Earth. Here we ask, using a unique data set of 530 forest plots, if the functions of storing and producing woody carbon are concentrated in a small number of tree species, whether the most abundant species also dominate carbon cycling, and whether dominant species are characterized by specific functional traits. We find that dominance of forest function is even more concentrated in a few species than is dominance of tree abundance, with only ≈1% of Amazon tree species responsible for 50% of carbon storage and productivity. Although those species that contribute most to biomass and productivity are often abundant, species maximum size is also influential, while the identity and ranking of dominant species varies by function and by region.

Published
2015

3. Anatomical functional traits and hydraulic vulnerability of trees in different water conditions in southern Amazonia.

Author

Ribeiro-Júnior NG, Marimon BH Junior, Marimon BS, Cruz WJA, Silva IV, Galbraith DR, Gloor E, and Phillips OL

Subjects
Tropical Climate, Forests, Droughts, Plant Leaves physiology, Trees physiology, Water physiology
Abstract

Premise: Understanding tree species' responses to drought is critical for predicting the future of tropical forests, especially in regions where the climate is changing rapidly., Methods: We compared anatomical and functional traits of the dominant tree species of two tropical forests in southern Amazonia, one on deep, well-drained soils (cerradão [CD]) and one in a riparian environment (gallery forest [GF]), to examine potential anatomical indicators of resistance or vulnerability to drought., Results: Leaves of CD species generally had a thicker cuticle, upper epidermis, and mesophyll than those of GF species, traits that are indicative of adaptation to water deficit. In the GF, the theoretical hydraulic conductivity of the stems was significantly higher, indicating lower investment in drought resistance. The anatomical functional traits of CD species indicate a greater potential for surviving water restriction compared to the GF. Even so, it is possible that CD species could also be affected by extreme climate changes due to the more water-limited environment., Conclusions: In addition to the marked anatomical and functional differences between these phytophysiognomies, tree diversity within each is associated with a large range of hydraulic morphofunctional niches. Our results suggest the strong potential for floristic and functional compositional shifts under continued climate change, especially in the GF., (© 2023 Botanical Society of America.)

Published
2023
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4. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models.

Author

Johnson MO, Galbraith D, Gloor M, De Deurwaerder H, Guimberteau M, Rammig A, Thonicke K, Verbeeck H, von Randow C, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJ, Feldpausch TR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Fauset S, Quesada CA, Christoffersen B, Ciais P, Sampaio G, Kruijt B, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Zhang K, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LE, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJ, Arroyo L, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot R, Camargo J, Chave J, Cogollo A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lola da Costa AC, Di Fiore A, Ferreira L, Higuchi N, Honorio EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Licona J, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon BH Junior, Matos DC, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Pardo G, Peña-Claros M, Pitman NC, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez-Angulo H, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomao RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, van der Heijden GM, Vasquez R, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, and Baker TR

Subjects
South America, Biomass, Forests, Models, Theoretical, Trees growth & development, Tropical Climate
Abstract

Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs., (© 2016 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2016
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