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RESUMEN Introducción: los valores del hemograma en adultos pueden variar de acuerdo con factores como el origen étnico, la edad, el sexo y la altura sobre el nivel del mar, por lo cual es indispensable conocer intervalos biológicos asociados a nuestra población. Por esto el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar intervalos biológicos de referencia (IBR) para adultos en un equipo hematológico BC-5000. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal con 111 donantes entre 18 y 62 años de un banco de sangre de Medellín. Se realizó un hemograma, proteína C reactiva y ferritina. Se calcularon los IBR siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federación Internacional de Química Clínica. La comparación de los IBR según sexo se realizó con la prueba T-student. Resultados: los IBR calculados mediante la fórmula X ± (DS * 1,96) mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres para el recuento de la mayoría de los parámetros. Se obtuvieron medias estadísticas mayores en mujeres para el recuento de leucocitos y plaquetas, recuentos absolutos y relativos de algunas células blancas, volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) y plaquetocrito (PCT). Discusión: la presencia de andrógenos en el sexo masculino, inductores del sistema eritropoyético, así como los estrógenos y el período menstrual, supresores del mismo, pueden explicar los valores menores en el recuento eritrocitario, en los rangos de hemoglobina, hematocrito y glóbulos rojos en las mujeres. Las altas cargas de estrógenos e interleucinas 6 y 10 en las mujeres amplían la vida media de células como linfocitos, explicando la diferencia en el recuento leucocitario a expensas de linfocitos encontrados en el presente estudio. SUMMARY Introduction: The adult hemogram values can vary according factors such as ethnic origin, age, sex and level above the sea, whereby it is essential to know the biological intervals associated to our own population. Therefore, the objective of our study was to determine biological reference intervals (BRI) for adults with the hematological equipment BC-5000. Methods: This is a transversal descriptive study with 111 blood bank donors from Medellín, between 18 62 years old. Hemogram, Creactive protein and ferritin were done. The BRI were calculated according to the recommendations of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), with the formula X ± (DS * 1, 96). BRI comparison according sex was carried out with the t-student test. Results: Calculated BRI by X ± (DS * 1, 96) formula, showed statistically significant differences (P < 0, 05) between men and women for count in most of the parameters. Higher statistical means were obtain in women for the count of leukocytes and platelets, absolute counts of some white cells, VPN y PCT. Discussion: The presence of androgens in the male sex, inductors of the erythropoiesis system, as well as the estrogens and menstrual period, suppressor of this system, can explain the lower values in the female erythrocyte count, the hemoglobin, hematocrit and red cell lower ranges. The high estrogen and interleukins 6 and 1 loads in women, drive the extended half-life of some cells like lymphocytes, that can explain the difference in leucocyte count found in the present study.

Se realizó una serie de muestreos en el intermareal rocoso al norte de la isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España) con el objetivo de recopilar datos de abundancia y tallas de la especie Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), familia Serranidae, conocida coloquialmente como mero. Esta especie es un recurso pesquero importante con una amplia distribución en zonas litorales, y cuyas zonas de cría son los charcos intermareales. En el presente estudio se muestrearon charcos al azar de diferentes volúmenes: pequeños (80 m3), con la finalidad de encontrar diferencias en la abundancia y la talla en función del tamaño del charco. Las zonas de estudio se localizaron en Punta del Hidalgo y Finca El Apio, tomando datos en 22 charcos en los cuales se contaron un total de ocho juveniles de E. marginatus. Los análisis mostraron una influencia significativa del tamaño del charco, de tal forma que los individuos de mayor talla se encontraron en los charcos de mayor volumen. A set of samplings were carried out at the rocky intertidal shore of the north of Tenerife island (Canary Islands, Spain) with the objective of compile abundance and size data from the species Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) belonging to Serranidae family, known as dusky groupers in colloquial language. This species is an important fishing resource with a wide distribution along the rocky shores, observing juvenile populations inhabiting intertidal pools. In the present research a set of intertidal pools were sampled randomly in function of their size: smalls (80 m3) with the purpose of determine if there is an effect of this factor over the abundance and size values observed. Study area was located in Punta del Hidalgo and Finca El Apio, recording data from 22 tidalpools with a total number of 8 juveniles of E. marginatus. The statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the size of the pools, finding the biggest individuals at the biggest pools.

For nearly 100 years, pathologists have utilized "special histochemical stains" to assist in tissue-based diagnosis. As illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, histochemical stains have been used to identify infectious microorganisms (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis with acid-fast bacillus (AFB) stain), to detail inflammatory stromal or structural alterations (e.g., fibrosis in liver cirrhosis with Masson trichrome), to identify microanatomic sites of disease (e.g., basement membrane in glomerulonephritis with Jones methenamine silver), to identify abnormal chemical deposits (e.g., iron in hemochromatosis with Prussian blue stain), or abnormal immune deposits (e.g., amyloid via Congo red stain). The current surgical pathology laboratory may employ a repertoire of 20 to 25 "special stains" to ensure the full diagnostic complement. While the diagnostic repertoire and the biochemical recipes for the stains are now a well-established, codified part of surgical pathology, there is an ever-moving, leading edge of new developments including new reagents, applications, and methods. This review seeks to update the reader on some of the new applications including both new reagents and methods. Particular emphasis will be placed on the recent technologic advance of automating special stains in kinetic-mode (1-4). The authors consider in turn: 1. In brief, the "news" (recent literature review) of new staining applications; 2. In greater detail, two new applications for detection of Microsporidia and Helicobacer pylori; 3. The new technologic advancement of kinetic mode automation of special stains.

Anopheles triannulatus s.l. is a species complex, however in Colombia its taxonomic status is unclear. This study was conducted to understand the level of genetic differentiation or population structure of specimens of An. triannulatus s.l. from northwestern and southeastern Colombia. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence analyses suggested high genetic differentiation between the NW and SE populations. A TCS network and Bayesian inference analysis based on 814 bp of COI showed two main groups: group I included samples from the NW and group II samples from the SE. Two main ITS2-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns were found. Pattern I is present in both the NW and SE, and pattern II is found in the SE specimens. To further elucidate the taxonomic status of An. triannulatus s.l. in Colombia and how these COI lineages are related to the Triannulatus Complex species, the evaluation of immature stages, male genitalia, and additional mitochondrial and nuclear markers will be needed. reported polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) patterns for the internal tran- scribed spacer (ITS2) in seven species collected in a locality in the northwestern (NW) region of the country; among them, An. triannulatus s.l. presented a distinctive pattern 15 that was congruent with An. triannulatus s.l. specimens from other NW localities. 16 These results suggested that the PCR-RFLP-ITS2 assay could be used to differentiate An. triannulatus s.l. speci- mens from the other Anopheles species included in the test

To elucidate the Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. taxonomic status at a microgeographic level in four malaria endemic localities from Antioquia and Córdoba, Colombia, fragments of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the white gene were used. The COI analysis showed low genetic differentiation with fixation index (F(ST)) levels between -0.02-0.137 and Nm values between 3-∞, indicating the presence of high gene flow among An. nuneztovari s.l. populations from the four localities. The COI network showed a single most common haplotype, type 1 (n = 55), present in all localities, as the likely ancestral haplotype. Analysis of the white gene showed that An. nuneztovari s.l. populations from both departments grouped with haplotypes 19 and 20, which are part of lineage 3 reported previously. The results of the present study suggest that An. nuneztovari s.l. is a single taxon in the area of the present study.

The molecules of N-(3-tert-butyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-chloro-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)acetamide, C(23)H(26)ClN(3)O(2), are linked into a chain of edge-fused centrosymmetric rings by a combination of one C-H...O hydrogen bond and one C-H...pi(arene) hydrogen bond. In N-(3-tert-butyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-chloro-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)acetamide, C(22)H(23)Cl(2)N(3)O, a combination of one C-H...O hydrogen bond and two C-H...pi(arene) hydrogen bonds, which utilize different aryl rings as the acceptors, link the molecules into sheets. The molecules of S-[N-(3-tert-butyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-N-(4-methylbenzyl)carbamoyl]methyl O-ethyl carbonodithioate, C(26)H(31)N(3)O(2)S(2), are also linked into sheets, now by a combination of two C-H...O hydrogen bonds, both of which utilize the amide O atom as the acceptor, and two C-H...pi(arene) hydrogen bonds, which utilize different aryl groups as the acceptors.

The title compound, C21H36O3, was obtained by treatment of cyclohexanecarbaldehyde with catalytic toluene-4-sulfonic acid monohydrate. This redetermination results in a crystal structure with significantly higher precision than the original determination [Diana & Ganis (1963). Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei, 35, 80–88]. The asymmetric unit contains one sixth of the molecule, the formula unit being generated by crystallographic 3m symmetry. In the molecule, the trioxane and cyclohexane rings are in chair conformations. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds along the [001] direction.

Malaria is an important public health problem in Colombia. Among the major vectors in Colombia, Anopheles albimanus is recognized for its importance on the Pacific Coast where it is the predominant species; it is also found in the Atlantic Coast, although its vectorial role in this region is not clear. We examined the occurrence of An. albimanus in four localities of the Pacific and three of the Atlantic Coast. Morphological identification of problematic specimens was confirmed by a molecular assay. All identified mosquitoes at these sites, including An. albimanus, were also tested for malaria parasite infection. From 12,189 anophelines collected, 6370 were from the Pacific Coast, and corresponded to 99% An. albimanus, 0.8% Anopheles neivai, and three other species at

Loss of major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) correlates with worse outcome, possibly from decreased immunosurveillance. Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a subtype of DLBCL which reportedly has frequent loss of MHC II proteins; however, PM-BCL has better survival than DLBCL. To investigate this paradox, we used geneexpression profiling (GEP) data and immunohistochemistry to study expression of MHC II and its regulatory genes and to determine their relationship to PMBCL survival. We found that GEP levels correlated between MHC II genes and the transcriptional regulator MHC2TA but not other adjacent genes, implying that transcriptional regulation of MHC II in PMBCL was intact and that MHC II gene deletion was unlikely. MHC II average expression was lower than in certain subtypes of DLBCL; however, only 12% had complete loss of MHC II expression. Poor patient survival in PMBCL correlated with incremental decreases in MHC II expression. Although overall survival was better, survival of the lowest 10% of MHC II expressers was similarly poor in DLBCL and PMBCL. MHC II expression may define a therapeutic target in both these diseases. (Blood. 2006;108:311-318)

The in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of thymol and structural derivatives in comparison to those of Glucantime were studied. The results showed here suggest that thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives have promising antileishmanial potential and could be considered as new lead structures in the search for novel antileishmanial drugs.

La ciclación del catión radical a-amonio distónico análogo a un sistema 5-hexenilo hidrocarbonado con un sustituyente metilo en la posición 5 y generado a partir de yoduro de N-(3-metil-3-butenil), N,N-(dimetil)-N-yodometilamonio vía radicales, se estudió cinéticamente usando el método de competencia unimolecular vs. bimolecular. Así, bajo condiciones de pseudo primer orden con el agente reductor y propagador de cadena por radicales, tri-n-butil estaño (n-Bu3SnH) e iniciación fotoquímica, se determinó la constante de ciclación como kc = 2,9 x 107, la cual siendo muy alta no deja dudas de la regioselectividad de esta ciclación en la formación de anillos pirrolidínicos sustituidos en la posición 3, con reconocido potencial sintético.

The characterization of the antigenic and immunologic properties of lymphoid and hematologic neoplasms has dramatically increased our understanding of the biology of these diseases and at the same time greatly enhanced our diagnostic abilities. Immunophenotyping has helped delineate specific lineage aberrancies indicative of malignant transformation, such as monoclonality, in the form of light- and/or heavy-chain immunoglobulin restriction, or loss of pan-B or pan-T cell antigens, or aberrant crosslineage coexpression of antigens. Unique immunophenotypic profiles have now been described for most forms of lymphoma and leukemia. Classic Hodgkin's disease, for example, has the singular combination of CD15 and CD30 positivity, in the absence of CD45 (see Fig. 1 ). Additional examples are mantle cell lymphoma with its unique nuclear expression of cyclin D1, and hairy cell leukemia, characterized by coexpression of CD22 and CD1 1c, a monocytoid marker. Beyond its diagnostic utility, immunohistochemistry (IHC) may have prognostic significance reflecting the biologic behavior of these diseases; a case in point is CD 10 in large B-cell lymphomas, whose absence conveys a worse prognosis. Fig. 1. Classic Hodgkin's disease phenotype. Reed-Sternberg cell (upper left) coexpressing CD 15 (upper right) and CD30 (lower right), in the absence of CD45 (lower left).