42 results on '"Marine renewable energies"'
Search Results
2. Socio‐economic, legal, and political context of offshore renewable energies.
- Author
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Salvador, Santiago and Ribeiro, Marta Chantal
- Subjects
RENEWABLE energy sources ,OCEAN zoning ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,SUSTAINABLE development ,ENVIRONMENTAL degradation ,CLEAN energy - Abstract
Offshore renewable energies have been identified as important clean sources of energy in line with sustainable development goals. However, their use can generate conflicts with other maritime activities, as well as the protection of biodiversity and the marine environment. This article analyses the influence of regulatory frameworks and ocean governance in the implementation of such devices, from a legal–political point of view. In this sense, it studies how the law of the sea addresses potential international conflicts between ocean energy installations and other activities (e.g., navigation) developed by other states. It also studies the importance of preventive legal tools—marine spatial planning, strategic environmental assessment, and environmental impact assessment—to anticipate and reduce clashes with other sea users as well as environmental damages that may be caused by these structures. Likewise, this research analyses different national consent procedures and legal–economic supporting schemes, to identify those that boost the implementation of such projects more quickly. Finally, the relevance of enhancing the involvement of affected coastal communities and local stakeholders in the decision‐making processes, as well as in the socio‐economic benefits of offshore renewable energy projects to increase their social acceptance, is also emphasized. This article is categorized under:Policy and Economics > Governance and RegulationPolicy and Economics > Energy TransitionsPolicy and Economics > Regional and International Strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Experimental study of the shear flow effect on tidal turbine blade loading variation.
- Author
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Magnier, Maëlys, Delette, Nina, Druault, Philippe, Gaurier, Benoît, and Germain, Grégory
- Subjects
- *
TURBINE blades , *FRICTION velocity , *SHEAR (Mechanics) , *SHEAR flow , *ROTATIONAL motion , *LASER Doppler velocimetry - Abstract
Tidal turbine arrays are planed to be installed in areas with strong currents where the flow can often be sheared throughout the water column. To study the shear flow effects on tidal turbine, four vertical velocity profiles are generated in a flume tank and are imposed to a three-bladed horizontal axis turbine model. Results show that the sheared velocity profiles do not impact the turbine average performance but are responsible for an increase of blade root streamwise load variations. Blade root streamwise load is moreover linked to the turbine rotational frequency and its harmonics. The velocity perceived by the blades during their rotation is estimated over the rotor area and is compared to the angular phase average of the streamwise load measured on the blades. The phase average of the load and the velocity perceived by the blades are highly correlated even if a varying phase lag has been noticed between these two quantities. This phase lag is dependent on the rotational speed of the turbine, on the incoming flow shear, and is probably caused by the turbine induction effects. This experimental study is a first step to understand the effect of shear velocity profiles on tidal turbines better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Cumulative effects of marine renewable energy and climate change on ecosystem properties: Sensitivity of ecological network analysis
- Author
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Quentin Nogues, Aurore Raoux, Emma Araignous, Aurélie Chaalali, Tarek Hattab, Boris Leroy, Frida Ben Rais Lasram, Valérie David, François Le Loc'h, Jean-Claude Dauvin, and Nathalie Niquil
- Subjects
Cumulative impact ,Linear inverse modeling ,Marine renewable energies ,Ecological network analysis ,ENA food web ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
In an increasingly anthropogenic world, the scientific community and managers have to take interactions between the drivers of ecosystems into consideration. Tools like ecological network analysis (ENA) indices offer the opportunity to study those interactions at the ecosystem level. However, ENA indices have never been used to test the incidence of cumulative drivers. The present study uses models combining the effects of (i) the reef caused by the future offshore wind farm of Courseulles-sur-Mer and (ii) climate change on species distribution, to test the response of multiple ENA indices. ENA indices proved sensitive to this cumulative impact, displaying a wide variety of cumulative effects. They were also very powerful to characterize the role of the cumulative impact on ecosystem functioning. These results demonstrate the capacity of ENA indices to describe and understand cumulative effects at the ecosystem scale. Using a sensitivity analysis approach, this study shows that ENA indices could be viable tools for managers. To help them in their tasks, the next step could be to link ecosystem services to ENA indices for a more practical use.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A review on the technologies, design considerations and numerical models of tidal current turbines.
- Author
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Nachtane, M., Tarfaoui, M., Goda, I., and Rouway, M.
- Subjects
- *
TIDAL currents , *DRAG coefficient , *TURBINES , *MARINE engineering , *STRUCTURAL models - Abstract
Tidal current turbine is one of the innovative and emerging technologies of marine renewable energies because it offers constant and predictable energy source that can be very beneficial, especially for commercial scale production of electrical power. Hydrofoils (HF) are essential elements of tidal current turbine (TCT) and should be properly designed as they play a vital role in improving the turbine output and providing adequate resistance to the blade structure. In connection with the hydrofoil designs, it is noteworthy that the primary objectives in their designs are to increase the coefficient of lift and to reduce the coefficients of drag and pitching moment, thus delaying the cavitation phenomenon. In this paper, the technology developments of the hydrofoil designs used in the horizontal axis TCT industry are reviewed, including the hydrodynamics design and the mechanical structure design. Besides, an up-to-date review and the newest achievements of marine TCT technologies with their developing histories are further explored. Included are also reviews on the numerical models used to assess the performance of TCT and optimization methods applied to design the hydrofoils. This in turn significantly contributes to a better knowledge on the recent designs of TCT hydrofoils for the researchers working in the marine turbine energy domain. Such information could also have important implications in the design of more sophisticated hydrofoils for the exploitation in diverse tidal current energy technologies for reaching a sustainable future. • Up-to-date review tidal current technologies projects. • Current state-of-research on recent design of hydrofoils for the horizontal axis current turbine (HATCT). • A comprehensive review on the numerical models used in the design of TCT including the hydrodynamic and structural models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Experimental study of the shear flow effect on tidal turbine blade loading variation
- Author
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Maëlys Magnier, Nina Delette, Philippe Druault, Benoît Gaurier, and Grégory Germain
- Subjects
Inflow shear effects ,Angular phase average ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Streamwise blade root loads ,Tidal turbine ,Tidal velocity profiles ,Laser Doppler velocimetry ,Marine renewable energies - Abstract
Tidal turbine arrays are planed to be installed in areas with strong currents where the flow can often be sheared throughout the water column. To study the shear flow effects on tidal turbine, four vertical velocity profiles are generated in a flume tank and are imposed to a three-bladed horizontal axis turbine model. Results show that the sheared velocity profiles do not impact the turbine average performance but are responsible for an increase of blade root streamwise load variations. Blade root streamwise load is moreover linked to the turbine rotational frequency and its harmonics. The velocity perceived by the blades during their rotation is estimated over the rotor area and is compared to the angular phase average of the streamwise load measured on the blades. The phase average of the load and the velocity perceived by the blades are highly correlated even if a varying phase lag has been noticed between these two quantities. This phase lag is dependent on the rotational speed of the turbine, on the incoming flow shear, and is probably caused by the turbine induction effects. This experimental study is a first step to understand the effect of shear velocity profiles on tidal turbines better.
- Published
- 2022
7. Wave energy assessement for Northern Spain from a 33-year hindcast.
- Author
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Bento, A. Rute, Martinho, Paulo, and Guedes Soares, C.
- Subjects
- *
WAVE energy , *WATER waves , *WIND power , *OCEAN wave power , *ELECTRIC inverters - Abstract
The wave energy resource along the Northern Spanish coast is determined, for a period of 33 years (1979–2012) based on hindcast results of WAVEWATCH III for the Atlantic ocean area, coupled with the SWAN model for the coastal areas, and using surface winds from ECMWF's ERA- Interim data base. Results are validated with buoy data, in order to evaluate the model's accuracy. Statistical analysis of the wave parameters and wave power results are presented. The analysis was carried out for a coarse grid, on the North of Spain, and for three local areas with a finer mesh: Northwest Galicia, the area between Cape San Adrián and Cape Ortegal and Santander. The case studies include a more realistic perspective of the amount of energy that can be extracted with a wave energy converter, by adopting examples of a large and a small device. A seasonal variability evaluation is done for the nested areas through the analyzes of the seasonal average wave power resource for the different locations, throughout the 33 year hindcast, and the joint distributions of significant wave height and peak period for the number of occurrences and wave power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Gestão dos espaços marinhos no contexto das energias marinhas renováveis.
- Author
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Mont'Alverne, Tarin Frota and Cavalcante, Maira Melo
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Cumulative effects of offshore renewables: From pragmatic policies to holistic marine spatial planning tools.
- Author
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Declerck, M., Trifonova, N., Hartley, J., and Scott, B.E.
- Subjects
OCEAN zoning ,NATURE conservation ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,ENERGY development ,ONLINE databases ,GOVERNMENT policy on climate change ,PREDATION ,MARINE biodiversity - Abstract
To alleviate climate change consequences, the UK government is pioneering offshore renewable energy developments at an ever-increasing pace. The North Sea is a dynamic ecosystem with strong bottom-up/top-down natural and anthropogenic drivers facing rapid climate change impacts. To ensure the compatibility of such large-scale developments with nature conservation obligations, regulatory processes set out that all effects need to be evaluated through cumulative impact assessments (CIA). However, by excluding climate change impacts and bottom-up effects of renewable developments, the CIA lacks spatio-temporal baselines linking oceanic ecosystem indicators to population dynamics, leading to uncertain predictions at population levels. CIA is currently required in Europe under the Strategic Environmental Assessment and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), suggesting that these two policy areas should be more closely aligned. This study presents an overview of the current CIA policy framework, enabling an ecosystem-based approach linking lower ecosystem components to top-predator populations using the UK as a case study. At the UK level, CIA requirements mirror the EU ones under the Marine and Coastal Access Act, the UK Marine Policy Statement, and the UK National Policy Statement. Firstly, we show how CIA and MSFD requirements are integrated into the UK licensing and maritime planning frameworks. Secondly, we provide policy pathways embedding the MSFD as a baseline for CIAs with European and UK regulations. Thirdly, we propose a framework encompassing a shared monitoring effort, an ecosystem modelling approach connected with two existing online databases supported with funds from Contracts for Difference. This integrated approach will enable a holistic and pragmatic ecosystem-based framework for more accurate and rapid methods for producing CIAs for offshore renewable energy developments. • A holistic cumulative impact assessment overview for marine renewable energies. • Marine spatial planning policies using climate change and ecosystem indicators. • Marine Strategic Framework Directive for a strategic environmental assessment. • Pragmatic tools: a fine-scale monitoring effort, a Bayesian model and two databases. • Contracts for Difference as inclusive tools for an inter-disciplinary approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. SEM-REV Metocean design basis
- Author
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Thilleul Olivia, Perignon Yves, Bertholon Antoine, Blangy Arnaud, Reynaud Marine, and Sigoigne Laurent
- Subjects
Donn��es m��t��o-oc��ano ,Données météo-océano ,SEM-REV ,offsshore wind data France ,Test sites metocean data ,Floating offshore wind ,wave data France ,données de houle France ,Marine Renewable Energies ,EMR données ,wave energy metocean data ,données de vent en mer France ,Energies marine renouvelables ,SEMREV ,��olien flottant ,Offshore wind ,SEM-REV metocean design basis ,Marine Renewable Energy ,SEM-REV metocean data ,EMR donn��es ,donn��es m��t��o-oc��ano SEM-REV ,Offshore Renewable Energy ,SEMREV metocean data ,éolien flottant ,donn��es de houle France ,Metocean data ,données météo-océano SEM-REV ,houlomoteur ,ORE ,donn��es de vent en mer France - Abstract
This document presents the metocean design basis of offshore test site «SEM-REV» operated by Centrale Nantes and dedicated to the test of floating wind turbines and wave energy converters. It is released in order to provide data for offshore operations and engineering in the French offshore area of South Brittany and Pays la Loire regions. It presents a metocean analysis, based on a Measure-Correlate-Predict approach in a consolidated report which provides simultaneously design data for wind, waves, current, tides and marine growth on a French site. In particular, it uses data issued from more than 10 years of continuous campaigns performed since the creation of SEM-REV test site since 2009: 2 years of wind measurements, 10 years of wave measurements and 19 ADCP campaigns for current measurement. The provided design data are operational statistics and long-term statistics such as values for return periods of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years and for various directional sectors. Additional information are also provided such as turbulence intensity, extreme direction change for wind. Scatter diagram, monthly distribution, beaking wave criteria… are provided for waves. Harmonic analysis of tidal measurements enable to hindcast and forecast water elevation on site. Deeper analysis of current on the water column is also provided. Marine growth thickness is evaluated on various components such as chains, nylon and dynamic cable. Additionally, other environmental conditions such as air density, normal and extreme air and sea temperature ranges are presented. This report was appraised by Bureau Veritas Marine and Offshore which «certifi[es] that the metocean condition of the SEM-REV Test Site has been appraised according to the following international standards: IEC 61400-1:2019 Wind turbines – Part1: Design requirements IEC 61400-3-1:2019 Design requirements for fixed offshore wind turbines IEC 61400-3-2:2019 Design requirements for floating offshore wind turbines [...] The metocean design basis of SEM-REV test site presented, and the associated Measure-Correlate-Predict based method has been found in compliance with the above standards[…] »
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning?
- Author
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Raoux, Aurore, Tecchio, Samuele, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Lassalle, Géraldine, Degraer, Steven, Wilhelmsson, Dan, Cachera, Marie, Ernande, Bruno, Le Guen, Camille, Haraldsson, Matilda, Grangeré, Karine, Le Loc’h, François, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, and Niquil, Nathalie
- Subjects
- *
GROUNDFISHES , *WIND power plants , *RENEWABLE energy transition (Government policy) , *ECOSYSTEMS , *PHYTOPLANKTON - Abstract
As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of three offshore wind farms in Normandy (Bay of Seine and eastern part of the English Channel, north-western France) in the next years. These offshore wind farms will be integrated into an ecosystem already facing multiple anthropogenic disturbances such as maritime transport, fisheries, oyster and mussel farming, and sediment dredging. Currently no integrated, ecosystem-based study on the effects of the construction and exploitation of offshore wind farms exists, where biological approaches generally focused on the conservation of some valuable species or groups of species. Complementary trophic web modelling tools were applied to the Bay of Seine ecosystem (to the 50 km 2 area covered by the wind farm) to analyse the potential impacts of benthos and fish aggregation caused by the introduction of additional hard substrates from the piles and the turbine scour protections. An Ecopath ecosystem model composed of 37 compartments, from phytoplankton to seabirds, was built to describe the situation “before” the construction of the wind farm. Then, an Ecosim projection over 30 years was performed after increasing the biomass of targeted benthic and fish compartments. Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indices were calculated for the two periods, “before” and “after”, to compare network functioning and the overall structural properties of the food web. Our main results showed (1) that the total ecosystem activity, the overall system omnivory (proportion of generalist feeders), and the recycling increased after the construction of the wind farm; (2) that higher trophic levels such as piscivorous fish species, marine mammals, and seabirds responded positively to the aggregation of biomass on piles and turbine scour protections; and (3) a change in keystone groups after the construction towards more structuring and dominant compartments. Nonetheless, these changes could be considered as limited impacts of the wind farm installation on this coastal trophic web structure and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. A review on the technologies, design considerations and numerical models of tidal current turbines
- Author
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Marwane Rouway, Mostapha Tarfaoui, Ibrahim Goda, M. Nachtane, Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux (I2M), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock [Casablanca] (FSAC), and Université Hassan II [Casablanca] (UH2MC)
- Subjects
Emerging technologies ,Computer science ,Performance prediction ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,7. Clean energy ,Turbine ,[SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph] ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0601 history and archaeology ,14. Life underwater ,Tidal current turbine (TCT) ,060102 archaeology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Hydrofoil design ,06 humanities and the arts ,Marine renewable energies ,Renewable energy ,Drag ,Up-to-date review ,Pitching moment ,Electric power ,Energy source ,business ,Marine engineering - Abstract
International audience; Tidal current turbine is one of the innovative and emerging technologies of marine renewable energies because it offers constant and predictable energy source that can be very beneficial, especially for commercial scale production of electrical power. Hydrofoils (HF) are essential elements of tidal current turbine (TCT) and should be properly designed as they play a vital role in improving the turbine output and providing adequate resistance to the blade structure. In connection with the hydrofoil designs, it is noteworthy that the primary objectives in their designs are to increase the coefficient of lift and to reduce the coefficients of drag and pitching moment, thus delaying the cavitation phenomenon. In this paper, the technology developments of the hydrofoil designs used in the horizontal axis TCT industry are reviewed, including the hydrodynamics design and the mechanical structure design. Besides, an up-todate review and the newest achievements of marine TCT technologies with their developing histories are further explored. Included are also reviews on the numerical models used to assess the performance of TCT and optimization methods applied to design the hydrofoils. This in turn significantly contributes to a better knowledge on the recent designs of TCT hydrofoils for the researchers working in the marine turbine energy domain. Such information could also have important implications in the design of more sophisticated hydrofoils for the exploitation in diverse tidal current energy technologies for reaching a sustainable future.
- Published
- 2020
13. Marine Renewable Energies and the European Regional Seas Conventions.
- Author
-
Soria-Rodríguez, Carlos
- Subjects
RENEWABLE energy sources ,ENVIRONMENTAL physics ,NATURAL resources ,POWER resources - Abstract
Marine renewable energies (MRES) have become a priority in the EU due to their potential contribution to mitigating climate change and providing competitive, affordable, and secure energy (among other benefits). However, the installation, maintenance, operation, and decommissioning of mres, in addition to the energy transmission to the grid and the development of the related industry, could compromise the protection of the marine environment. The Regional Seas Conventions (RSCS) are some of the relevant legal instruments for the protection of the marine environment at the European regional level. This article analyses the applicability of the RSCS to mres and argues that these instruments offer only generic protection against the environmental effects associated with the deployment of these sources of energy. However, the interaction between the rscs and relevant EU secondary law instruments applicable to MRES can strengthen the environmental protection against the environmental effects of mres in the EU'S maritime spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Cumulative effects of marine renewable energy and climate change on ecosystem properties: Sensitivity of ecological network analysis
- Author
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Nogues, Quentin, Raoux, Aurore, Araignous, Emma, Chaalali, Aurelie, Hattab, Tarek, Leroy, Boris, Ben Rais Lasram, Frida, David, Valérie, Le Loch, Francois, Dauvin, Jean-claude, Niquil, Nathalie, Nogues, Quentin, Raoux, Aurore, Araignous, Emma, Chaalali, Aurelie, Hattab, Tarek, Leroy, Boris, Ben Rais Lasram, Frida, David, Valérie, Le Loch, Francois, Dauvin, Jean-claude, and Niquil, Nathalie
- Abstract
In an increasingly anthropogenic world, the scientific community and managers have to take interactions between the drivers of ecosystems into consideration. Tools like ecological network analysis (ENA) indices offer the opportunity to study those interactions at the ecosystem level. However, ENA indices have never been used to test the incidence of cumulative drivers. The present study uses models combining the effects of (i) the reef caused by the future offshore wind farm of Courseulles-sur-Mer and (ii) climate change on species distribution, to test the response of multiple ENA indices. ENA indices proved sensitive to this cumulative impact, displaying a wide variety of cumulative effects. They were also very powerful to characterize the role of the cumulative impact on ecosystem functioning. These results demonstrate the capacity of ENA indices to describe and understand cumulative effects at the ecosystem scale. Using a sensitivity analysis approach, this study shows that ENA indices could be viable tools for managers. To help them in their tasks, the next step could be to link ecosystem services to ENA indices for a more practical use.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Estudio comparativo de algoritmos de control para maniobras de DAECs* de primera generación y dos grados de libertad
- Author
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, del Horno, L., Somolinos, J.A., Segura, E., Morales, R., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, del Horno, L., Somolinos, J.A., Segura, E., and Morales, R.
- Abstract
[EN] From the devices for harnessing the energy of ocean currents (In English, they are denoted as TEC “Tidal Energy Converters”. This term does not englobe all the devices for marine current harnessing), those denoted as first-generation devices are used to obtain energy from underwater currents at depths that do not exceed 40 or 50 m, which configures them as structures supported over the seabed. For the energy exploitation of this resource to be competitive, from a technical and economic perspective, it is necessary to overcome various technological challenges, and to reduce operating costs, focusing the effort on lowering maintenance costs too. Thanks to the implementation of a ballast control system, these generators are equipped with the possibility of automatically changing orientation and depth during emersion-immersion maneuvers, which can reduce these costs. This work presents the dynamic modeling of a device with two degrees of freedom and several multivariable control algorithms, all of them based on a non-linear decoupling matrix, together with the compensation of the loss of buoyancy term in the neighborhood of the free surface. The performance of these controllers is evaluated by simulating the emersion maneuver of a full-scale device, and these results are validated with a small-scale prototype in the Model Basin. Finally, the obtained results under simulation are compared, and experimental validation is presented., [ES] Los Dispositivos de Aprovechamiento de la Energía de las Corrientes (DAECs), denominados de primera generación, se emplean para la obtención de la energía de las corrientes submarinas en profundidades que no superan los 40 ó 50 m, lo que los configura como estructuras apoyadas en el fondo marino. Para que la explotación energética de este recurso sea competitiva -desde una perspectiva técnica y económica-, se requiere superar diversos retos tecnológicos y además, reducir los gastos de explotación, focalizando los esfuerzos en un abaratamiento de los costos de mantenimiento. Gracias a la implantación de un sistema de control de lastres, se dotan a estos generadores de la posibilidad de cambiar automáticamente de orientación y profundidad durante las maniobras de emersión-inmersión que pueden reducir dichos costos. En este trabajo se presenta el modelado dinámico de un dispositivo de dos grados de libertad y varios algoritmos de control multivariable, todos ellos basados en una matriz no lineal de desacoplamiento, junto con el término de compensación de la pérdida de empuje en las cercanías de la superficie libre. Se evalúan las prestaciones de estos controladores mediante la simulación de la maniobra de emersión de un dispositivo a escala real, y se validan los resultados con un prototipo a escala en Canal de Ensayos. Finalmente, se comparan los resultados obtenidos en simulación y se presenta su validación experimental.
- Published
- 2021
16. Modelling foraging movements of diving predators: a theoretical study exploring the effect of heterogeneous landscapes on foraging efficiency
- Author
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Marianna Chimienti, Kamil A. Bartoń, Beth E. Scott, and Justin M.J. Travis
- Subjects
Animal movements ,Heterogeneous landscapes ,Foraging efficiency ,Modelling ,Marine renewable energies ,Impacts ,Medicine ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
Foraging in the marine environment presents particular challenges for air-breathing predators. Information about prey capture rates, the strategies that diving predators use to maximise prey encounter rates and foraging success are still largely unknown and difficult to observe. As well, with the growing awareness of potential climate change impacts and the increasing interest in the development of renewable sources it is unknown how the foraging activity of diving predators such as seabirds will respond to both the presence of underwater structures and the potential corresponding changes in prey distributions. Motivated by this issue we developed a theoretical model to gain general understanding of how the foraging efficiency of diving predators may vary according to landscape structure and foraging strategy. Our theoretical model highlights that animal movements, intervals between prey capture and foraging efficiency are likely to critically depend on the distribution of the prey resource and the size and distribution of introduced underwater structures. For multiple prey loaders, changes in prey distribution affected the searching time necessary to catch a set amount of prey which in turn affected the foraging efficiency. The spatial aggregation of prey around small devices (∼ 9 × 9 m) created a valuable habitat for a successful foraging activity resulting in shorter intervals between prey captures and higher foraging efficiency. The presence of large devices (∼ 24 × 24 m) however represented an obstacle for predator movement, thus increasing the intervals between prey captures. In contrast, for single prey loaders the introduction of spatial aggregation of the resources did not represent an advantage suggesting that their foraging efficiency is more strongly affected by other factors such as the timing to find the first prey item which was found to occur faster in the presence of large devices. The development of this theoretical model represents a useful starting point to understand the energetic reasons for a range of potential predator responses to spatial heterogeneity and environmental uncertainties in terms of search behaviour and predator–prey interactions. We highlight future directions that integrated empirical and modelling studies should take to improve our ability to predict how diving predators will be impacted by the deployment of manmade structures in the marine environment.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Effets cumulés des énergies marines renouvelables et du changement climatique sur les propriétés des écosystèmes : Sensibilité de l'analyse des réseaux écologiques
- Author
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Nathalie Niquil, Quentin Nogues, Aurélie Chaalali, Aurore Raoux, Valérie David, François Le Loc'h, Boris Leroy, Frida Ben Rais Lasram, Tarek Hattab, Jean-Claude Dauvin, Emma Araignous, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France Energies Marines [Brest], MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,ENA food web ,Ecological network analysis ,General Decision Sciences ,Climate change ,Marine Renewable Energies ,010501 environmental sciences ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Ecosystem services ,Linear inverse modeling ,Ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,QH540-549.5 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,Ecology ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,Ecological Network Analysis ,Cumulative effects ,15. Life on land ,Marine renewable energies ,Renewable energy ,Offshore wind power ,Cumulative impact ,13. Climate action ,Scale (social sciences) ,Environmental science ,[SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology ,business - Abstract
(IF 6.26; Q1); International audience; In an increasingly anthropogenic world, the scientific community and managers have to take interactions between the drivers of ecosystems into consideration. Tools like ecological network analysis (ENA) indices offer the opportunity to study those interactions at the ecosystem level. However, ENA indices have never been used to test the incidence of cumulative drivers. The present study uses models combining the effects of (i) the reef caused by the future offshore wind farm of Courseulles-sur-Mer and (ii) climate change on species distribution, to test the response of multiple ENA indices. ENA indices proved sensitive to this cumulative impact, displaying a wide variety of cumulative effects. They were also very powerful to characterize the role of the cumulative impact on ecosystem functioning. These results demonstrate the capacity of ENA indices to describe and understand cumulative effects at the ecosystem scale. Using a sensitivity analysis approach, this study shows that ENA indices could be viable tools for managers. To help them in their tasks, the next step could be to link ecosystem services to ENA indices for a more practical use.
- Published
- 2021
18. Study of linear generators structures for wave energy conversion
- Author
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Lawali Ali, Habibou, STAR, ABES, Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Automatique du Havre (GREAH), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Normandie Université, Yacine Amara, and Georges Barakat
- Subjects
Permeance network ,Modèles analytiques ,Machine linéaire tublaire à aimants permanents ,Houlogénérateur ,Wave energy ,Tubular linear permanents magnets machines ,[SPI.ELEC] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism ,Marine renewable energies ,Modèle thermique nodal ,Modèle hybride ,[SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism ,Réseau de perméances ,[SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph] ,Nodal thermal model ,Analytical models ,Energies marine renouvelables ,Hybrid model ,[SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph] - Abstract
The main objective of the works presented in this thesis is the design of an innovative linear generator for wave energy conversion. The other objective is the development of a tool that can be used during the pre-design phases of linear permanent magnets machines for wave generator applications. The chosen structure is a linear tubular flux switching permanent magnet machine. This choice is motivated by the fact that, for this application, the machine must be robust with high reliability and easy maintainability. Because the marine environment is an inhospitable, hostile, corrosive environment, systems installed offshore must be reliable. First, the study focuses on an electromagnetic model with permeance network coupled to the analytical model in order to benefit of the advantages of the permeance network model and the analytical model that is obtained by the Maxwell's equations resolution. For example, thepermeance network model offers the possibility of taking into account the nonlinear behaviour of magnetic materials and the analytical model offers the possibility of taking into account movements easily. This model is used for the pre-design of the linear flux switching machine permanent magnet for wave energy application. The cogging torque reduction and the reduction of edge effects arealso studied in this work. In the second part, a thermal study is proposed. The study is focused on the determination of the thermal convection coefficients in the air gap of the linear machine through experimentation. This choice is motivated by the fact that not many studies are dedicated to the thermal behaviour of tubular linear machines in scientific literature, as compared to rotating electric machines, for example., Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour objectif premier la conception d’un générateur linéaire innovant pour la conversion de l’énergie de la houle. L’autre objectif est le développement d’un outil d’aide à la décision lors de la phase de pré-dimensionnement des machines linéaires à aimants permanents pour application houlogénérateur. La structure choisie est une machine linéaire tubulaire à commutation de flux. Ce choix est motivé par le fait que, pour cette application d’houlogénérateur, la machine doit être robuste, fiable et avec une maintenabilité aisée. Le milieu marin est inhospitalier, hostile, et corrosif, et les systèmes qui y sont installés doivent être le plusfiable possible. Dans un premier temps, l’étude porte sur un modèle électromagnétique par réseau de perméances couplé au modèle analytique dans le but de bénéficier des avantages du modèle par réseau de perméances pure, et du modèle analytique par résolution formelle des équations de Maxwell. Le modèle par réseau de perméances offre la possibilité par exemple de tenir compte ducomportement non linéaire des matériaux magnétiques, et le modèle analytique offre la possibilité de tenir compte des mouvements facilement. Ce modèle hybride est utilisé pour le pré-dimensionnement de la machine linéaire à commutation de flux pour application houlogénérateur. Des études sur la réduction du couple de détente, la réduction des effets de bords, sont entre autres les problématiques abordées. Dans la seconde partie du document, une étude thermique est proposée. Cette dernière se focalise sur la détermination expérimentale des coefficients de convection thermique dans l’entrefer de la machine linéaire tubulaire. Ce choix est motivé par le fait que peu d’études sur le comportement thermique de ces machines sont disponibles dans la littérature dédiée aux machines électriques.
- Published
- 2021
19. Contribution à l'optimisation de l'architecture de parcs d'hydroliennes
- Author
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Fakhri, Eyman, Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Normandie Université, Hamid Gualous, and Mohamed Machmoum
- Subjects
Ecoulement de puissance ,Tidal farm design ,Genetic Algorithm ,Wake effect ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Marine Renewable Energies ,Load Flow ,Effet de sillage ,Energies Marines Renouvelables ,Electrical connection topology optimization ,Particle Swarm optimization ,Tidal Energy Converters ,Optimisation de l’architecture de parc d’hydroliennes ,Optimisation de la topologie de connexion électrique ,Algorithme d’Optimisation par Essaim Particulaires ,Electrical Engineering - Abstract
Renewable Energies (MREs) can contribute significantly to the energy mix. MREs can be produced from different sources, among them tidal energy – the focus of this work – has aroused major interest from industrialists and decision-makers.In this thesis, a decision support tool for the optimization of the architecture of tidal farms is developed. The optimization tool, named OPTIFARM, takes into account the hydrodynamics of the site, the investment and maintenance costs, the loss of production caused by the wake effect and the energy loss in the electrical network. The tool allows determining the optimal number and positions of tidal turbines and offshore substations in the farm as well as the optimal AC electrical connection topology of the tidal farm network. The optimization tool relies on a genetic and a particle swarm optimization algorithms. OPTIFARM is applied to two French tidal energy sites: the Alderney Race located between the Alderney Island and Cap de la Hague, and the Fromveur Strait located in the sea of Iroise. Those sites represent respectively the first and the second greatest tidal potential in France. The results show that the energy production cost considerably differs from one site to another and it strongly depends on the size of the farm.; Pour faire face au réchauffement climatique, une transition énergétique de grande ampleur est impérative. Pour les pays disposant de vastes zones maritimes, comme la France, les Energies Marines Renouvelables (EMRs) peuvent constituer une part significative d’énergie à bas carbone. Les EMRs peuvent être produites à partir de la houle, du vent, des gradients de salinité… Dans cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur l’énergie des courants de marée et leur exploitation par les hydroliennes. Cette technologie est aujourd’hui en phase pré-industrielle.Dans ce travail de thèse, un outil d’aide à la décision destiné à l’optimisation de l’architecture des parcs d’hydroliennes est développé. Cet outil nommé OPTIFARM tient compte de l’hydrodynamique du site, des coûts d’investissement et des opérations de maintenance, des pertes d’énergie de production dues aux effets de sillage ainsi que des pertes d’énergies dans le réseau électrique. L’outil permet de déterminer de manière optimale le nombre et les positions des hydroliennes et des sous-stations électriques offshores ainsi que la topologie de raccordement électrique en AC. OPTIFARM est basé sur un algorithme génétique et un algorithme d’optimisation par essaim particulaire. La méthode d'optimisation développée est appliquée à deux sites hydroliens français : le Raz-Blanchard (situé entre l'île d'Aurigny et le Cap de la Hague) et le passage du Fromveur (situé en mer d'Iroise) qui représentent respectivement le premier et le deuxième plus grand gisement hydrolien en France. Les résultats montrent que le coût de production de l'énergie diffère considérablement d'un site à l'autre et qu'il dépend fortement de la taille du parc.
- Published
- 2020
20. Transformer les vagues en énergie : utopie ou réalité ?
- Author
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Christophe Bouneau, Sylvain Roche, Aurélien Babarit, Alain Clément, Service de Biostatistique, hospices civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), Centre d'études des mondes moderne et contemporain (CEMMC), Université Bordeaux Montaigne, and École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
innovation process ,breakthrough innovations ,énergie des vagues ,promesses technologiques ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,technology locks ,verrous technologiques ,technological utopianism ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,utopie technologique ,technological promises ,énergies marines renouvelables ,General Materials Science ,innovations de rupture ,[SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History ,marine renewable energies ,processus d’innovation ,wave energy - Abstract
Cet article s’intéresse à la trajectoire contrariée de l’énergie des vagues. S’inscrivant dans une démarche forecasting volontairement transdisciplinaire à la croisée des sciences sociales et des sciences de l’ingénieur, notre propos vise à questionner la situation présente (insight) de cette énergie en replaçant les enjeux à travers le prisme rétrospectif (hindsight) et prospectif (foresight). Comment expliquer la difficulté du houlomoteur à se déployer industriellement alors que la recherche scientifique est foisonnante depuis le xixe siècle ? This paper will examine the complicated path of wave energy with a transdisciplinary and forecasting approach between social and engineering sciences. Our statement is to question the present situation of wave energy regarding hindsight and foresight aspects. How to explain wave energy’s difficulties for industrial implementation while scientific research is abundant since the 19th century?
- Published
- 2020
21. Contribution to the optimization of tidal farms’ architecture
- Author
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Fakhri, Eyman, STAR, ABES, Laboratoire Universitaire des Sciences Appliquées de Cherbourg (LUSAC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Normandie Université, Hamid Gualous, and Mohamed Machmoum
- Subjects
Ecoulement de puissance ,Tidal farm design ,Genetic Algorithm ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Wake effect ,Marine Renewable Energies ,Load Flow ,Effet de sillage ,Energies Marines Renouvelables ,Electrical connection topology optimization ,Particle Swarm optimization ,Tidal Energy Converters ,Optimisation de l’architecture de parc d’hydroliennes ,Optimisation de la topologie de connexion électrique ,Algorithme d’Optimisation par Essaim Particulaires ,Electrical Engineering ,[SPI.NRJ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power - Abstract
Renewable Energies (MREs) can contribute significantly to the energy mix. MREs can be produced from different sources, among them tidal energy – the focus of this work – has aroused major interest from industrialists and decision-makers.In this thesis, a decision support tool for the optimization of the architecture of tidal farms is developed. The optimization tool, named OPTIFARM, takes into account the hydrodynamics of the site, the investment and maintenance costs, the loss of production caused by the wake effect and the energy loss in the electrical network. The tool allows determining the optimal number and positions of tidal turbines and offshore substations in the farm as well as the optimal AC electrical connection topology of the tidal farm network. The optimization tool relies on a genetic and a particle swarm optimization algorithms. OPTIFARM is applied to two French tidal energy sites: the Alderney Race located between the Alderney Island and Cap de la Hague, and the Fromveur Strait located in the sea of Iroise. Those sites represent respectively the first and the second greatest tidal potential in France. The results show that the energy production cost considerably differs from one site to another and it strongly depends on the size of the farm., Pour faire face au réchauffement climatique, une transition énergétique de grande ampleur est impérative. Pour les pays disposant de vastes zones maritimes, comme la France, les Energies Marines Renouvelables (EMRs) peuvent constituer une part significative d’énergie à bas carbone. Les EMRs peuvent être produites à partir de la houle, du vent, des gradients de salinité… Dans cette thèse, nous nous focalisons sur l’énergie des courants de marée et leur exploitation par les hydroliennes. Cette technologie est aujourd’hui en phase pré-industrielle.Dans ce travail de thèse, un outil d’aide à la décision destiné à l’optimisation de l’architecture des parcs d’hydroliennes est développé. Cet outil nommé OPTIFARM tient compte de l’hydrodynamique du site, des coûts d’investissement et des opérations de maintenance, des pertes d’énergie de production dues aux effets de sillage ainsi que des pertes d’énergies dans le réseau électrique. L’outil permet de déterminer de manière optimale le nombre et les positions des hydroliennes et des sous-stations électriques offshores ainsi que la topologie de raccordement électrique en AC. OPTIFARM est basé sur un algorithme génétique et un algorithme d’optimisation par essaim particulaire. La méthode d'optimisation développée est appliquée à deux sites hydroliens français : le Raz-Blanchard (situé entre l'île d'Aurigny et le Cap de la Hague) et le passage du Fromveur (situé en mer d'Iroise) qui représentent respectivement le premier et le deuxième plus grand gisement hydrolien en France. Les résultats montrent que le coût de production de l'énergie diffère considérablement d'un site à l'autre et qu'il dépend fortement de la taille du parc.
- Published
- 2020
22. Optimal energy management of a multi-source system for a remote maritime area
- Author
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Anthony Roy, Institut de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nantes Atlantique EA4642 (IREENA), Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire (IUT Saint-Nazaire), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut Universitaire de Technologie - La Roche-sur-Yon (IUT La Roche-sur-Yon), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Université de Nantes (UNAM), and François Auger
- Subjects
micro-réseau ,sources d’énergie renouvelable ,Gestion d’énergie ,[SPI.NRJ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electric power ,Energy management ,remote areas ,dimensionnement ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,sizing ,site isolé ,énergies marines renouvelables ,Power Hardware-In-the-Loop ,micro-grid ,renewable energy sources ,marine renewable energies - Abstract
The electrical power generation in remote maritime areas must face many technical-economic constraints related to the load satisfaction and the expensive fuel import for fossil based sources. Thanks to the recent development of marine renewable energies, new perspectives appear for the electrical power supply of maritime remote areas, so as to decarbonize the electrical power generation. In this thesis, it is proposed to study the sizing and the energy management of an islanded microgrid made of solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, tidal turbines, wave energy converters and batteries. A preliminary analysis of the harnessed resources allows some complementarities and non-complementarities to be highlighted. In order to reduce the unmet load demand and the cost of energy, a combined sizing and energy management optimization is proposed. Several demand-side management strategies are hierarchically applied on several loads, in order to avoid the occurrence of critical situations. The obtained results show that demand-side management allows the cost of energy to be reduced by decreasing the amount of required storage. Also, the diversification of the sources brings many benefits. Finally, the ability of the developed algorithms to correctly manage the micro-grid in real time is validated on an experimental test bench.; La production d’énergie électrique dans les zones isolées en mer doit faire face à de nombreuses contraintes technico-économiques, liées à la satisfaction de la demande et à l’importation coûteuse du combustible nécessaire aux moyens de production à partir d’énergies fossiles. Avec le récent développement des sources d’énergie marine renouvelable, de nouvelles perspectives apparaissent pour l’alimentation des sites isolés en mer, dans une optique de dé-carbonisation de la production d’énergie. Ainsi, il est proposé dans ces travaux de thèse d’étudier le dimensionnement et la gestion d’un micro-réseau insulaire composé de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques, d’éoliennes, d’hydroliennes, de houlogénérateurs et de batteries. Une analyse préalable des ressources exploitées permet de mettre en avant quelques complémentarités et non-complémentarités. Afin de minimiser l’insatisfaction de la demande et le coût de l’énergie produite, une optimisation combinée du dimensionnement et de la gestion de l’énergie est proposée. Différentes stratégies de gestion de la demande sont appliquées de manière hiérarchique sur plusieurs charges, pour éviter l’apparition de situations critiques. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’application d’une gestion de la demande permet de réduire le coût de production de l’électricité en diminuant la quantité de stockage nécessaire. Par ailleurs, la diversification des sources utilisées offre de nombreux avantages. Enfin, la capacité des algorithmes développés à gérer correctement un micro-réseau en temps réel est validée sur un banc expérimental.
- Published
- 2019
23. Comparative study of control algorithms for maneuvers of first generation TECs* and two degrees of freedom
- Author
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del Horno, L., Somolinos, J.A., Segura, E., and Morales, R.
- Subjects
Ballast ,Control multivariable ,Prototipo experimental ,General Computer Science ,Computer science ,OrcaFlex-Matlab integration ,Energías renovables marinas ,Experimental prototype ,Compensation (engineering) ,Emersion maneuvers ,Simulation ,Modelo dinámico ,business.industry ,Multivariable control systems ,Integración OrcaFlex-Matlab ,Decoupling (cosmology) ,Marine renewable energies ,Converters ,System dynamics ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Control system ,Maniobras de emersión ,business ,Tidal power ,Energy (signal processing) ,Dynamic modelling - Abstract
[EN] From the devices for harnessing the energy of ocean currents (In English, they are denoted as TEC “Tidal Energy Converters”. This term does not englobe all the devices for marine current harnessing), those denoted as first-generation devices are used to obtain energy from underwater currents at depths that do not exceed 40 or 50 m, which configures them as structures supported over the seabed. For the energy exploitation of this resource to be competitive, from a technical and economic perspective, it is necessary to overcome various technological challenges, and to reduce operating costs, focusing the effort on lowering maintenance costs too. Thanks to the implementation of a ballast control system, these generators are equipped with the possibility of automatically changing orientation and depth during emersion-immersion maneuvers, which can reduce these costs. This work presents the dynamic modeling of a device with two degrees of freedom and several multivariable control algorithms, all of them based on a non-linear decoupling matrix, together with the compensation of the loss of buoyancy term in the neighborhood of the free surface. The performance of these controllers is evaluated by simulating the emersion maneuver of a full-scale device, and these results are validated with a small-scale prototype in the Model Basin. Finally, the obtained results under simulation are compared, and experimental validation is presented., [ES] Los Dispositivos de Aprovechamiento de la Energía de las Corrientes (DAECs), denominados de primera generación, se emplean para la obtención de la energía de las corrientes submarinas en profundidades que no superan los 40 ó 50 m, lo que los configura como estructuras apoyadas en el fondo marino. Para que la explotación energética de este recurso sea competitiva -desde una perspectiva técnica y económica-, se requiere superar diversos retos tecnológicos y además, reducir los gastos de explotación, focalizando los esfuerzos en un abaratamiento de los costos de mantenimiento. Gracias a la implantación de un sistema de control de lastres, se dotan a estos generadores de la posibilidad de cambiar automáticamente de orientación y profundidad durante las maniobras de emersión-inmersión que pueden reducir dichos costos. En este trabajo se presenta el modelado dinámico de un dispositivo de dos grados de libertad y varios algoritmos de control multivariable, todos ellos basados en una matriz no lineal de desacoplamiento, junto con el término de compensación de la pérdida de empuje en las cercanías de la superficie libre. Se evalúan las prestaciones de estos controladores mediante la simulación de la maniobra de emersión de un dispositivo a escala real, y se validan los resultados con un prototipo a escala en Canal de Ensayos. Finalmente, se comparan los resultados obtenidos en simulación y se presenta su validación experimental., Este trabajo se ha realizado con financiación parcial del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, a través del Proyecto de Investigación Fundamental DPI2014-53499-R CoDMAEC y del Grupo Tecnológico de Investigación en Energías Renovables Marinas de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, GIT-ERM. Los autores quieren agradecer al Tribunal que otorgó el premio al mejor trabajo de los presentados a las XL Jornadas de Automática de Ferrol en 2019 por su consideración. También al personal del CEHINAV, en la ETSI Navales de la UPM, por su siempre amable colaboración altruista. Y a los revisores anónimos por sus aportaciones para la mejora de este trabajo.
- Published
- 2021
24. Liens dynamiques entre déterminismes socio-économique et écosystémique dans les évaluations d’impacts
- Author
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Coston-Guarini, Jennifer, Danto, Anatole, The Entangled Bank Laboratory (EB Lab), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur l'Action Politique en Europe (ARENES), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR, France Énergies Marines, Comité Départemental des Pêches et des Elevages Marins du Morbihan, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, ANR APPEAL, ANR-10-IEED-0006,FEM,France Energies Marines(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-IEED-0006-25,APPEAL,Approche socio-écosystémique de l’impact des parcs éoliens flottants, Danto, Anatole, France Energies Marines - - FEM2010 - ANR-10-IEED-0006 - IEED - VALID, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Rennes-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Social-ecological system ,[SHS.SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Histoire des théories en écologie ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Fishermen ,History of ecological theories ,EIA ,[SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences ,[SHS.ENVIR] Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,[SHS.HISPHILSO] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences ,Coastal communities ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Communautés côtières ,[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Pêcheurs ,Etude d'impact sur l'environnement ,Environmental impact assesment ,Marine renewable energies ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,[SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science ,[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Energies marines renouvelables ,[SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies ,SES Framework ,[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,Socio-écosystèmes ,[SHS.SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2019
25. Réenchanter le maritime par la promesse énergétique : technologies, trajectoires, discours
- Author
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Roche, Sylvain, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée (GREThA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, Claude Dupuy, and Sylvie Ferrari
- Subjects
Energy innovation ,Innovation énergétique ,Beliefs ,Technical system ,Système technique ,Croyances ,Marine renewable energies ,Technological trajectories ,Trajectoires technologiques ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,Blue growth ,Croissance bleue ,Énergies marines renouvelables - Abstract
This thesis sheds light on the dynamics of change in the energy system by taking the example of marine renewable energies (MRE). By exploring ten case studies (both sectoral and territorial), it reflects on the reasons for the return of these technologies in the 2000’s. Previously excluded from the dominant paradigm of French electricity production, in the 1980s, marine renewable energies are currently making a comeback in the context of the systemic crisis of the 3Es (environmental, economic and energy). At the interface of energy policies (energy transition policies) and maritime policies (blue growth policies), marine renewable energies were legitimized when the sea became a new horizon for (re)building visionary, avant-garde and technopolitical discourses. Through this, we highlight the importance of beliefs and collective representations of technological activity. Through the diversity of technological trajectories discussed in this thesis (tidal stream and tidal range energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy conversion and offshore wind energy), we show that, in France, the industry of marine renewable energies presents itself as a political construction without asserted technological consistency, at the interface between different technical worlds. This thesis put into perspective the notion of disruptive innovation and creative destruction by highlighting phenomena of technological rebirth, which can take several decades and even centuries. Through a retroprospective analysis, this thesis defends the idea that the dynamics of change of the energy system are not mainly driven by creation and novelty, but could, rather, be construed as a process of update and reinterpretation of existing technological principles. This thesis aims to provide insights to economists, sociologists and historians of technology who try to understand the trajectories of innovation and the conditions for success of energy technologies.; Cette thèse analyse les dynamiques de changement du système énergétique en se focalisant sur les énergies marines renouvelables (EMR). A travers l’examen de dix études de cas (études à la fois sectorielles et territoriales), elle s’interroge sur les raisons du retour de ces technologies au tournant des années 2000. Mises à la marge du paradigme dominant de la production d’électricité des années 1980, nous montrons que les énergies marines renouvelables sont revenues sur le devant de la scène dans un contexte de crise systémique des 3E (environnementale, économique et énergétique). A l’interface des politiques énergétiques (celles de la transition énergétique) et des politiques maritimes (celles de la croissance bleue), les énergies marines renouvelables ont été légitimées au moment où la mer est devenue un terrain pour (re)construire des discours visionnaires, avant-gardistes et technopolitiques. Par ce biais, nous mettons en lumière l’importance des croyances et des représentations collectives sur l’activité technologique. Au regard de la diversité des trajectoires technologiques examinées (énergie des marées et des courants, énergie des vagues, énergie thermique des mers et éolien marin), nous montrons que « la filière » des énergies marines renouvelables se présente en France comme une construction politique sans cohérence technologique affirmée entre des univers techniques différents. Cette thèse permet également de relativiser la notion d’innovation de rupture et de destruction créatrice en mettant en évidence des phénomènes de résurgence technologique pouvant durer plusieurs décennies, voire plusieurs siècles, dans l’exploitation de sources d’énergies renouvelables. Enfin, en s’inscrivant dans une démarche rétro-prospective, cette thèse défend l’idée que les processus fondamentaux dans la dynamique de changement du système énergétique ne sont pas la création et la nouveauté mais plutôt l’actualisation et la réinterprétation. Elle entend ainsi apporter une contribution originale aux interrogations à la fois des économistes, des sociologues et des historiens des techniques, qui chacun dans leur domaine tentent de comprendre les trajectoires de l'innovation et les conditions de réussite des technologies de l’énergie.
- Published
- 2019
26. Estimation de la bathymétrie par observation de la terre pour les énergies marines renouvelables
- Author
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Cloarec, Marc, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres, and Thierry Ranchin
- Subjects
Earth observation ,Energies marines renouvelables ,Observation de la terre ,Imagerie satellite radar ,Bathymetry ,Marine renewable energies ,Bathymétrie ,[SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph] - Abstract
Bathymetry is a key parameter for marine renewable energies development. The current acquisition these data is made by acoustic sounders on board ships. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to acquire bathymetric maps whose resolution could satisfy the actors of the MRE. The objective of the thesis is the evaluation of the potential of new satellites carrying radar imagers for bathymetry estimation and mapping. Repetition of measurements of the Sentinel-1 mission provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the same area every 6 days. This ability to capture images with sea states very different from one to another allows increasing the probability of capturing favorable conditions to estimate bathymetry with methods exploiting the swell bottom interaction. The approach proposed in this thesis is the use of wave propagation for the purpose of estimating depth. First, the use of a phase-resolved wave propagation model (Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model) allowed establishing, testing and developing a method of bathymetry estimation on several free surfaces of the ocean. With favorable conditions, SAR images of the ocean can be considered as a linear representation of the sea state. Secondly, we adapted and apply the method implemented on the model to SAR images. Simple approaches of data fusion have been applied to exploit of the repetitiveness of the Sentinel-1 mission. Results obtained are able to satisfy the needs of actors in the domain of MRE. The prospects of this work are presented in this document.; La bathymétrie est un paramètre clé pour le développement des énergies marines renouvelables. L’acquisition actuelle de ces données est faite par des sondeurs acoustiques embarqués sur navires. Les images satellites des Radar à Synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir des cartes bathymétriques dont la résolution est adaptée aux besoins des acteurs des EMR. L’objectif de la thèse est l’évaluation du potentiel des nouveaux satellites embarquant des imageurs radar pour l’estimation de la bathymétrie. La répétition de la mesure de la mission Sentinel-1 permet d’obtenir des images RSO d’une même zone tous les 6 jours. Cette capacité à imager des conditions de mer très différentes permet d'augmenter la probabilité d'obtenir des conditions favorables à l’estimation de la bathymétrie par des méthodes exploitant l'interaction de la houle avec la bathymétrie. L’approche proposée dans cette thèse est basée sur l’utilisation de la propagation de la houle dans le but d’estimer la profondeur. Dans un premier temps l’utilisation d'un modèle de propagation d'onde à résolution de phase (modèle Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone) a permis d'établir, de tester et de mettre au point une méthode d’estimation de la bathymétrie sur plusieurs surfaces libres. Dans des conditions favorables, les images RSO de l’océan peuvent être considérées comme une représentation linéaire de l’état de mer. Dans un second temps, nous avons adapté et appliqué la méthode établie sur le modèle aux images SAR. Des approches simples de fusion de données sont appliquées pour tirer parti de la répétitivité de la mission Sentinel-1. Les résultats obtenus sont en mesure de satisfaire les besoins des acteurs des EMR. Les perspectives de ce travail sont présentées.
- Published
- 2018
27. Estimation of bathymetry using earth observation for marine renewable energies
- Author
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Cloarec, Marc, Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres, and Thierry Ranchin
- Subjects
Earth observation ,Energies marines renouvelables ,Observation de la terre ,Imagerie satellite radar ,Bathymetry ,Marine renewable energies ,Bathymétrie ,[SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph] - Abstract
Bathymetry is a key parameter for marine renewable energies development. The current acquisition these data is made by acoustic sounders on board ships. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to acquire bathymetric maps whose resolution could satisfy the actors of the MRE. The objective of the thesis is the evaluation of the potential of new satellites carrying radar imagers for bathymetry estimation and mapping. Repetition of measurements of the Sentinel-1 mission provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the same area every 6 days. This ability to capture images with sea states very different from one to another allows increasing the probability of capturing favorable conditions to estimate bathymetry with methods exploiting the swell bottom interaction. The approach proposed in this thesis is the use of wave propagation for the purpose of estimating depth. First, the use of a phase-resolved wave propagation model (Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model) allowed establishing, testing and developing a method of bathymetry estimation on several free surfaces of the ocean. With favorable conditions, SAR images of the ocean can be considered as a linear representation of the sea state. Secondly, we adapted and apply the method implemented on the model to SAR images. Simple approaches of data fusion have been applied to exploit of the repetitiveness of the Sentinel-1 mission. Results obtained are able to satisfy the needs of actors in the domain of MRE. The prospects of this work are presented in this document.; La bathymétrie est un paramètre clé pour le développement des énergies marines renouvelables. L’acquisition actuelle de ces données est faite par des sondeurs acoustiques embarqués sur navires. Les images satellites des Radar à Synthèse d'ouverture (RSO) peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir des cartes bathymétriques dont la résolution est adaptée aux besoins des acteurs des EMR. L’objectif de la thèse est l’évaluation du potentiel des nouveaux satellites embarquant des imageurs radar pour l’estimation de la bathymétrie. La répétition de la mesure de la mission Sentinel-1 permet d’obtenir des images RSO d’une même zone tous les 6 jours. Cette capacité à imager des conditions de mer très différentes permet d'augmenter la probabilité d'obtenir des conditions favorables à l’estimation de la bathymétrie par des méthodes exploitant l'interaction de la houle avec la bathymétrie. L’approche proposée dans cette thèse est basée sur l’utilisation de la propagation de la houle dans le but d’estimer la profondeur. Dans un premier temps l’utilisation d'un modèle de propagation d'onde à résolution de phase (modèle Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone) a permis d'établir, de tester et de mettre au point une méthode d’estimation de la bathymétrie sur plusieurs surfaces libres. Dans des conditions favorables, les images RSO de l’océan peuvent être considérées comme une représentation linéaire de l’état de mer. Dans un second temps, nous avons adapté et appliqué la méthode établie sur le modèle aux images SAR. Des approches simples de fusion de données sont appliquées pour tirer parti de la répétitivité de la mission Sentinel-1. Les résultats obtenus sont en mesure de satisfaire les besoins des acteurs des EMR. Les perspectives de ce travail sont présentées.
- Published
- 2018
28. Development of Offshore Wind Power: Contrasting Optimal Wind Sites with Legal Restrictions in Galicia, Spain
- Author
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Salvador, Santiago, Costoya, Xurxo, Sanz Larruga, Javier, Gimeno-Sotelo, Luis, Salvador, Santiago, Costoya, Xurxo, Sanz Larruga, Javier, and Gimeno-Sotelo, Luis
- Abstract
[Abstract] The region of Galicia, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, has a high wind potential for the installation of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in many areas of its surrounding marine waters. However, legal restrictions derived from the protection of other interests that converge in the marine environment (such as fishing, navigation, and biodiversity conservation) must be considered, along with technical limitations resulting from water depth. This study is aimed at analysing legal restrictions on the installation of OWFs in Galician waters and at identifying those zones of less conflict where the wind power density (WPD) is greater and the depths and distances from the coast are technically feasible given the current status of technology in Europe. To do this, a legal study was performed of both the strategic environmental assessment of the Spanish coast and the regulations of the different marine sectors at European, international, national, and regional levels. In addition, the WPD along the north-western area of the Iberian Peninsula and Europe was calculated, and an analysis of maximum and average depths and distances from the coast of planned and installed OWFs in Europe was made. Two main zones without legal and technical restrictions were identified in the north-eastern corner of Galicia and in the south of the Vigo estuary. The greatest WPD was identified in the north-western zone, from Cape Finisterre to Cape Ortegal, where there are small sites without legal or technical restrictions that are near several protected zones (such as a marine reserve, a special protected area, and a wetland and its buffer zone), making necessary a deeper analysis of the specific impacts of each OWF project in the Environmental Impact Assessment.
- Published
- 2018
29. On sizing and control of a renewables-based hybrid power supply system for stand-alone applications in an island context
- Author
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El Tawil, Tony, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale (EA 3634) (IRENAV), Ecole Navale-École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Mohamed Benbouzid, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale (IRENAV), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)
- Subjects
VSG regulation ,[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Hybrid systems regulation ,Réglage VSG ,Hybrid energy production systems ,Site insulaire ,Réglage des systèmes hybride ,Vector regulation ,Marine renewable energies ,Islanded site ,Réglage vectoriel ,Système d’alimentation hybride ,Energies renouvelables marines - Abstract
This PhD thesis models a renewable-based hybrid power supply system applied in an islanded context and investigates sizing and regulation strategies of such a hybrid system. First, various marine energy production technologies were reviewed and compared to common renewable resources. As well, various energy storage technologies were reviewed, compared, and evaluated to fit the chosen site characteristics. A brief investigation on offshore energy transmission and inverter regulations methods is presented. Then, a study of the site characteristics, and the availability of the different renewable energy resources in the area are presented. This energy study constitutes the basis of the proposed system sizing method, where minimizing the cost and the CO2 emissions are considered as the main objectives. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic power management approach is proposed for the islanded microgrid. Finally, a detailed study of the system components grid-side inverter regulation is presented. Three regulation levels were investigated: the single inverter, the renewable farm, and the hybrid system. In this context, different regulation strategies are considered at each level.; L’objectif de cette thèse est de dimensionner et régler un système hybride de production d’énergie pour un site isolé de type insulaire, basé sur des énergies renouvelables marines. De manière préliminaire divers systèmes de production d’énergie renouvelable marine ont d’abord été étudiés et comparés de manière qualitative à des systèmes de production d’énergie classiques. Plusieurs types de système de stockage d’énergie ont également été étudiés, comparés et évalués dans le cas du site considéré. Cette analyse préliminaire a été étendue aux différents types de transmissions d’énergie offshore et de méthodes de réglage des convertisseurs associés aux sources renouvelables. A partir de l’étude des caractéristiques du site et de l’analyse statistique des ressources renouvelables (vents, courants marins) une méthode de dimensionnement des éléments du système de production est présentée, dans l’objectif de minimiser les émissions de CO2 et le coût du système sur son cycle de vie. Pour cela, une solution de gestion de la puissance basée sur la logique floue est proposée pour le type de site considéré et comparée à une solution plus classique basée sur des règles logiques. Pour finir, une étude détaillée des différentes méthodes de réglage du système hybride côté réseau est présentée. Trois niveaux de réglage sont considérés : réglage d’une source unique, réglage d’une ferme de plusieurs sources et réglage global du système hybride. Plusieurs modes de réglage sont considérés pour chaque niveau.
- Published
- 2018
30. Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning?
- Author
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Aurore Raoux, Géraldine Lassalle, François Le Loc'h, Camille Le Guen, Nathalie Niquil, Jean-Philippe Pezy, Dan Wilhelmsson, Steven Degraer, Jean-Claude Dauvin, Karine Grangeré, Matilda Haraldsson, Bruno Ernande, Samuele Tecchio, Marie Cachera, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Ecosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux (UR EABX), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFREMER Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (IFREMER Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, (HMMN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques ( BOREA ), Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université des Antilles ( UA ), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière ( M2C ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Caen Normandie ( UNICAEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ), Ecosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux ( UR EABX ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences ( RBINS ), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) ( LEMAR ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer ( IUEM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IFREMER Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques ( IFREMER Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques ), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Reef effect ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,General Decision Sciences ,01 natural sciences ,[ SDE.IE ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering ,Wind farm ,[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Ecosystem model ,Ecosystem-based approach ,EcoSim ,Ecosystem ,14. Life underwater ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,[SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Trophic level ,Biomass (ecology) ,[ SDU.STU.OC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography ,Ecology ,[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,ACL ,15. Life on land ,Marine renewable energies ,Food web ,[ SDV.EE.ECO ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems ,Fishery ,Offshore wind power ,13. Climate action ,Benthic zone ,Ecopath with Ecosim ,Environmental science ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology - Abstract
International audience; As part of the energy transition, the French government is planning the construction of three offshore wind farms in Normandy (Bay of Seine and eastern part of the English Channel, northwestern France) in the next years. These offshore wind farms will be integrated into an ecosystem already facing multiple anthropogenic disturbances such as maritime transport, fisheries, oyster and mussel farming, and sediment dredging. Currently no integrated, ecosystem-based study on the effects of the construction and exploitation of offshore wind farms exists, where biological approaches generally focused on the conservation of some valuable species or groups of species. Complementary trophic web modelling tools were applied to the Bay of Seine ecosystem (to the 50 km 2 area covered by the wind farm) to analyse the potential impacts of benthos and fish aggregation caused by the introduction of additional hard substrates from the piles and the turbine scour protections. An Ecopath ecosystem model composed of 37 compartments, from phytoplankton to seabirds, was built to describe the situation " before " the construction of the wind farm. Then, an Ecosim projection over 30 years was performed after increasing the biomass of targeted benthic and fish compartments. Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indices were calculated for the two periods, " before " and " after " , to compare network functioning and the overall structural properties of the food web. Our main results showed (1) that the total ecosystem activity, the overall system omnivory (proportion of generalist feeders), and the recycling increased after the construction of the wind farm; (2) that higher trophic levels such as piscivorous fish species, marine mammals, and seabirds responded positively to the aggregation of biomass on piles and turbine scour protections; and (3) a change in key-stone groups after the construction towards more structuring and dominant compartments. Nonetheless, these changes could be considered as limited impacts of the wind farm installation on this coastal trophic web structure and functioning.
- Published
- 2017
31. La cuenca del mar Negro y la energía azul: oportunidades y desafíos para la estrategia de la UE
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Abad Castelos, Montserrat and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
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Cuenca del Mar Negro ,Oportunidades y desafíos ,Black Sea Basin ,EU strategy ,Derecho ,Energías renovables marinas ,Opportunities and challenges ,Estrategia de la UE ,Marine renewable energies - Abstract
El Mar Negro es enormemente valioso desde diferentes perspectivas: económica, política, social, medioambiental y estratégica. Varias fuentes de energías renovable marinas, potencialmente extraíbles en este espacio, pueden ofrecer soluciones exitosas para diferentes desafíos que existen en la cuenca y más allá. Para ello, el Mar Negro precisa una aproximación regional o, al menos, subregional. A pesar de que la UE ha adoptado diferentes iniciativas, todavía hay espacio para mejorar la coherencia de sus acciones. En este sentido, la UE debería identificar todos los aspectos en relación con los cuales puede allanar el camino y esforzarse por conseguir la máxima conexión lógica entre sus diferentes estrategias, y así maximizar su efectividad. Por último, el crecimiento azul y la energía azul deberían jugar un mayor papel en las planificaciones e iniciativas de la UE para todas las cuencas, incluida la del Mar Negro. The Black Sea is enormously valuable from different perspectives: economic, political, social, environmental and strategic. Various sources of marine renewable energies can offer successful answers to some specific challenges in this basin and beyond. To that end, the Black Sea needs a regional, or at least sub-regional, approach. Despite the European Union has undertaken different initiatives, there is room for improving the consistency of its actions. In this sense, the EU should identify all the aspects in which it can help to pave the way and strive to achieve maximum coherence between its strategies, thereby maximising their effectiveness. Finally, blue growth and blue energy should play a greater role in the European Union’s projections and initiatives for all the sea basins within its scope, included that of the Black Sea. Este artículo ha sido elaborado en el marco de los tres proyectos de investigación siguientes, concedidos por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad: “Alianza Público-Privada en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo en el Sector Pesquero: Las Empresas Pesqueras Españolas en los Países en Desarrollo” (DER 2013-45995-R); “Actores económicos internacionales y derechos humanos. Especial relevancia para España” (DER2014-55484-P); y “Nuevos escenarios jurídicos marítimo-pesqueros y la protección de las gentes del mar” (Red de Excelencia) (DER2015-70965-REDT).
- Published
- 2017
32. Modelling impacts of offshore wind farms on trophic web: the Courseulles-sur-Mer case study
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Raoux, Aurore, Pezy, Jean-Philippe, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Tecchio, Samuele, Degraer, Steven, Wilhelmsson, Dan, Niquil, Nathalie, and Raoux, Aurore
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[SDE] Environmental Sciences ,trophic model Contact author: Aurore Raoux ,Marine Renewable Energies ,UNICAEN - Abstract
The French government is planning the construction of three offshore wind farms in Normandy. These offshorewind farms will integrate into an ecosystem already subject to a growing number of anthropogenic disturbancessuch as transportation, fishing, sediment deposit, and sediment extraction. The possible effects of this cumulativestressors on ecosystem functioning are still unknown, but they could impact their resilience, making themsusceptible to changes from one stable state to another.Understanding the behaviour of these marine coastal complex systems is essential in order to anticipate potentialstate changes, and to implement conservation actions in a sustainable manner. Currently, there are noglobal and integrated studies on the effects of construction and exploitation of offshore wind farms. Moreover,approaches are generally focused on the conservation of some species or groups of species. Here, we developa holistic and integrated view of ecosystem impacts through the use of trophic webs modelling tools. Trophicmodels describe the interaction between biological compartments at different trophic levels and are based on thequantification of flow of energy and matter in ecosystems. They allow the application of numerical methods forthe characterization of emergent properties of the ecosystem, also called Ecological Network Analysis (ENA).These indices have been proposed as ecosystem health indicators as they have been demonstrated to be sensitiveto different impacts on marine ecosystems. We present here in detail the strategy for analysing the potentialenvironmental impacts of the construction of the Courseulles-sur-Mer offshore wind farm (Bay of Seine) such asthe reef effect through the use of the Ecopath with Ecosim software. Similar Ecopath simulations will be made inthe future on the Le Tréport offshore wind farm site.Results will contribute to a better knowledge of the impacts of the offshore wind farms on ecosystems.They also allow to define recommendations for environmental managers and industry in terms of monitoring theeffects of Marine Renewable Energy, not only locally, but also on other sites, national and European levels. Finally,this approach could contribute to a better social acceptability of Marine Renewable Energy projects allowing aholistic vision of all pressures on ecosystems
- Published
- 2016
33. Food web Integration: lessons learned from practical case studies Food-web models and political decision: what could be learned from simulations of cumulated impacts on the Baie of Seine food-web properties?
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Niquil, Nathalie, Mazé, Camille, Raoux, Aurore, Tecchio, Samuele, Dauvin, Jean-Claude, Dambacher, Jeffrey, and Raoux, Aurore
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interdisciplinarity ,climate change ,cumulated impacts ,Marine Renewable Energies ,[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,policy-making process Contact author: Nathalie Niquil ,decision ,trophic models ,UNICAEN - Abstract
The Baie of Seine is a highly impacted ecosystem of the English Channel subjected to fishing, harbour building, dredging, dredged material disposal, pollution etc. It is also highly sensitive to climate change and associated species distribution changes. Moreover, 3 projects of offshore wind-farm building are under negotiation in this ecosystem. Several of those pressures have been studied by food-web modellers, looking at functional and holistic properties derived from the Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indices (see poster Tecchio et al. and Raoux et al.) like connectance, redundancy, trophic efficiency, mean trophic level, recycling or omnivory. These studies are based on different methods where network interactions are quantified or not (qualitative modelling), static or dynamic, statistic (allowing uncertainty estimation) or not. These different models were analysed in order to answer the question: what would be useful, in these ecological studies in the decision and policy-making process? This analysis is based on the conclusions about the understanding of effects of human pressures on the complexity of the functioning of ecosystems and their integration into social-ecological system, with a special interest in interactions of scales, uncertainty estimation, possible use of scenarios and indirect interactions between decisions, through ecosystem changes.
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- 2016
34. Marine Renewable Energies: Regulatory Challenges
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Valentina Rossi
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Regulatory issues ,Normative Framework ,Marine renewable Energies - Abstract
Considered their capacity to deliver economic, social and environmental benefits, marine renewable energies have featured increasingly in sustainable development discussions, with a variety of commitments and initiatives. However, the ongoing and the desired developments put to the test the ability of the existing international regulatory framework to govern these new activities at sea, and legal and regulatory issues are cited in several studies as a major non-technical barrier to their development. It is necessary for international law to provide a coherent and certain framework for operation of domestic regulatory regimes, also ensuring that such regimes respects necessary limits established by international rules.
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- 2016
35. The European Legal Framework for Marine Renewable Energies
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Cudennec, Annie, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[SHS.DROIT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Law ,energy market ,energy network ,European Union ,Marine renewable energies ,Legal framework ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2016
36. Development of Offshore Wind Power: Contrasting Optimal Wind Sites with Legal Restrictions in Galicia, Spain
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Francisco Javier Sanz-Larruga, Luis Gimeno, Santiago Salvador, and X. Costoya
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Control and Optimization ,Buffer zone ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,marine renewable energies ,offshore wind farms ,Iberian Peninsula ,coastal regions ,legal restrictions ,sea users ,marine environment ,wind power density ,European context ,020209 energy ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Peninsula ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental impact assessment ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Strategic environmental assessment ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Wind power ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Marine reserve ,Fishery ,Offshore wind power ,Geography ,Protected area ,business ,Energy (miscellaneous) - Abstract
The region of Galicia, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, has a high wind potential for the installation of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in many areas of its surrounding marine waters. However, legal restrictions derived from the protection of other interests that converge in the marine environment (such as fishing, navigation, and biodiversity conservation) must be considered, along with technical limitations resulting from water depth. This study is aimed at analysing legal restrictions on the installation of OWFs in Galician waters and at identifying those zones of less conflict where the wind power density (WPD) is greater and the depths and distances from the coast are technically feasible given the current status of technology in Europe. To do this, a legal study was performed of both the strategic environmental assessment of the Spanish coast and the regulations of the different marine sectors at European, international, national, and regional levels. In addition, the WPD along the north-western area of the Iberian Peninsula and Europe was calculated, and an analysis of maximum and average depths and distances from the coast of planned and installed OWFs in Europe was made. Two main zones without legal and technical restrictions were identified in the north-eastern corner of Galicia and in the south of the Vigo estuary. The greatest WPD was identified in the north-western zone, from Cape Finisterre to Cape Ortegal, where there are small sites without legal or technical restrictions that are near several protected zones (such as a marine reserve, a special protected area, and a wetland and its buffer zone), making necessary a deeper analysis of the specific impacts of each OWF project in the Environmental Impact Assessment.
- Published
- 2018
37. Compensation for social and ecological impacts of development project : acceptance, perceptions and preferences of local stakeholders. Application of the projected offshore wind farm of the Bay of Saint-Brieuc
- Author
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Kermagoret, Charlène, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, Harold Levrel, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STAR, ABES, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Social and ecological impacts ,Méthode des choix expérimentaux ,Acceptabilité ,Impacts sociaux et écologiques ,Territorial compensation ,Choice experiment method ,Marine Renewable Energies ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Communautés de Pratiques ,Social acceptability ,Cartographie cognitive floue ,Energies Marines Renouvelables ,Offshore wind farms ,Communities of Practice ,Compensation territoriale ,[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Eolien en mer ,Fuzzy cognitive mapping - Abstract
In the context of a territory suffering from the negative impacts of an infrastructure declared of public utility, territorial compensation consists of a set of measure that aims to help maintaining the level of well-being of each and every individual as well as a desirable ecological state. This way, territorial compensation allows to balance between the global scale of the project, in which only the positive impacts are taken into account, and the local scale where both positive and negative externalities of the project are running. Initiated by a questioning on how such a public policy tool can be deployed at the heart of specific territories, the main objective of this PhD work is to characterize the expectation of local stakeholders towards the perceived impacts awaited from the instatement of a development project. More specifically, this work relies on an analytical approach centered on the study of the perception of the stakeholders of the Bay of St-Brieuc territory (Western Brittany, France), who are directly concerned by an offshore wind farm project. To reach suchaims, complementary qualitative and quantitative methods are used such as fuzzy cognitive mapping and choice experiment method. Using this kind of approaches allowed us to better define several keys for understanding how local stakeholders perceive the impacts of such a project and agree or not with compensation being an appropriate answer regarding the negative impacts of the project and consider the implementation of compensation in reference to their preferences towards different types of action – monetary incentives, public goods investments, ecological restoration. Our results show very heterogeneous perceptions in between the different stakeholders that can in a large part beexplained using the concept of Communities of Practice. Finally, when the principle of compensation is accepted by allthe stakeholders of a territory, the equivalency logical that determines the compensation expectations can be of three types: a territorial equivalency, in which the benefits of compensation must be shared by all inhabitants of the impacted territory; an ecological equivalency, in which the level of ecological functions or ecosystem services is maintained constant; and an equivalency based on economic values that must balance the loss of benefits underwent by some professional activities., Les politiques de développement durable ont fait émerger de nombreux outils qui visent à concilier les enjeux de développement économique et ceux de préservation des intérêts sociaux et environnementaux. Parmi eux, la compensation territoriale se matérialise par l’attribution, à un territoire subissant les impacts négatifs d’un aménagement déclaré d’utilité publique, d’un ensemble de mesures visant à maintenir à niveau acceptable le bien-être des individus et l’état écologique du milieu. Elle permet ainsi de rétablir un équilibre entre la dimension globale du projet, qui ne considère que ses effets positifs, et la dimension locale, dans laquelle les externalités positives et négatives du projet rentrent en jeu. Initié par un questionnement sur la mise en oeuvre d’un tel outil de politique publique au sein de territoires spécifiques, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser la demande de compensation par les acteurs du territoire au regard des impacts perçus dans un contexte de projet d’aménagement. Ce travail explore les perceptions des acteurs du territoire de la baie de Saint-Brieuc directement concernés par un projet de parc éolien en mer vis-à-vis de ce principe de compensation. Pour ce faire, des approches qualitatives et quantitatives ont été utilisées de manière complémentaire et font appel à des outils spécifiques tels que la cartographie cognitive floue et la méthode des choix expérimentaux. Cette démarche nous a permis de produire de nombreux éléments de compréhension quant à la manière dont ces acteurs perçoivent les impacts d’un tel projet d’aménagement, acceptent ou non le principe de compensation comme outil de réponse aux impacts négatifs du projet et envisagent la mise en oeuvre de la compensation à travers leurs préférences vis-à-vis de différentes types d’actions – indemnisations financières, investissements dans des biens communs, restauration écologique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les perceptions, très hétérogènes au sein des acteurs du territoire, s’expliquent en grande partie à travers le concept de Communautés de Pratiques. Finalement, lorsque le principe de compensation est accepté par les acteurs du territoire, la logique d’équivalence qui conditionne la demande de compensation peut s’expliquer de trois manières différentes : une équivalence territoriale dans laquelle les bénéfices issus de la compensation doivent profiter à l’ensemble de la population du territoire impacté ; une équivalence écologique dans laquelle le niveau de fonctions écologiques et de services écosystémiques est maintenu constant, une équivalence basée sur des valeurs économiques pour pallier le manque à gagner de certaines activités professionnelles.
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- 2014
38. Modelling foraging movements of diving predators: a theoretical study exploring the effect of heterogeneous landscapes on foraging efficiency
- Author
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Beth E. Scott, Justin M. J. Travis, Kamil A. Bartoń, and Marianna Chimienti
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Conservation Biology ,Foraging efficiency ,Foraging ,Climate change ,lcsh:Medicine ,Marine Biology ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Modelling ,Optimal foraging theory ,Predation ,Predator ,Animal Behavior ,Ecology ,General Neuroscience ,Animal movements ,lcsh:R ,Computational Biology ,General Medicine ,Marine renewable energies ,Spatial heterogeneity ,Heterogeneous landscapes ,Habitat ,Impacts ,Prey switching ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Foraging in the marine environment presents particular challenges for air-breathing predators. Information about prey capture rates, the strategies that diving predators use to maximise prey encounter rates and foraging success are still largely unknown and difficult to observe. As well, with the growing awareness of potential climate change impacts and the increasing interest in the development of renewable sources it is unknown how the foraging activity of diving predators such as seabirds will respond to both the presence of underwater structures and the potential corresponding changes in prey distributions. Motivated by this issue we developed a theoretical model to gain general understanding of how the foraging efficiency of diving predators may vary according to landscape structure and foraging strategy. Our theoretical model highlights that animal movements, intervals between prey capture and foraging efficiency are likely to critically depend on the distribution of the prey resource and the size and distribution of introduced underwater structures. For multiple prey loaders, changes in prey distribution affected the searching time necessary to catch a set amount of prey which in turn affected the foraging efficiency. The spatial aggregation of prey around small devices (∼ 9 × 9 m) created a valuable habitat for a successful foraging activity resulting in shorter intervals between prey captures and higher foraging efficiency. The presence of large devices (∼ 24 × 24 m) however represented an obstacle for predator movement, thus increasing the intervals between prey captures. In contrast, for single prey loaders the introduction of spatial aggregation of the resources did not represent an advantage suggesting that their foraging efficiency is more strongly affected by other factors such as the timing to find the first prey item which was found to occur faster in the presence of large devices. The development of this theoretical model represents a useful starting point to understand the energetic reasons for a range of potential predator responses to spatial heterogeneity and environmental uncertainties in terms of search behaviour and predator–prey interactions. We highlight future directions that integrated empirical and modelling studies should take to improve our ability to predict how diving predators will be impacted by the deployment of manmade structures in the marine environment.
- Published
- 2014
39. Modelado Energético de Convertidores Primarios para el Aprovechamiento de las Energías Renovables Marinas
- Author
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, López, Amable, Somolinos, José Andrés, Núñez, Luis Ramón, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, López, Amable, Somolinos, José Andrés, and Núñez, Luis Ramón
- Abstract
[EN] The main objective of this paper is to present the most common harnessing methods for different types of renewable energy from the sea, and to analyze energy models of the devices used for their exploitation. These models are required for the design of the device as well as for the studying of their dynamic behavior. The knowledge of these models is also necessary for dynamic simulation and for the design of control algorithms in order to achieve energy and economic optimizations. In this paper, some of the different types of ocean energy are presented and the interest in the development of specific devices for the exploitation of sea currents and waves is justified. A small classification based on the depth of water in the area where these devices are to be installed is presented too. For wave energy converters, which are generally resonant type, a general methodology is presented. The different fields of acting forces and methods for obtaining the time and frequency responses are analyzed. For devices for the exploitation of energy from sea currents, it is presented a simplified methodology of dynamic modeling that can be used in analysis of the particular device. It is taken into account the hydrodynamic profiles used in these devices, the data flow profile with depth and wave model together with the gearbox-generator set dynamics. The proposed methodology is applied to a specific case study, corresponding to a horizontal axis rotor from a device for harnessing of tidal energy. The obtained results allow to analyze the effects of wave and flow conditions of non uniform current over the most important energy variables., [ES] El objetivo principal de este artículo es presentar los métodos más habituales de aprovechamiento de distintos tipos de energías renovables procedentes del mar y analizar los modelos energéticos de los dispositivos utilizados para su explotación. Estos modelos son necesarios para el diseño del dispositivo así como para el estudio de su comportamiento dinámico. Su conocimiento resulta imprescindible también para su simulación dinámica y para el diseño de los algoritmos de control necesarios para conseguir una optimización energética y económica. En este trabajo se presentan algunos de los diferentes tipos de energías del mar, y se j ustifica el interés en el desarrollo de dispositivos específicos para el aprovechamiento de las corrientes marinas y de las olas, junto con una pequeña clasificación en función de la profundidad del agua en la zona de instalación de estos dispositivos. Para los convertidores de energía de las olas, generalmente, de tipo resonante, se presenta una metodología de tipo general, analizando los distintos campos de fuerzas actuantes y los métodos de obtención de las respuestas temporal y frecuencial. Para los dispositivos de aprovechamiento de las corrientes, se propone una metodología simplificada de modelado dinámico que puede ser utilizada en análisis del dispositivo concreto. Para ello se tiene en cuenta los perfiles hidrodinámicos que utilizan estos dispositivos, los datos del perfil de la corriente con la profundidad y del modelo de oleaje, y la dinámica propia del conjunto multiplicadora y generador eléctrico. La metodología propuesta se aplica al estudio de un caso concreto, correspondiente a un rotor de eje horizontal de un convertidor de energía de las corrientes. Los resultados obtenidos permiten analizar los efectos del oleaje y de las condiciones de flujo de la corriente no uniforme sobre las magnitudes energéticas más importantes.
- Published
- 2014
40. Modelling foraging movements of diving predators: a theoretical study exploring the effect of heterogeneous landscapes on foraging efficiency.
- Author
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Chimienti M, Bartoń KA, Scott BE, and Travis JM
- Abstract
Foraging in the marine environment presents particular challenges for air-breathing predators. Information about prey capture rates, the strategies that diving predators use to maximise prey encounter rates and foraging success are still largely unknown and difficult to observe. As well, with the growing awareness of potential climate change impacts and the increasing interest in the development of renewable sources it is unknown how the foraging activity of diving predators such as seabirds will respond to both the presence of underwater structures and the potential corresponding changes in prey distributions. Motivated by this issue we developed a theoretical model to gain general understanding of how the foraging efficiency of diving predators may vary according to landscape structure and foraging strategy. Our theoretical model highlights that animal movements, intervals between prey capture and foraging efficiency are likely to critically depend on the distribution of the prey resource and the size and distribution of introduced underwater structures. For multiple prey loaders, changes in prey distribution affected the searching time necessary to catch a set amount of prey which in turn affected the foraging efficiency. The spatial aggregation of prey around small devices (∼ 9 × 9 m) created a valuable habitat for a successful foraging activity resulting in shorter intervals between prey captures and higher foraging efficiency. The presence of large devices (∼ 24 × 24 m) however represented an obstacle for predator movement, thus increasing the intervals between prey captures. In contrast, for single prey loaders the introduction of spatial aggregation of the resources did not represent an advantage suggesting that their foraging efficiency is more strongly affected by other factors such as the timing to find the first prey item which was found to occur faster in the presence of large devices. The development of this theoretical model represents a useful starting point to understand the energetic reasons for a range of potential predator responses to spatial heterogeneity and environmental uncertainties in terms of search behaviour and predator-prey interactions. We highlight future directions that integrated empirical and modelling studies should take to improve our ability to predict how diving predators will be impacted by the deployment of manmade structures in the marine environment.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Réenchanter le maritime par la promesse énergétique : technologies, trajectoires, discours
- Author
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Roche, Sylvain, Dupuy, Claude, Ferrari, Sylvie, Smith, Andy, Durance, Philippe, Le Floc'h, Pascal, Bouneau, Christophe, Banel, Éric, Connan, Guillaume, Groupe de Recherche en Economie Théorique et Appliquée (GREThA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Bordeaux, Claude Dupuy, Sylvie Ferrari, and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
Innovation énergétique ,Beliefs ,Technical system ,Système technique ,Marine renewable energies ,Technological trajectories ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,Trajectoires technologiques ,Blue growth ,Croissance bleue ,Énergies marines renouvelables ,Energy innovation ,Croyances ,[SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance - Abstract
This thesis sheds light on the dynamics of change in the energy system by taking the example of marine renewable energies (MRE). By exploring ten case studies (both sectoral and territorial), it reflects on the reasons for the return of these technologies in the 2000’s. Previously excluded from the dominant paradigm of French electricity production, in the 1980s, marine renewable energies are currently making a comeback in the context of the systemic crisis of the 3Es (environmental, economic and energy). At the interface of energy policies (energy transition policies) and maritime policies (blue growth policies), marine renewable energies were legitimized when the sea became a new horizon for (re)building visionary, avant-garde and technopolitical discourses. Through this, we highlight the importance of beliefs and collective representations of technological activity. Through the diversity of technological trajectories discussed in this thesis (tidal stream and tidal range energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy conversion and offshore wind energy), we show that, in France, the industry of marine renewable energies presents itself as a political construction without asserted technological consistency, at the interface between different technical worlds. This thesis put into perspective the notion of disruptive innovation and creative destruction by highlighting phenomena of technological rebirth, which can take several decades and even centuries. Through a retroprospective analysis, this thesis defends the idea that the dynamics of change of the energy system are not mainly driven by creation and novelty, but could, rather, be construed as a process of update and reinterpretation of existing technological principles. This thesis aims to provide insights to economists, sociologists and historians of technology who try to understand the trajectories of innovation and the conditions for success of energy technologies., Cette thèse analyse les dynamiques de changement du système énergétique en se focalisant sur les énergies marines renouvelables (EMR). A travers l’examen de dix études de cas (études à la fois sectorielles et territoriales), elle s’interroge sur les raisons du retour de ces technologies au tournant des années 2000. Mises à la marge du paradigme dominant de la production d’électricité des années 1980, nous montrons que les énergies marines renouvelables sont revenues sur le devant de la scène dans un contexte de crise systémique des 3E (environnementale, économique et énergétique). A l’interface des politiques énergétiques (celles de la transition énergétique) et des politiques maritimes (celles de la croissance bleue), les énergies marines renouvelables ont été légitimées au moment où la mer est devenue un terrain pour (re)construire des discours visionnaires, avant-gardistes et technopolitiques. Par ce biais, nous mettons en lumière l’importance des croyances et des représentations collectives sur l’activité technologique. Au regard de la diversité des trajectoires technologiques examinées (énergie des marées et des courants, énergie des vagues, énergie thermique des mers et éolien marin), nous montrons que « la filière » des énergies marines renouvelables se présente en France comme une construction politique sans cohérence technologique affirmée entre des univers techniques différents. Cette thèse permet également de relativiser la notion d’innovation de rupture et de destruction créatrice en mettant en évidence des phénomènes de résurgence technologique pouvant durer plusieurs décennies, voire plusieurs siècles, dans l’exploitation de sources d’énergies renouvelables. Enfin, en s’inscrivant dans une démarche rétro-prospective, cette thèse défend l’idée que les processus fondamentaux dans la dynamique de changement du système énergétique ne sont pas la création et la nouveauté mais plutôt l’actualisation et la réinterprétation. Elle entend ainsi apporter une contribution originale aux interrogations à la fois des économistes, des sociologues et des historiens des techniques, qui chacun dans leur domaine tentent de comprendre les trajectoires de l'innovation et les conditions de réussite des technologies de l’énergie.
42. On sizing and control of a renewables-based hybrid power supply system for stand-alone applications in an island context
- Author
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El Tawil, Tony, Jean-Frédéric Charpentier, Mohamed Benbouzid, Seddik Bacha [Président], Tuan Tran-Quoc [Rapporteur], Manuela Sechilariu [Rapporteur], Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale (IRENAV), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (IRDL), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest
- Subjects
VSG regulation ,[SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other ,Hybrid systems regulation ,Réglage VSG ,Hybrid energy production systems ,Site insulaire ,Réglage des systèmes hybride ,Vector regulation ,Marine renewable energies ,Islanded site ,Réglage vectoriel ,Système d’alimentation hybride ,Energies renouvelables marines - Abstract
This PhD thesis models a renewable-based hybrid power supply system applied in an islanded context and investigates sizing and regulation strategies of such a hybrid system. First, various marine energy production technologies were reviewed and compared to common renewable resources. As well, various energy storage technologies were reviewed, compared, and evaluated to fit the chosen site characteristics. A brief investigation on offshore energy transmission and inverter regulations methods is presented. Then, a study of the site characteristics, and the availability of the different renewable energy resources in the area are presented. This energy study constitutes the basis of the proposed system sizing method, where minimizing the cost and the CO2 emissions are considered as the main objectives. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic power management approach is proposed for the islanded microgrid. Finally, a detailed study of the system components grid-side inverter regulation is presented. Three regulation levels were investigated: the single inverter, the renewable farm, and the hybrid system. In this context, different regulation strategies are considered at each level.; L’objectif de cette thèse est de dimensionner et régler un système hybride de production d’énergie pour un site isolé de type insulaire, basé sur des énergies renouvelables marines. De manière préliminaire divers systèmes de production d’énergie renouvelable marine ont d’abord été étudiés et comparés de manière qualitative à des systèmes de production d’énergie classiques. Plusieurs types de système de stockage d’énergie ont également été étudiés, comparés et évalués dans le cas du site considéré. Cette analyse préliminaire a été étendue aux différents types de transmissions d’énergie offshore et de méthodes de réglage des convertisseurs associés aux sources renouvelables. A partir de l’étude des caractéristiques du site et de l’analyse statistique des ressources renouvelables (vents, courants marins) une méthode de dimensionnement des éléments du système de production est présentée, dans l’objectif de minimiser les émissions de CO2 et le coût du système sur son cycle de vie. Pour cela, une solution de gestion de la puissance basée sur la logique floue est proposée pour le type de site considéré et comparée à une solution plus classique basée sur des règles logiques. Pour finir, une étude détaillée des différentes méthodes de réglage du système hybride côté réseau est présentée. Trois niveaux de réglage sont considérés : réglage d’une source unique, réglage d’une ferme de plusieurs sources et réglage global du système hybride. Plusieurs modes de réglage sont considérés pour chaque niveau.
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