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Zircaloy-4 has an important role in the construction of generation III nuclear reactors. An important application is the fuel element sheath, which must have excellent corrosion resistance in the working environment, adequate mechanical characteristics and very good heat transfer properties from the combustible element to the coolant. The corrosion processes at high temperatures, the accidents that lead to significant increases in temperature and the structural transformations associated with them affect the heat transfer process. The paper presents research on the influence of high temperatures on the microstructure and thermal diffusivity of the zy-4 alloy. The samples were treated in air, at temperatures between 850 and 1050 °C for 60 min. The corrosion layers were characterized microstructurally and chemically. Furthermore, the transformations produced in the base material under the corrosion layer were analyzed. The values of thermal diffusivity were determined and correlated with the structural transformations. Considering the state of research on the materials appropriate to be used for new generation reactors, the current importance of third-generation reactors for energy systems and the fact that they will operate in the coming years, we consider that the study offers useful outcomes in the field of nuclear energy.

Combined analysis methods such as optical microscopy (OM), cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDX) have made it possible to obtain the first physico-chemical data of Dacian potsherds, exhumed at the archeological site of Ocnița-Buridava, Romania, the samples were provided by the “Aurelian Sacerdoțeanu” County Museum Vâlcea, dating from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD. The mineralogical and petrographic analyses revealed two types of ceramic pastes, taking into account the granulometry of the inclusions and highlighting the choice of the potter for fabricating the ceramic either by wheel or by hand. All samples showed an abundance in quartz, mica (muscovite and biotite), and feldspars. These observations were confirmed by cathodoluminescence imagery, revealing heterogeneous pastes with varied granulometric distributions. The XRD patterns indicated the presence of the mineral phases, indicating a firing temperature below 900 °C. The wheel-made ceramics have a fine, compact matrix with very fine inclusions (&lt, 40 µm). On the other hand, the hand-made ceramics present a coarse matrix, with inclusions whose granulometry reaches approximately 2 mm. The difference between these two types of ceramics is also confirmed by the mineralogical and chemical analysis. The wheel-made potsherds are more abundant in MgO, Al2O3, and CaO contents.

The paper presents one part from the RATEN ICN contribution to the European FP7 MatISSE Project objectives, which is focused on the fracture mechanics properties of small tubes made from ODS steels (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened steels). The ODS tubes are foreseen as cladding tubes for gen IV reactors, and therefore the mechanical properties are very important for working in the most aggressive environment (irradiation and high temperatures) during the gen IV reactor operation. The fracture toughness, KIC, could be obtained for tubes with small diameters by means of the PLT-type mechanical test (acronym for Pin-Loading Test). This kind of test is a non-standard (ASTM) mechanical test, and during last decade it is still worldwide under development. The specific specimens for PLT-tests has been prepared from ODS tubes, which were provided to the project by the CEA France, a partner in the FP 7 MatISSE, in two different compositions: Fe -9cr ODS and Fe -14 Cr ODS. The paper highlights the PLT experimental test methodology, starting with obtaining of the geometric function, description of the experimental set-up and results processing.

The paper aims to investigate the mechanical properties of tubes having a small diameter and made from new steels called ODS steels Oxide Dispersion Strengthened steels). These new materials are candidate materials for fuel claddings in the generation IV reactors. This work contributes to original results to the experimental program carried out by RATEN ICN Pitesti in the framework of the FP7 European MatISSE Project (Materials� Innovations for a Safe and Sustainable nuclear �n Europe). The experimental method used for the investigating of the mechanical properties of ODS steel tubes is a non-standard method, known as Ring Tension Test (acronym - RTT). It is recommended for the mechanical testing of tubes with thinner walls and reduced inner diameter. The main advantage of RTT is that the tested sample maintains the initial geometry of the component from which has been made. For the experimental RTT tests, the ODS tubes were provided by MatISSE Project participant, CEA France. Tubes are in two different compositions: Fe-9Cr ODS and Fe-14Cr ODS. For a better understanding of the ODS mechanical properties, some further investigation on the scanning electron microscopy is carried out.

This study aims at determining the influence of thermal shocks at high temperatures, over the allotropic temperature, on the microstructure, composition and hardness of the Zy-4 sheath. The thermal shocks have been applied at the temperatures between 900 and 1600�C, in the air, lasting 30 and 60 s, through rapid heating in the solar furnace. The treated samples were microstructurally analyzed on the surface and in section by scanning electron microscopy and EDS, thickness measurement of the formed layers, the oxygen and hardness profile determination in section relative to the treated surface. At the microstructural level, the researches have revealed the evolution of the morphology of the oxide layers formed under high temperature thermal shock conditions and the evolution of the microstructure of the metallic mass as the temperature and shock duration increase, correlating this evolution with the oxygen diffusion process and with the evolution of the microhardness. Researches have provided information on the Zy-4 alloy behaviour under accidental conditions.

This paper presents the researches on the influence of thermal shocks on the heat transfer properties of the zircaloy-4, now used in fuel element cladding of third generation nuclear reactors. Thermal shock testing was performed using solar energy at high temperatures, up to 1350�C, with 1, 3 and 6 thermal cycles of 60s. The determination of the thermal diffusivity of the tested samples was made by the flash method at 350 �C, the operating temperature of the third-generation nuclear reactors.

In the present study we have analysed the thermal oxidation of Ni and dilute ( 1 − x O single crystals. In the temperature range 900°–1200 °C, Al 3 + or Cr 3 + additions decrease the oxidation rates of Ni 1 − x O single crystals in their stability range, due to the kinetic demixing of cations. At T 3 + and Cr 3 + in the outer layer and to the decrease of the mobility of Ni 2 + when the amount of Cr 3 + or Al 3 + decreases in Ni 1 − x O.

We report in this paper on the deposition and characterization of CeO 2 nanostructured thin films with hierarchical morphology. Micro-sized ceria powder (CeO 2 , 99.9% purity) was pressed to obtain a ceramic target. An ArF laser working at 193 nm irradiated the target in controlled oxygen gas flow at constant pressure (0.1 mbar). Silicon wafers used as substrates for thin films were heated at different temperatures, up to 773 K. The influence of substrate temperature on the structure and surface morphology of ceria thin films was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The refractive indices and information about roughness and thickness were revealed by spectroellipsometry. Crystalline cubic ceria thin films exhibiting a hierarchical structure that combines columnar and dendritic growth were obtained at temperatures above 473 K. For the samples obtained at 773 K, columns ending in pyramidal formations with sharp edges and sizes of hundreds of nanometers were observed, indicating a high crystallinity of the layer. XRD analysis reveals a consistent increase of the X-ray coherence length/crystallite size along the [111] direction with increasing temperature. Using a semi-empirical formula, Raman crystallites sizes were calculated and it was found that size increases with the temperature increasing. The spectroellipsometry investigations evidenced the increasing of refractive index with the substrate temperature increase. High surface roughness and pyramidal structures were noticed from the atomic force microscopy images for layers deposited at substrate temperature above 473 K.

Aluminum alloys are used in the aerospace industry due to their good mechanical properties and their low density compared with the density of steels. Usually the parts made of aluminum alloys contribute to the structural frame of aircrafts and they must withstand static and variable mechanical loads and also mechanical loads applied in a very short time which determine different phenomenon's in the material behavior then static or fatigue loads. This paper analysis the resilience of a 2024 aluminum alloy subjected to shock loads and the way how a coating can improve its behavior. For improving the behavior two coatings were considered: Al 2 O 3 with 99.5% purity and ZrO 2 /20%Y 2 O 3 . The coatings were deposited on the base material by plasma spraying. The samples with and without coating were subject to mechanical shock to determine the resilience of the materials and the cracks propagation was investigated using SEM analysis. To highlight the physical phenomenon's that appear in the samples during the mechanical shock, explicit finite element analysis were done using Ansys 14.5 software.

The behavior of the material subjected to thermal shock is influenced by its phase stability, its micro structural properties and its thermal expansion properties. This paper analysis the behavior of an 99,5% purity Al2O3 deposited on a Ti alloy subjected to thermal shock with the purpose to determine the possibility to improve parts made from Ti alloy that work in high temperature transient conditions. The sample was subject to thermal shock at a maximum temperature of 1200 °C. The maximum temperature was reached in 12 seconds and the cooling of the part to room temperature was done also in 12 seconds. To determine the influence of the thermal shock on the materials SEM and XRD analysis were done before and after the thermal shock on the sample. Finite element analysis was done to determine the stress distribution in the due to thermal expansion of the materials.

Shape memory alloys represent a perfect solution for noiselessly actuation with possibility of natural activation without extra energy consume. Copper-based shape memory alloy represent a cheap solution of classical Nitinol. After melting and heat treatment the experimental alloy was mechanically polished and chemical etched in order to highlight the alloy microstructure in hardened state. In this article results about an experimental alloy microstructure relief are presented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, VegaTC demo) and atomic force microscopy (AFM, Nanosurf EasyScan II) were used to analyze the profile of a shape memory alloy based on copper after the annealing heat treatment.

The high reversibility of the martensitic transformation occurring in shape-memory alloys (SMAs) is at the origin of the mechanical performance of these materials. Infrared thermography is employed in this study to measure the mechanical dissipation produced by Cu–Zn–Al SMA specimens during stress-induced phase transformation. In practice, temperature change is first measured on the surface of a specimen subjected to cyclic mechanical loading at constant ambient temperature. The heat produced by the material can then be deduced from the temperature change by using the heat diffusion equation. The heat associated to mechanical irreversibility is expected to be very low compared to the other heat quantities produced by the material (such as the latent heat due to phase change and the heat due to thermoelastic coupling), so measuring this quantity requires special attention, as emphasized in this paper. The procedure which enables us to extract the mechanical dissipation from the measured heat source is first presented. The technique is then applied to two types of specimens: martensitic and austenitic. Different values of mechanical dissipation were measured, thus revealing different levels of mechanical irreversibility.

Transport properties of Al (0.11 at%)-doped Ni 1− x O, at equilibrium and in presence of a driving force of diffusion, have been studied to understand the oxidation behaviour of dilute Ni–Al (0.5 wt%) alloys. At T 2+ , but faster at T ≥ 1000 °C, where the inner porous layer shows a low adhesion to the metal, with a greater amount of Al 3+ . The increasing oxidation rates at the higher temperatures are in discrepancy with experiments performed in the stability range of undoped and Al-doped Ni 1− x O single crystals. A formal treatment of transport processes under non-equilibrium conditions has allowed us to analyse the role played by doping. It has been found both that the Al 3+ enrichment near the metal/oxide interface is largely due to kinetic demixing processes through the oxide scale and that the increasing alloy oxidation kinetics, at T ≥ 1000 °C, is largely due to oxygen molecules which penetrate the oxide scale along cracks or fissures. It is suggested that the fissure formation along grain boundaries is due to the influence of Al on the nickel ion mobility, leading to a localized oxide particle growth within the scale itself.

The solar furnaces make it possible to implement high temperature material processing. The solar physical vapor deposition (SPVD) is an original process to prepare nanopowders. This method is illustrated by borrowing results obtained on oxides such as ZnO pure or containing various elements in addition. It is shown that the X-rays diffraction analysis allows a fine nanostructural characterisation of these powders while informing on their composition and on coherence diffraction domain (size and shape anisotropy). In many cases, HRTEM achieves the XRD analysis. An exploration of the properties of these nanopowders led to highlight original behaviours.

Materials engineering involves knowledge of the fundamental physics, chemistry and engineering of materials in order to elaborate, develop, and use materials with superior and new properties. The research, development and applications of materials are the major reasons behind the availability, cost reduction, innovations and improvements in all the fields of industry. Master's programs are designed to give you a solid (strong) education in the materials engineering field. Students entering a Master program have already earned a bachelor's degree and have solid acquirement of engineering. The program entails coursework, examinations and an internship or other applied experience. A master report is required to obtain the masters degree based on the researches during the stage. During a Master programme the students learn to approach complex issues from the perspective of different disciplines such as: characterisation of materials, thermodynamics, structurals transformations, technology of materials, properties of surfaces or initiation on research methods. By understanding the properties of materials, materials engineers create new materials with desired properties. Students entering a Ph.D. program have already earned a a masters degree in the field of „Materials engineering". Because of the nature of specialization the Ph.D. program tends to be smaller than master program. The international orientation of the practice stage approaches to of the Erasmus mobilites. A Ph.D. typically demonstrates a person's competence in research. Ph.D. students begin by taking courses and exams, go on to taking advanced seminars and preparing dissertation research. To complete their knowledges, they are continuing by researching, writing and completeing a dissertation thesis. The doctoral-level thesis, is the culmination of a Ph.D. candidate's research into a topic and is the major requirement of earning the doctorate. A doctoral degree is obviously a more advanced degree. However, it is long. Depending on the program, a PhD could take 4-8 years to complete. A PhD programs entails 3 years of coursework and a dissertation. During this these years the independent researchs projects are designed to cover new knowledge in your field and to be of publishable quality. Doctoral study offers the unique opportunity for an individual to develope intensive and prolonged research on a particular topic, which often leads to publication. The present paper presents the association of Romanian and French university teachers to educate students to prepare a Master diploma and to continue with cotutelle doctoral studies in the field of materials engineering.

For the last 30 years, AA2024 aluminum alloy was very used as structural material in the aerospace industry due to its low density and good mechanical strength. The phenomenon of precipitation hardening in aluminum alloys takes place at relatively low temperature and induces the precipitation of intermetallic particles composed of the main alloying elements i.e., copper and magnesium. The fundamental stage of the age-hardening process consists in the acceleration of the decomposition phenomenon of the supersaturated solid solution, resulting in the coarse intermetallic particle precipitation; stage where the mechanical properties reaches the maximum values, but at the cost of a low corrosion resistance. In this paper, the AA2024 alloy microstructure was studied during the over-ageing process. The over-ageing treatment (T7) is supposed to stabilize the microstructure and the mechanical properties to improve the corrosion resistance. The over-ageing treatment consists in a solution treatment at 495±5°C for 1 hour, quenched into cold water and artificial aged. Three different artificial ageing temperatures were studied: 150°C, 175°C and 190°C. The mechanical properties modifications were followed by Vickers macrohardness measurements. The treatment duration for each temperature (36 days for 150°C, 50 hrs for 175°C and 24 hrs for 190°C) was determined by a given macrohardness reduction. To characterize the over-aged AA2024 alloy microstructure, a statistical analysis of the surface fraction and surface density of intermetallic particles was made. The intermetallic particle dimension distribution, depending on the over-ageing temperature, was also observed. To do so, scanning electron microscope observations were carried out and image analyses were performed from backscattered electron images.

The 2xxx serie aluminum alloys are characterized by good mechanical performances and low density, however they are susceptible to different forms of localized corrosion: pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. The 2024-T351 aluminum alloy is used in the aircraft industry for numerous applications such as fuselage and door skin. Corrosion damage of the material is also very detrimental for the structural integrity of the aircraft. The presence of coarse intermetallic particles, with a heterogeneous size distribution was found to be responsible for the 2024 susceptibility to localized corrosion. These particles are generally the cause of initiation sites. Presence of micro-defects in the oxide film upon coarse intermetallic particles and the galvanic coupling with the matrix contribute to the development of pitting corrosion. The over-ageing treatment (T7) is supposed to stabilize the microstructure and the mechanical properties to improve the corrosion resistance. The 2024 alloy microstructure after the T7 heat treatment remains very complex. The 2024 alloy corrosion behavior was studied in the over-ageing state for three different temperatures (150, 175 and 190 °C). During the corrosion tests in chloride-containing environment, the behavior of coarse intermetallic particles was found to be different. Thus, the 2024 samples suffer a gradual attack upon S-Al2CuMg particles and finally Al (Cu,Mn,Fe,Si) particles. The corrosion damage was studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Kelvin probe Force Microscopy (KFM). This technique allows simultaneous topographical and electric potential mapping to be obtained. This latest potential was shown to be correlated to the corrosion potential of the 2024 alloy. This study focuses on the variation of the KFM potential of the coarse intermetallic particles and the matrix for the over-ageing conditions (T7). Observations using optical microscope and AFM were also performed to obtain the corrosion rate for each condition. The corrosion rate was correlated to the chemical composition variation of the particles obtained by scanning electron microscope observations and EDS analyses.

Transmission electron microscopy, XPS analysis, electrical conductivity and diffusion measurements were used to characterize the transport properties and grain boundary segregation phenomena in 9 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The highest grain boundary electrical conductivity (σgb) and oxygen diffusion coefficient (DO) values are shown by samples with a cleaner microstructure, sintered at 1600 °C and rapidly cooled at the end of sintering. XPS measurements show that an yttrium and silicon kinetic demixing process takes place during cooling. The amount of silicon rejected in the grain boundaries decreases when the cooling rate at the end of sintering increases, in agreement with the highest grain boundary conductivity values of the quenched samples. A formal treatment has allowed us to show that these results can be explained by the two competing effects occurring during cooling: the cation redistribution kinetics and the cooling rate.

The paper proposes a method of obtaining oxide nanopowders in a solar reactor using the solar energy (solar physical vapor deposition). The proposed method is a new method of obtaining nanopowders. Taking into consideration that the properties of the materials change once they get to nanodimensions it is desirable to obtain nanomaterials starting from base materials. Because of the properties that nanomaterials provide, the demand has grown in the last period of time. Also the last few years provided a various number of nanomaterials used in different fields of research. Among the materials that were obtained by SPVD there can be reminded the MoS2, the MoS2doped with Zn, CeO2doped with Zr. The CeO2is used in applications such as catalysis, gas sensor, fuell cell as well as optical additives. All of the obtained nanopowders were analyzed and characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to acquire the information about the crystallography and morphology considering the reactions parameters that were used in obtaining the nanopowders. From the X-Ray diffraction can be concluded in the case of the CeO2that doping occurred. By controlling the reactions parameters the end result is different in therms of obtained morphology of the nanopowders. All of the above elaborated nanopowders can be deposited in the form of thin films by laser ablation method in order to obtain better properties of the base material.

The geometry of Al 2 O 3 –TiO 2 (13 wt.%) plasma-sprayed deposits produced on flat coupons with various spray gun kinematic parameters was analyzed by several methods: a precise co-ordinates measuring machine (CMM), a laser profilometer, a stylus roughness measuring tester and optical microscopy. A comparative study of these methods was performed. To quantify the deposit geometry a set of parameters was implemented. The deposit morphology was discussed with respect of the deposition timeframe, spray angle and number of passes. At low thickness, the deposit is discontinuous due to the discrete nature of plasma spray deposition, while the profile of thicker deposits is continuous and exhibits a normal distribution. A homothetic growth of deposit with the number of passes was observed. The geometric information was combined to define the geometry of a deposit model to be used for optimization of robotic trajectories in Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS).

Mechanical alloying (MA) is an efficient approach for fabricating ODS alloys and structural materials including vanadium alloys for fusion and fission applications. Dissolution behavior of the alloying elements is a key issue for optimizing the mechanical alloying process in fabricating vanadium alloys. This paper studies the MA process of V-4wt.%Cr-4wt.%Ti alloy. The outcomes of the MA powders in a planetary ball mill are reported in terms of powder particle size, morphology and composition evolution. The impact of spark-plasma sintering process on the mechanically alloyed powder is analyzed. The microstructure of the V-4wt.%Cr-4wt.%Ti alloy prepared by mechanical milling is investigated with a X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope.

The precise determination of the plastic behaviour of anisotropic sheet metals is a key element for obtaining reliable results in numerical simulations of forming processes. In this study, an identification procedure has been developed using an 8- parameter yield surface model. The procedure is based on the analysis of both classical uniaxial tension tests performed along different directions, and heterogeneous biaxial tensile tests. Two types of cruciform specimens have been designed to this end. Under biaxial stretching, the specimens are submitted to strain fields covering the range from uniaxial tension to equibiaxial tension. First, the analysis of uniaxial tensile tests allows us to determine strain-hardening parameters, and yield function parameters related to strain- and stress-anisotropy. Then, the other yield function parameters defining the shape of the yield surface in the biaxial stretching range are obtained using an identification procedure which minimizes the difference between strain fields obtained experimentally by an image correlation method, and strain fields determined by numerical simulations using a finite element code. The identification procedure has been applied to 2 steels of deep-drawing quality, an AISI304 stainless steel and two aluminium alloys. The results display the high sensitivity of the proposed identification method. Validation tests are also presented; La détermination précise du comportement plastique des tôles métalliques anisotropes est un élément clé d'une simulation numérique fiable des procédés de mise en forme par emboutissage. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis au point une procédure d'identification paramétrique d'un modèle de surface de plasticité anisotrope à 8 paramètres, qui s'appuie sur des essais classiques de traction uniaxiale selon différentes orientations de l'éprouvette, mais aussi sur des essais de traction biaxiale hétérogènes. Ces derniers ont d'abord nécessité la conception de 2 types d'éprouvettes cruciformes qui, sollicitées en traction biaxiale, sont soumises à des champs de déformation couvrant le domaine allant de la traction uniaxiale à la traction équibiaxiale. L'analyse des essais de traction permet tout d'abord de déterminer les paramètres d'écrouissage ainsi que certains des paramètres de la fonction de charge liés à l'anisotropie en déformation et l'anisotropie en contrainte des matériaux. Les autres paramètres de la fonction de charge, qui interviennent dans la définition de la forme de la surface de plasticité dans le domaine de l'expansion, sont ensuite obtenus à l'aide d'une méthode d'identification minimisant l'écart entre les champs de déformation obtenus expérimentalement par une méthode d'analyse d?images, et ceux déterminés par simulation des essais à l'aide d'un code de calcul par éléments finis. La procédure d'identification a été appliquée à deux nuances d'aciers pour emboutissage, un acier inoxydable AISI304, et deux alliages d'aluminium. Les résultats montrent la grande sensibilité de la méthode d'identification proposée. Des essais de validation sont également présentés

The precise determination of the plastic behaviour of anisotropic sheet metals is a key element for obtaining reliable results in numerical simulations of forming processes. In this study, an identification procedure has been developed using an 8- parameter yield surface model. The procedure is based on the analysis of both classical uniaxial tension tests performed along different directions, and heterogeneous biaxial tensile tests. Two types of cruciform specimens have been designed to this end. Under biaxial stretching, the specimens are submitted to strain fields covering the range from uniaxial tension to equibiaxial tension. First, the analysis of uniaxial tensile tests allows us to determine strain-hardening parameters, and yield function parameters related to strain- and stress-anisotropy. Then, the other yield function parameters defining the shape of the yield surface in the biaxial stretching range are obtained using an identification procedure which minimizes the difference between strain fields obtained experimentally by an image correlation method, and strain fields determined by numerical simulations using a finite element code. The identification procedure has been applied to 2 steels of deep-drawing quality, an AISI304 stainless steel and two aluminium alloys. The results display the high sensitivity of the proposed identification method. Validation tests are also presented, La détermination précise du comportement plastique des tôles métalliques anisotropes est un élément clé d'une simulation numérique fiable des procédés de mise en forme par emboutissage. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis au point une procédure d'identification paramétrique d'un modèle de surface de plasticité anisotrope à 8 paramètres, qui s'appuie sur des essais classiques de traction uniaxiale selon différentes orientations de l'éprouvette, mais aussi sur des essais de traction biaxiale hétérogènes. Ces derniers ont d'abord nécessité la conception de 2 types d'éprouvettes cruciformes qui, sollicitées en traction biaxiale, sont soumises à des champs de déformation couvrant le domaine allant de la traction uniaxiale à la traction équibiaxiale. L'analyse des essais de traction permet tout d'abord de déterminer les paramètres d'écrouissage ainsi que certains des paramètres de la fonction de charge liés à l'anisotropie en déformation et l'anisotropie en contrainte des matériaux. Les autres paramètres de la fonction de charge, qui interviennent dans la définition de la forme de la surface de plasticité dans le domaine de l'expansion, sont ensuite obtenus à l'aide d'une méthode d'identification minimisant l'écart entre les champs de déformation obtenus expérimentalement par une méthode d'analyse d?images, et ceux déterminés par simulation des essais à l'aide d'un code de calcul par éléments finis. La procédure d'identification a été appliquée à deux nuances d'aciers pour emboutissage, un acier inoxydable AISI304, et deux alliages d'aluminium. Les résultats montrent la grande sensibilité de la méthode d'identification proposée. Des essais de validation sont également présentés