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Composition and antimicrobial activity of root, leaf, stem, flower and fruit essential oils from cultivated Pastinaca sativa subsp. sativa, and its two wild-growing relatives P. sativa subsp. urens and P. hirsuta (Apiaceae) were investigated. Twenty-nine hydrodistilled essential oils of plants from different localities and/or years were analysed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Dominant in root oils was myristicin (P. sativa) or apiole (P. hirsuta), in leaf and stem oils myristicin (cultivated plants) or γ-palmitolactone (wild-growing plants) and in flower and fruit oils aliphatic esters. Multivariate statistics (PCA, nMDS, UPGMA clustering) generally revealed separation of oils of investigated Pastinaca taxa and demonstrated their chemosystematic significance. One oil per each organ of all three plants (fifteen in total) was tested using microdilution method for activity against Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Enterobacter cloacae; MIC = 0.25–8 mg/mL, MBC(MFC) = 0.5–16 mg/mL.

The Balkan Peninsula is a hotspot of European biodiversity, harbouring many endemic species. Cerastium decalvans is a heteroploid species endemic to mountainous areas throughout the Balkan Peninsula. It is morphologically extremely variable, and multiple infraspecific taxa have been described. Mostly tetra-, octo- and hexadecaploids have been reported, but their distribution and relationship to morphological differentiation remain unknown. To disentangle relationships among 62 populations sampled across the distribution of the species, we applied an integrative approach. Using flow cytometry, we show that tetraploids are the most widespread cytotype, whereas octoploids are limited to the south-east of the distribution area and hexadecaploids occur mostly in high mountains of the central–eastern Balkan Peninsula. The main genetic break revealed by AFLPs separates uniformly tetraploid populations from the Dinaric Mountains in the north-west of the distribution area from the south-eastern populations. Based on our data we hypothesize multiple (auto)polyploidization events leading to the origin of octoploid populations and two allopolyploidization events leading to the origin of hexadecaploids. By combining genome size, AFLP and morphological data, we suggest recognition of five subspecies, of which we here describe hexadecaploid C. decalvans subsp. doerfleri subsp. nov. endemic to the Albanian Alps. In addition, the presence of several phylogenetic lineages and multiple ploidies with pronounced morphological variability in the southern and eastern Balkan Peninsula points to pronounced environmental stability of this area throughout the Quaternary, enabling survival and divergence in situ, and further supports the role of the Balkans as a sanctuary of plant diversification.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: saprotrophic fungi Psathyrella typhae, Stropharia halophila, mosses Bryum klingraeffii and Buxbaumia viridis, liverwort Scapania gymnostomophila, fern Matteuccia struthiopteris, monocots Galanthus nivalis, Listera ovata, and Ophrys apifera, and dicots Astragalus dasyanthus and Paeonia officinalis subsp. banatica.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: cyanobacteria Anagnostidinema amphibium, mycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma frondosae, stonewort Chara connivens, mosses Dicranum polysetum and Ulota intermedia, and dicots Eclipta prostrata, Paeonia daurica subsp. daurica, Ruta graveolens and Sorbus bosniaca.

The paper proposes eight new nomenclatural combinations and indicates two new synonyms. There are 11 taxa (species and subspecies) of the vascular flora that are new for the flora of Serbia (of which nine are autochthonous and two allochthonous plants). Two autochthonous species were confirmed for the flora of Serbia. Six plant taxa are a novelty for proper Serbia, Vojvodina, or Kosovo and Metohija. There are eight taxa whose presence in Serbia or in its territorial units has been refuted.

Present study investigated triterpene profile, antihyperalgesic and antiedematous activities of Hieracium scheppigianum flowering aerial parts dichloromethane extract (SCH), and antihyperalgesic and antiedematous activities of previously chemically characterised polyphenol-rich H. glabratum and H. calophyllum flowering aerial parts methanol extracts (GLA and CAL, respectively). α- and β-Amyrin and their acetates, and lupeol acetate were identified and quantified in SCH by GC-FID and GC-MS. In carrageenan-induced localised inflammation model in rats, SCH and GLA (50–200 mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant and dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effect of 26.9%–56.2% (ED50=163.0 ± 26.5 mg/kg) and 25.3%–51.6% (ED50=211.6 ± 70.6 mg/kg), respectively, and CAL (200 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited effect of 38.1%. Extracts did not significantly reduce paw edema. SCH and GLA, which demonstrated higher (over 50%) antihyperalgesic efficacy, were tested in a rotarod test (200 mg/kg, p.o.) and no alteration of motor coordination was observed. Also, acute administration of SCH and GLA in mice (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) caused neither mortality nor toxicity.

The steppe flora and vegetation represents a significant part of the Eurasian temperate grassland biome. In Serbia, this flora is a part of the biome’s western border zone and its characteristics therefore may be modified. The aim of this study was to determine the number of steppe taxa in Serbia and to conduct a chorological and ecological analysis of this flora. The results of diversity analysis and summary distribution of steppe taxa were presented on 50 × 50 km grids using the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. Regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between steppe species richness and the altitude. Floristic similarity between the geographical groups were analysed using the clustering method and species fidelity to each cluster was calculated. The species conservation status is also presented. In total, the presence of 233 steppe taxa in the investigated area was recorded. The most frequent families are Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae and Caryophyllaceae with Dianthus, Astragalus, Allium, Stipa, Cytisus, Centaurea and Silene as genera that contribute the most to steppe flora in Serbia. According to the chorological and life form spectra, Pontic European taxa and hemicryptophytes are the most numerous. Geological substrate like loess, sand, and other unbound sediment, as well as the lower altitudinal ranges proved to be most suitable for the development of steppe flora in Serbia. The distribution of steppe flora in Serbia indicates Deliblato Sand and Mt Fruska Gora as centres of diversity. The study suggests that the cumulative effect of environmental factors is important to consider in the planning of steppe species conservation.

The present paper gives new records of the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions, together with significant data pertaining to them: the pathogenic fungus Arthrocladiella mougeotii; the liverwort Riccia frostii; the mosses Campylopus fragilis, C. introflexus and Tomentypnum nitens; the fern Allosorus persicus; the monocots Allium atropurpureum and Sisyrinchium montanum; and the dicots Calluna vulgaris and Santolina chamaecyparissus.

The paper propose nine new nomenclature combinations and indicate eight new synonyms. There are 12 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular flora which are new for the flora of Serbia (of which nine are autochthonous and three 88 N iketić, M. etal. : Annotated Checklist of Vascular Flora of Serbia II allochtonous plants). An old or unreliable literature records for three autochthonous and one allochthonous plant in the flora of Serbia has been confirmed. Eight plant taxa are a novelty for proper Serbia, Vojvodina, or Kosovo and Metohija, and for three plants, presence in certain administrative units in Serbia has been proved. The last part of the paper contains information on eight taxa whose presence in Serbia or in its territorial units has been refuted.

Dry MeOH extract of Ferula heuffelii (Apiaceae) underground parts was tested for spasmolytic, gastroprotective and antioxidant activities. HPLC analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid (CGA; 34.6 mg/g) was its main constituent. Extract in vitro exhibited notable total antioxidant activity (FRAP value=1.0 μmol Fe2+/mg), and scavenging of DPPH (SC50=62.5 μg/ml) and •OH radicals (49.5 % at 20 μg/ml in 2-deoxyribose assay). In vitro on isolated rat ileum, extract exhibited significant spasmolytic activity, i. e., it showed 124.6 % of maximal atropine effect on spontaneous contractions (at 100 μg/ml), and reduced spasmogenic effect of KCl (80 mm) to 44.4 % (at 60 μg/ml) and of highest applied concentration of ACh to 26.3 % (at 120 μg/ml). In parallel experiments, spasmolytic effect of CGA was also demonstrated. In acute EtOH-induced gastric ulceration model in rats, extract (100 mg/kg p.o.) showed significant gastroprotective effect (gastric damage score 0.50), similar to ranitidine (20 mg/kg p.o.). Obtained results showed that tested F. heuffelii polar extract represents new herbal preparation with potential use against some gastrointestinal complaints.

Alchemilla viridiflora Rothm., Rosaceae is a herbaceous plant widespread in central Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia with Kosovo. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis leads to the identification of 20 compounds in methanol extract, mainly ellagitannins and flavonoid glycosides. Given that various plant extracts have traditionally been used to treat hypertension and that some of the analyzed methanol extract constituents have beneficial cardiovascular effects, we hypothesized that some of these effects are achieved by inhibiting angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The dose- dependent ACE inhibitory activities of A. viridiflora and miquelianin were observed with an IC 50 of 2.51 ± 0.00 μg/mL of A. viridiflora extract compared to the IC 50 of 5.4139 ± 0.00 μM for miquelianin. The contribution of the single compounds to the tested activity was further analyzed through the in silico experimental approach. Computational docking results showed that tiliroside, ellagic acid pentose and galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-glucose exhibited even better binding affinity for the ACE active site than miquelianin, for which ACE activity was confirmed by an in vitro assay.

Aim of this work was the chemical profiling of six Stachys taxa from Balkan Peninsula: S. recta subsp. nitens, S. atherocalyx, S. beckeana, S. zepcensis (all four belonging to S. recta group), S. alpina subsp. dinarica and S. plumosa. Dry ethanol extracts of aerial flowering plant parts were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized for their phenolic composition using the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS technique. In total, 44 phenolic compounds were detected, belonging to three main classes of constituents: phenolic acids, phenylethanol glycosides (PhGs) and flavonoids. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic acid in all samples. Regarding PhGs, in all investigated extracts acteoside and lavandulifolioside were present. In S. recta group, extracts of S. atherocalyx, S. recta subsp. nitens and S. beckeana showed similar pattern considering phenylethanol glycosides, while S. zepcensis contained only the two aforementioned compounds. PhGs profile of S. plumosa extract comprised the same compounds from S. recta group, but it was also characterized by the presence of few high-molecular compounds. PhGs composition of S. alpina subsp. dinarica extract was somewhat similar with those of S. recta group and also with S. plumosa, but still specific by the presence of echinacoside and leucosceptoside A. The main flavonoids in extracts of Stachys recta group as well as in S. alpina subsp. dinarica extract were 8-hydroxyflavone glycosides (7-O-allosylglucosides of isoscutellarein and hypolaetin and their 4′-methyl derivatives). In addition, in the extract of S. alpina subsp. dinarica two luteolin-7-O-hexosides were also present. On the other hand, S. plumosa extract differed considerably containing mainly derivatives of chrysoeriol and apigenin, while 8-hydroxyflavones (isoscutellarein derivatives) were detected in traces. The results confirmed the importance of flavone 7-O-allosylglucosides at the sectional level of Stachys genus.

Alchemilla viridiflora Rothm., Rosaceae is a herbaceous plant widespread in central Greece, Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia with Kosovo. LC-MS analysis leads to the identification of 20 compounds in methanol extract, mainly ellagitannins and flavonoid glycosides. Considering that different plant extracts were traditionally used for treatment of hypertension and that some of the analyzed methanol extract constituents possess beneficial cardiovascular effects, we hypothesized that some of these effects are achieved through inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). The dose-dependent activities ACE inhibitory activity of A. viridiflora and miquelianin were observed with an IC50 of 2.51 ± 0.00 µg/ml of A. viridiflora compared to IC50 of 2.59 ± 0.00 µg/mL for miquelianin. Contribution of the single compounds to the tested activity was further analyzed through the in silico experimental approach. Computational docking results showed that tiliroside, ellagic acid pentose and galloyl-HHDP-glucose exhibited even better binding affinity for ACE active site than miquelianin, which ACE activity was confirmed by an in vitro assay.

Dry MeOH extracts of the twig barks of Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster, P. spinosa and their hybrid P.×jordanovii nothosubsp. velenovskyi, collected in wild in Serbia, were analyzed. By LC/MS, the contents of arbutin (99.9-131.0 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (2.2-6.3 mg/g), catechin (1.0-5.3 mg/g) and total dimeric and trimeric procyanidins (42.2-61.3 mg/g), including procyanidin B2 (8.9-17.2 mg/g), were determined. Colorimetrically, high contents of total phenolics (436.2-533.4 mg GAE/g) and tannins (339.4-425.7 mg GAE/g), as well as strong total antioxidant activities (FRAP values 4.5-5.9 mmol Fe2+ /g), and DPPH (SC50 =6.6-7.1 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical (SC50 =447.1-727.7 μg/ml) scavenging abilities were revealed. In vitro, all extracts exhibited notable inhibition of α-amylase (IC50 =310.8-617.7 μg/ml) and particularly strong inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 =2.1-3.7 μg/ml). Molecular docking predicted that among identified compounds procyanidin B2 is the best inhibitor of these carbohydrate-digesting enzymes. Obtained results showed that the barks of investigated Pyrus hybrid and its parent taxa have similar composition and bioactivity.

A total of 990 records of selected vascular plants, fungi, amphibians and reptiles from biological collections of the Natural History Museum in Belgrade was reporter for Serbia. They include 34 representatives of Polypodiopsida, 32 of Pinopsida, 560 of Magnoliopsida, 127 of Pezizomycetes, 28 of Agaricomycetes, 16 of Amphibia and 13 of Reptilia. The databases contains 86 species of vascular plants, 24 species of fungi, 13 species of amphibians and 8 species of reptiles which are protected and strictly protected in Serbia.

The aim of the present study was to assess the metal concentrations in five species of the genus Viola L. (section Melanium) from 12 ultramafic outcrops and two non-ultramafic (prolluvium and dolomite) soils from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentrations of P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd and Pb in soils and plant samples, as well as their shoot-to-root ratio, biological concentration and accumulation factors were determined. Five investigated Viola species growing on 14 different localities displayed considerable differences in concentration of potentially toxic elements in their roots and its accumulation in their shoots. Viola kopaonikensis and V. beckiana from ultramafic soils could be classified as strong Ni accumulators, since moderately high level of Ni was measured in their shoots (up to 266 mg kg−1 and 337 mg kg−1, respectively), while in V. tricolor high amount of the same element was accumulated in the roots (up to 395 mg kg−1). Population of V. beckiana from dolomitic site in Bosnia and Herzegovina accumulated high concentrations of Pb in the shoots (67.1 mg kg−1), as well as of Cd in both roots and shoots (81.1 mg kg−1 and 60.5 mg kg−1). The results also suggest that V. kopaonikensis populations from the ultramafic soils of Serbia emerge as Cr accumulators, which is quite rare trait within the genus Viola. It seems that species from Melanium section apply quite different strategies against toxic elements. Future studies should strive to explain what adaptive mechanisms are hidden behind it.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: parasitic fungus Antherospora hortensis, saprotrophic fungi Loweomyces fractipes and Pholiota henningsii, stonewort Chara canescens, mosses Grimmia caespiticia and Rhodobryum ontariense, fern Woodsia alpina, monocots Aegilops triuncialis, Epipactis purpurata, Galanthus elwesii and Typha shuttleworthii and dicot Umbilicus luteus. Prikazani su novi i značajni podaci sa područja JI Evrope i susednih regiona o parazitskoj gljivi Antherospora hortensis, saprofitskim gljivama Loweomyces fractipes i Pholiota henningsii, hari Chara canescens, mahovinama Grimmia caespiticia i Rhodobryum ontariense, paprati Woodsia alpina, monokotilama Aegilops triuncialis, Epipactis purpurata, Galanthus elwesii i Typha shuttleworthii i dikotili Umbilicus luteus.

This paper presents new records and noteworthy data on the following taxa in SE Europe and adjacent regions: diatom alga Stauroneis neofossilis, parasitic fungus Anthracoidea arenariae, horsetail Equisetum hyemale, liverwort Harpanthus flotovianus, mosses Fissidens exilis and Rhizomnium punctatum, monocots Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis, Himantoglossum calcaratum subsp. rumelicum and Schoenus nigricans and dicots Calluna vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium and Willemetia stipitata subsp. albanica.

Present study investigated triterpene profile, antihyperalgesic and antiedematous activities of

The composition of leaf and flower essential oils of eight Heracleum taxa (populations collected in Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Slovenia) was statistically analyzed to evaluate its chemosystematic significance. Investigated taxa included H. orphanidis and the representatives of H. sphondylium group: H. sphondylium, H. sibiricum, H. montanum, H. ternatum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. orsinii and H. verticillatum. Hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Chemosystematic significance was evaluated using multivariate statistics: principal component analysis (PCA), non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and unweighted pair-group arithmetic averages clustering (UPGMA). Statistical analyses included our previously published data on the composition of essential oils of eight leaf and three flower samples, as well as the data on the composition of the oils of additional eight leaf and five flower samples obtained in the current work. Leaf and flower essential oils of H. sphondylium group members were dominated by various sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids and/or monoterpenes. Heracleum orphanidis leaf and flower essential oils were rich in aliphatic esters, mostly octyl acetate. Statistical analysis of the composition of leaf essential oils, as well as of flower oils, demonstrated the grouping of investigated populations of these Heracleum taxa according to their systematics, i.e., separation of H. orphanidis from the representatives of H. sphondylium group, and grouping of H. pyrenaicum subspecies within this group. Morphologically related H. sibiricum and H. ternatum were closely located in PCA and NMDS and in UPGMA even shared the same cluster.

Carex bulgarica (Domin) Lazare 1986 is a younger homonym of C. bulgarica Velen. 1889, the latter being validly published as an alternative name along with C. digitata var. bulgarica Velen. Therefore we publish here a replacement name, Carex lazarei, for the species previously called C. bulgarica by Lazare. Carex lazarei belongs to the C. sempervirens Vill. complex and its occurrence is restricted to acidophilous habitats of the Balkan mountains. Although it is often regarded as conspecific with C. sempervirens, we are of the view that this entity needs the status of species. A type specimen is designated here as the second-step lectotype of the name C. sempervirens var. bulgarica Domin.

The plants of the genus Armoracia P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. (Brassicaceae) contain glucosinolates, which volatile hydrolysis products are known for their antimicrobial activity. In this work, the composition and antimicrobial activity of the root volatiles of wild-growing Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. & Kit.) Kit. ex Baumg., obtained by hydrodistillation, were analysed for the first time. These results were compared with those of widely used horseradish, A. rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. Additionally, the possibility of the propagation of A. macrocarpa from the roots, and impact of its cultivation on the composition and antimicrobial activity of the root volatiles were investigated. The GC-FID and GC–MS analysis revealed that all A. macrocarpa root volatile fractions were dominated by berteroin (55.0–59.0%) and lesquerellin (34.1–36.4%), and were significantly different from horseradish root volatile fraction. In microdilution method, A. macrocarpa volatile fractions exhibited weak/no antibacterial activity, while their effect against standard strain (MICs = 4.8–9.3 μg/mL) and clinical isolates (MICs = 25–119 μg/mL) of Candida albicans was significant. Horseradish volatiles exhibited better antibacterial and slightly weaker anticandidal activity. Armoracia macrocarpa represents a new source of raw materials with potential use in pharmaceutical and food industries, as well as in cookery. Preliminary results indicated the possibility of its cultivation, which is required for its preservation and sustainable usage.

Introduction Hieracium s. str. represents one of the largest and most complex genera of flowering plants. As molecular genetics seems unlikely to disentangle intricate relationships within this reticulate species complex, analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids, known as good chemosystematic markers, promise to be more reliable. Data about pharmacological activity of Hieracium species are scarce. Objective Evaluation of the chemosystematic significance of flavonoids and phenolic acids of methanol extracts of aerial flowering parts of 28 Hieracium species from the Balkans. Additionally, investigation of antioxidant potentials of the extracts. Methods Comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids was performed by LC–MS. Multivariate statistical data analysis included non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), unweighted pair-group arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three colorimetric tests. Results Dominant phenolics in almost all species were luteolin type flavonoids, followed by phenolic acids. Although the investigated Hieracium species share many compounds, the current classification of the genus was supported by nMDS and UPGMA analyses with a good resolution to the group level. Hieracium naegelianum was clearly separated from the other investigated species. Spatial and ecological distances of the samples were likely to influence unexpected differentiation of some groups within H. sect. Pannosa. The vast majority of dominant compounds significantly contributed to differences between taxa. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was satisfactory and in accordance with their phenolics composition. Conclusions Comparative LC–MS analysis demonstrated that flavonoids and phenolic acids are good indicators of chemosystematic relationships within Hieracium, particularly between non-hybrid species and groups from the same location. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In a search for novel food additives/functional food ingredients, chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Thymus dacicus Borbas (Lamiaceae) flowering aerial parts dry methanol extract and essential oil were tested for the first time. HPLC analysis of the extract revealed that among dominant polyphenols, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant (71.33 ± 1.11 mg/g). Monoterpenes geranial (34.4%) and neral (23.9%) prevailed in the oil, analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The extract showed pronounced antioxidant activity, with FRAP value of 5.16 ± 0.19 mmol Fe 2+ /g, OH radical SC 50 of 18.85 μg/mL (determined by 2-deoxyribose assay) and DPPH radical SC 50 of 28.04 μg/mL. Eight out of ten tested microbial strains were susceptible to the oil in microdilution test. Furthermore, for the combination of the oil and vancomycin/gentamicin, synergism was demonstrated against MRSA, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in checkerboard test. Obtained results encourage further research of this herb as potentially beneficial ingredient in foodstuffs.

During two botanical expeditions in the Republic of Macedonia in 2017 (Mts Šar Planina and Mt. Jakupica), two plants were found that are new for the flora of this country: Campanula wanneri Rochel in Mt. Jakupica and Carduus ramosissimus Pančić in Mts Šar Planina. The plant species habitats and phytogeographic importance of these new findings were discussed within the scope of their newly established distribution patterns in the Balkan Peninsula.

For essential oils of roots, leaves, flowers and fruits of eight Heracleum taxa (H.sphondylium, H. sibiricum, H. montanum, H. ternatum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. orsinii, H. verticillatum and H. orphanidis), we previously demonstrated antimicrobial, cytotoxic (selective to cancer cells) and/or antioxidant activities. In this work, for these essential oils maximum daily intake related to total furanocoumarins (FCs) content was estimated, according to Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of European Medicines Agency (EMA/HMPC) recommendations. FCs were quantified using gas chromatography, and their sum equivalent to xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP) was calculated. It was shown that daily intake, not contributing significantly to overall risk (equivalent to intake of 1.5 mg FCs) for root essential oils was in the range of 1.94-5.23 mL, for fruit oils of 5.23-15.68 mL and for leaf or flower oils of 2.90-15.68 mL. Daily intake, not posing any unacceptable risk (equivalent to intake of 15 μg FCs) for root oils was in the range of 0.02-0.05 mL, for fruit oils of 0.05-0.16 mL and for leaf or flower oils of 0.03-0.16 mL. This work demonstrates the application of current EMA/HMPC recommendations, in order to establish safety profile of herbal preparations containing FCs. Za etarska ulja korena, listova, cvasti i plodova osam taksona roda Heracleum (H. sphondylium, H. sibiricum, H. montanum, H. ternatum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. orsinii, H. verticillatum i H. orphanidis) prethodno su pokazane antimikrobna, citotoksična (selektivna prema tumorskim ćelijama) i/ili antioksidantna aktivnost. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ustanovi maksimalni dozvoljeni dnevni unos etarskih ulja u odnosu na utvrđeni sadržaj ukupnih furanokumarina, u skladu sa preporukama Komiteta za biljne lekovite proizvode Evropske agencije za lekove (EMA/HMPC). Furanokumarini su kvantifikovani gasnom hromatografijom i njihov ukupni sadržaj izražen je kao ksantotoksin (8- metoksipsoralen, 8-MOP). Dnevni unos ispitivanih etarskih ulja koji ne doprinosi značajno ukupnom riziku (ekvivalentan unosu 1,5 mg furanokumarina izraženih kao 8-MOP), kreće se u opsegu 1,94-5,23 mL za etarska ulja korena, 5,23-15,68 mL za ulja plodova i 2,90-15,68 mL za ulja listova ili cvasti. Dnevni unos etarskih ulja koji ne predstavlja nikakav rizik (ekvivalentan unosu 15 μg furanokumarina izraženih kao 8-MOP), kreće se u opsegu 0,02-0,05 mL za etarska ulja korena, 0,05-0,16 mL za ulja plodova i 0,03-0,16 mL za ulja listova ili cvasti. Ovaj rad demonstrira primenu aktuelnih EMA/HMPC preporuka u cilju utvrđivanja bezbednosnog profila biljnih preparata u kojima su detektovani furanokumarini.