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Background: Although economic stability, social context, and healthcare access are well-known social determinants of health associated with more challenging recovery after traumatic injury, little is known about how these factors differ by mechanism of injury. Our team sought to use the results of social determinants of health screenings to better understand the population that engaged with psychosocial support services after traumatic musculoskeletal injury and fill a gap in our understanding of patient-reported social health needs.Question/purpose: What is the relationship between social determinants of health and traumatic musculoskeletal injury?Methods: Trauma recovery services is a psychosocial support program at our institution that offers patients and their family members resources such as professional coaching, peer mentorship, post-traumatic stress disorder screening and treatment, educational resources, and more. This team engages with any patient admitted to, treated at, and released from our institution. Their primary engagement population is individuals with traumatic injury, although not exclusively. Between January 2019 and October 2021, the trauma recovery services team interacted with 6036 patients. Of those who engaged with this service, we considered only patients who experienced a traumatic musculoskeletal injury and had a completed social determinants of health screening tool. During the stated timeframe, 13% (814 of 6036) of patients engaged with trauma recovery services and had a complete social determinants of health screening tool. Of these, 53% (428 of 814) had no physical injury. A further 26% (99 of 386) were excluded because they did not have traumatic musculoskeletal injuries, leaving 4.8% (287) for analysis in this cross-sectional study. The study population included patients who interacted with trauma recovery services at our institution after a traumatic orthopaedic injury that occurred between January 2019 and October 2021. Social determinants of health risk screening questionnaires were self-administered prospectively using a screening tool developed by our institution based on Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services social determinants of health screening questions. Mechanisms of injury were separated into intentional (physical assault, sexual assault, gunshot wound, or stabbing) and unintentional (fall, motor vehicle collision, or motorcycle crash). During the study period, 287 adult patients interacted with trauma recovery services after a traumatic musculoskeletal injury and had complete social determinant of health screening; 123 injuries were unintentional and 164 were intentional. Patients were primarily women (55% [159 of 287]), single (73% [209 of 287]), and insured by Medicaid or Medicare (78% [225 of 287]). Mechanism category was determined after a thorough medical record review to verify the appropriate category. An initial exploratory univariate analysis was completed for the primary outcome variable using the Pearson chi-squared test for categorical variables and a two-tailed independent t-test for continuous variables. All demographic variables and social determinants of health with p < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate binary regression analysis to determine independent associations with injury mechanism. All variables with p < 0.05 in the multivariate analysis were considered statistically significant.Results: After controlling for potential demographic confounders, younger age (odds ratio [OR] 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 0.96]; p < 0.001), Black race (compared with White race, OR 2.71 [95% CI 1.20 to 6.16]; p = 0.02), Hispanic ethnicity (compared with White race, OR 5.32 [95% CI 1.62 to 17.47]; p = 0.006), and at-risk status for food insecurity (OR 4.27 [95% CI 1.18 to 15.39]; p = 0.03) were independently associated with intentional mechanisms of injury.Conclusion: There is a relationship between the mechanism of traumatic orthopaedic injury and social determinants of health risks. Specifically, data showed a correlation between food insecurity and intentional injury. Healthcare systems and providers should be cognizant of this, as well as the additional challenges patients may face in their recovery journey because of social needs. Screening for needs is only the first step in addressing patient's social health needs. Healthcare systems should also allocate resources for personnel and programs that support patients in meeting their social health needs. Future studies should evaluate the impact of such programming in responding to social needs that impact health outcomes and improve health disparities.Level Of Evidence: Level IV, prognostic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation of low dielectric values Abbreviations: WRC, water release curve.

Forests in the Inland Northwest, USA, commonly show S[O.sub.4] deficiency, suggesting limited S[O.sub.4] availability in the soils. Regional soils, which lie between the east slopes of the northern Cascade Range and the west slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains, are influenced to varying degrees by poorly crystalline aluminosilicates and ferrihydrite, and are often classified as Andisols (Andosols). Research has shown that S[O.sub.4] retention is greatly influenced by Fe and Al oxides. However, little is known of the sorption behavior exhibited by poorly crystalline andic soils of the region. In this study we investigated the mineralogy and S[O.sub.4] sorption capacity of ash-influenced soils found in the Inland Northwest. Batch S[O.sub.4] adsorption experiments showed that up to 40% of added S[O.sub.4] was adsorbed. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between soil S[O.sub.4] adsorption capacity and increasing ash influence as measured by (i) the andic soil parameter % [Al.sub.o] + 0.5% [Fe.sub.o] ([R.sup.2] = 0.89), (ii) P retention ([R.sup.2] = 0.91), and (iii) NaF pH ([R.sup.2] 0.48). Soil pH, total organic C (TOC), and percentage of clay showed insignificant or inconclusive relationships with S[O.sub.4] adsorption. Release of adsorbed S[O.sub.4] was significantly lower in volcanic ash-influenced soils as compared with non-ash soils, indicating a greater affinity for S[O.sub.4]. These results indicate that poorly crystalline aluminosilicates and Fe oxides significantly influence the amount of S[O.sub.4] present in forest soil solutions. Successful nutrient management plans must recognize the sorption behavior of these andic soils.

This paper proposes the analysis and design methodology of lossless, passive soft switching methods for PWM converters. The emphasis of the design and analysis is for PWM converters that use nonminimum voltage stress (non-MVS) circuit cells to provide soft switching. PWM converters with non-MVS circuit cells have several distinct advantages over converters that use minimum voltage stress (MVS) cells. With the same relative size of the inductor and capacitor added for soft switching, the non-MVS cells have a substantially larger duty ratio range where soft switching is guaranteed. In addition, the over-current stress of the main switch, under most conditions, will be lower and an optimum value of inductor and capacitor added for soft switching can be used. Therefore, with proper design, the non-MVS cells provide higher efficiency. These advantages are obtained with the price of higher switching voltage stress and one additional inductor. The loss model for a MOSFET and optimum capacitor and inductor values are utilized in the design procedure. Examples of the design procedure are given for PFC and dc-dc applications. Experimental results backup the claim of higher efficiency. Index Terms--Lossless snubber, passive lossless softswitching, softswitching.

This paper derives general topological and electrical properties common to all lossless passive soft-switching converters with defined characteristics and proposes a synthesis procedure for the creation of new converters. The synthesis procedure uses the properties to determine all possible locations for the resonant inductors and capacitors added to achieve soft switching. Then a set of circuit cells is used to recover the energy stored in these resonant elements. This paper also explains the operation of the circuit cells and the many new passive lossless soft-switching converters. A family of soft-switching boost converters is given as an example of the synthesis procedure. Experimental waveforms are shown for a new soft-switching Cuk converter. Index Terms- Lossless snubber, soft switching, zero-current turn on, zero-voltage turn off

This paper proposes a new nonlinear control technique that has one-cycle response, does not need a resetable integrator in the control path, and has nearly constant switching frequency. It obtains one-cycle response by forcing the error between the switched variable and the control reference to zero each cycle, while the on and off pulses of the controller are adjusted each cycle to ensure near constant switching frequency. The small switching frequency variation due to changes in the reference signal and supply voltage and delays in the circuit are quantified. Using double-edge modulation, the switching frequency variation is further reduced, thus, the associated signal distortion is minimized. An experimental 0-20-kHz bandwidth 95-W rms power audio amplifier using the control method demonstrates the applicability of this control technique for high-fidelity audio applications. The amplifier has a power supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of 63 dB at 120 Hz. Additionally, the total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD + N) is less than 0.07% measured with a power supply ripple of 15%. Index Terms - Audio amplifier, class-D amplifier, control, full-bridge, inverter, one-cycle control, PWM.

This paper proposes a simple efficient soft-switching method for switching power converters, inverters, and amplifiers. Soft switching of a dc/ac H-bridge converter is realized by paralleling two auxiliary switches and a magnetic amplifier with the load. The auxiliary switches are turned on at a predetermined time before the commutation of the main switches. The magnetic amplifier then automatically determines the necessary amount of redirection current to ensure soft switching of all switches under any load conditions. This method requires no expensive sensors or complex control circuitry. It is ideal for class-D audio power amplifiers, where the load current is widely changing. Further applications include dc/dc converters, motor drivers, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), communication, and space applications, where high efficiency, low electromagnetic interference (EMI), and small size are crucial. Index Terms - Class-D amplifier, H-bridge, inverter, magnetic amplifier, snubber, soft switching.

A comparison study was conducted to characterize the loss mechanisms, component stresses, and overall efficiencies of a group of voltage-mode soft-switching pulse width modulation (PWM) methods, including two methods developed by the authors. All soft-switching methods in the selected group allow zero voltage turn-on and turn-off of the main switch and utilize a single auxiliary switch with some resonant components. Advantages and disadvantages are identified for each method. Experimental verification for each soft-switching method is provided. It was found that only those methods that softly switch the auxiliary switch, minimize redirection current, and recover the auxiliary circuit energy improved efficiency over most of the load range. Index Terms - PWM, soft switching, switching converters, zero-voltage switching.