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1. Bellwethers of change: population modelling of North Pacific humpback whales from 2002 through 2021 reveals shift from recovery to climate response

Author

Ted Cheeseman, Jay Barlow, Jo Marie Acebes, Katherina Audley, Lars Bejder, Caitlin Birdsall, Olga Solis Bracamontes, Amanda L. Bradford, Josie Byington, John Calambokidis, Rachel Cartwright, Jen Cedarleaf, Andrea Jacqueline García Chavez, Jens Currie, Rouenne Camille De Castro, Joëlle De Weerdt, Nicole Doe, Thomas Doniol-Valcroze, Karina Dracott, Olga Filatova, Rachel Finn, Kiirsten R. Flynn, John Ford, Astrid Frisch-Jordán, Chris Gabriele, Beth Goodwin, Craig Hayslip, Jackie Hildering, Marie C. Hill, Jeff K. Jacobsen, M. Esther Jiménez-López, Meagan Jones, Nozomi Kobayashi, Marc Lammers, Edward Lyman, Mark Malleson, Evgeny Mamaev, Pamela Martínez Loustalot, Annie Masterman, Craig O. Matkin, Christie McMillan, Jeff Moore, John Moran, Janet L. Neilson, Hayley Newell, Haruna Okabe, Marilia Olio, Christian D. Ortega-Ortiz, Adam A. Pack, Daniel M. Palacios, Heidi Pearson, Ester Quintana-Rizzo, Raul Ramírez Barragán, Nicola Ransome, Hiram Rosales-Nanduca, Fred Sharpe, Tasli Shaw, Ken Southerland, Stephanie Stack, Iain Staniland, Janice Straley, Andrew Szabo, Suzie Teerlink, Olga Titova, Jorge Urban-Ramirez, Martin van Aswegen, Marcel Vinicius, Olga von Ziegesar, Briana Witteveen, Janie Wray, Kymberly Yano, Igor Yegin, Denny Zwiefelhofer, and Phil Clapham

Subjects
carrying capacity, marine heatwave, mark–recapture modelling, abundance estimation, climate change, environmental variables, Science
Abstract

For the 40 years after the end of commercial whaling in 1976, humpback whale populations in the North Pacific Ocean exhibited a prolonged period of recovery. Using mark–recapture methods on the largest individual photo-identification dataset ever assembled for a cetacean, we estimated annual ocean-basin-wide abundance for the species from 2002 through 2021. Trends in annual estimates describe strong post-whaling era population recovery from 16 875 (± 5955) in 2002 to a peak abundance estimate of 33 488 (± 4455) in 2012. An apparent 20% decline from 2012 to 2021, 33 488 (± 4455) to 26 662 (± 4192), suggests the population abruptly reached carrying capacity due to loss of prey resources. This was particularly evident for humpback whales wintering in Hawai‘i, where, by 2021, estimated abundance had declined by 34% from a peak in 2013, down to abundance levels previously seen in 2006, and contrasted to an absence of decline in Mainland Mexico breeding humpbacks. The strongest marine heatwave recorded globally to date during the 2014–2016 period appeared to have altered the course of species recovery, with enduring effects. Extending this time series will allow humpback whales to serve as an indicator species for the ecosystem in the face of a changing climate.

Published
2024
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2. A collaborative and near-comprehensive North Pacific humpback whale photo-ID dataset

Author

Ted Cheeseman, Ken Southerland, Jo Marie Acebes, Katherina Audley, Jay Barlow, Lars Bejder, Caitlin Birdsall, Amanda L. Bradford, Josie K. Byington, John Calambokidis, Rachel Cartwright, Jen Cedarleaf, Andrea Jacqueline García Chavez, Jens J. Currie, Joëlle De Weerdt, Nicole Doe, Thomas Doniol-Valcroze, Karina Dracott, Olga Filatova, Rachel Finn, Kiirsten Flynn, John K. B. Ford, Astrid Frisch-Jordán, Christine M. Gabriele, Beth Goodwin, Craig Hayslip, Jackie Hildering, Marie C. Hill, Jeff K. Jacobsen, M. Esther Jiménez-López, Meagan Jones, Nozomi Kobayashi, Edward Lyman, Mark Malleson, Evgeny Mamaev, Pamela Martínez Loustalot, Annie Masterman, Craig Matkin, Christie J. McMillan, Jeff E. Moore, John R. Moran, Janet L. Neilson, Hayley Newell, Haruna Okabe, Marilia Olio, Adam A. Pack, Daniel M. Palacios, Heidi C. Pearson, Ester Quintana-Rizzo, Raul Fernando Ramírez Barragán, Nicola Ransome, Hiram Rosales-Nanduca, Fred Sharpe, Tasli Shaw, Stephanie H. Stack, Iain Staniland, Jan Straley, Andrew Szabo, Suzie Teerlink, Olga Titova, Jorge Urban R., Martin van Aswegen, Marcel Vinicius de Morais, Olga von Ziegesar, Briana Witteveen, Janie Wray, Kymberly M. Yano, Denny Zwiefelhofer, and Phil Clapham

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract We present an ocean-basin-scale dataset that includes tail fluke photographic identification (photo-ID) and encounter data for most living individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the North Pacific Ocean. The dataset was built through a broad collaboration combining 39 separate curated photo-ID catalogs, supplemented with community science data. Data from throughout the North Pacific were aggregated into 13 regions, including six breeding regions, six feeding regions, and one migratory corridor. All images were compared with minimal pre-processing using a recently developed image recognition algorithm based on machine learning through artificial intelligence; this system is capable of rapidly detecting matches between individuals with an estimated 97–99% accuracy. For the 2001–2021 study period, a total of 27,956 unique individuals were documented in 157,350 encounters. Each individual was encountered, on average, in 5.6 sampling periods (i.e., breeding and feeding seasons), with an annual average of 87% of whales encountered in more than one season. The combined dataset and image recognition tool represents a living and accessible resource for collaborative, basin-wide studies of a keystone marine mammal in a time of rapid ecological change.

Published
2023
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3. Seasonal movements and ecological markers as evidence for migration of common minke whales photo-identified in the eastern North Pacific

Author

Jared R. Towers, Christie J. McMillan, Mark Malleson, Jackie Hildering, John K. B. Ford, and Graeme M. Ellis

Subjects
Animal Science and Zoology, Aquatic Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are widespread but encountered relatively infrequently. It is generally believed that they make annual migrations between higher latitudes in the summer and lower latitudes in the winter; however, in some temperate coastal regions where common minke whales have been sighted year-round they have been referred to as resident. To determine movement patterns of common minke whales found in coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington we examined photo-identification data that were collected opportunistically from 2005–12. These data were from four non-overlapping areas between 48°N and 53°N. Despite year-round search efforts, common minke whales were only encountered between April and October. Most of the 44 unique individuals identified in 405 encounters displayed fidelity to areas both within and among years. Five of these whales made relatively large-scale intra-annual movements between areas on six occasions. They were documented to move up to 424km in a northerly direction in spring and up to 398km in a southerly direction in autumn. The seasonal patterns of these movements provide new insights into the foraging ranges and migrations of the individuals. Ecological markers provide evidence that the common minke whales photographed undertake annual long distance migrations. Scars believed to be from cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis) bites were observed on 43 individuals and the majority of whales documented with good quality images each year had acquired new scars since the previous year. Furthermore, the commensal barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis was observed on three individuals. Since these sharks and barnacles are from relatively warm waters, it can be inferred that they interacted with the common minke whales at lower latitudes. These findings may have important implications for the definition and management of common minke whale stocks and/or populations in the eastern North Pacific.

Published
2023
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5. (Almost) all the humpback whales of the North Pacific: A collaborative and comprehensive photo-ID dataset

Author

Ted Cheeseman, Ken Southerland, Jo Marie Acebes, Katherina Audley, Jay Barlow, Lars Bejder, Caitlin Birdsall, Amanda Bradford, Josie Byington, John Calambokidis, Rachel Cartwright, Jen Cedarleaf, Andrea Jacqueline García Chavez, Jens Currie, Joëlle De Weerdt, Nicole Doe, Thomas Doniol-Valcroze, Karina Dracott, Olga Filatova, Rachel Finn, Kiirsten Flynn, John Ford, Astrid Frisch-Jordán, Christine Gabriele, Beth Goodwin, Craig Hayslip, Jackie Hildering, Marie Hill, Jeff Jacobsen, Meagan Jones, Nozomi Kobayashi, Edward Lyman, Mark Malleson, Evgeny Mamaev, Pamela Martínez Loustalot, Annie Masterman, Craig Matkin, Christie McMillan, Jeff Moore, John Moran, Janet Neilson, Hayley Newell, Haruna Okabe, Marilia Olio, Adam Pack, Daniel Palacios, Heidi Pearson, Ester Quintana-Rizzo, Raul Fernando Ramírez Barragán, Nicola Ransome, Fred Sharpe, Tasli Shaw, Stephanie Stack, Iain Staniland, Jan Straley, Andrew Szabo, Suzie Teerlink, Olga Titova, Jorge Urban, Martin van Aswegen, Marcel Vinicius, Olga von Ziegesar, Briana Witteveen, Janie Wray, Kymberly Yano, Denny Zwiefelhofer, Hiram Rosales-Nanduca, M. Esther Jiménez-López, and Phil Clapham

Abstract

We present an ocean-basin-scale dataset that includes tail fluke photographic identification (photo-ID) and encounter data for the majority of living individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the North Pacific Ocean. The dataset was built through a broad collaboration combining 39 separate curated photo-ID catalogs supplemented with community science data. All available images were compared using a recently developed machine learning artificial intelligence image recognition algorithm able to rapidly and accurately detect matches between individuals. For the study period of 2001 to 2021, a total of 27,956 unique individuals were documented in 157,379 encounters, with each individual encountered, on average, in 5.6 sampling periods (i.e., breeding and feeding seasons), and with an annual average of 87.1% of whales encountered in more than one season. The combined dataset and image recognition tool represents a living and accessible resource for collaborative, basin-wide studies of a keystone marine mammal in a time of rapid ecological change.

Published
2023
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6. Occurrence of Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Between Vancouver Island and Continental North America

Author

Jane Cogan, Jared R. Towers, Susan Berta, Christie J. McMillan, Mark Malleson, and Caitlin Birdsall

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biology, Balaenoptera, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Fin Whales, 010601 ecology, Fishery, Geography, Photo identification, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Queen (butterfly), West coast, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Historically, Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were relatively common off the west coast of North America but very few records of their occurrence in waters between Vancouver Island and continental North America exist. To confirm their presence in these waters we collected photographs documenting at least 13 unique individuals during 43 encounters from 1999 to 2017. These records are the first of live Fin Whales in Queen Charlotte, Johnstone, Georgia and Juan De Fuca Straits and are also the only confirmed sightings between Vancouver Island and continental North America since 1930. Additionally, 12 dead Fin Whales all with evidence of ship strikes are reported in these waters between 1986 and 2017. Most (88%) sightings of live Fin Whales occurred between July and October and no individuals were documented dead or alive between January and April. We suggest that Fin Whales in coastal waterways may be at greater risk to ship strikes and predation by mammal-eating Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) than in less confined waters further offshore.

Published
2018
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7. ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2019 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR NORTHWESTERN VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY, HELD JOINTLY WITH THE WASHINGTON CHAPTER OF THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY, AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION, AT GREAT WOLF LODGE, GRAND MOUND, WASHINGTON, 25 FEBRUARY–1 M

Author

Robyn P Angliss, Megan C Ferguson, Cara L Appel, Jeremy Brown, Claire Bortot, William T Bean, Katie M Moriarty, Sean M Matthews, David S Green, Stacy Anderson, Evan King, J Scott Yaeger, Ivan Arismendi, Stan Gregory, Randy Wildman, Linda Ashkenas, David Anderson, Laurie Shuster, Joseph R Evenson, Jessica L Huggins, John Calambokidis, Don Ashton, Scott Mcbain, Steve Railsback, R. Bruce Bury, Gwen W. Bury, C. Scott Baker, Angie Sremba, Logan Pallin, Shannon Atkinson, Andy Rogan, Iain Kerr, Jamie B. Bettaso, Justin M. Garwood, Ryan M. Bourque, Christopher J. West, Daniel M Bingham, Adam Sepulveda, Sally Painter, Evan M. Bredeweg, Tiffany S. Garcia, Anita T. Morzillo, Nathan Schumaker, Joseph B. Buchanan, Don T. Ashton, James Bettaso, David J. Germano, Frank Slavens, Kate Slavens, Gwendolynn W. Bury, Arianna Ilharreguy, Kiirsten Flynn, Gretchen Steiger, Elana Dobson, Mark Malleson, Brian Gisborne, Susan Berta, Alie Perez, Meghan Camp, Lisa A. Shipley, Johanna Varner, Tara Chestnut, Patrice K. Connors, Jessica E. Light, Brian P. Tanis, Joshua A. Drew, Chris N. Anderson, Anali M. Perry, Charon E. Henning, Mary Casillas, Katie Hinde, C. Toby St. Clair, Kyle Routledge, Charlie Palmer, Felix Martinez-Nunez, Christopher Cousins, Tiffany Garcia, Evan Bredeweg, Taal Levi, Jennifer Allen, Jeanne Dodds, Kristina Ernest, Erica Escajeda, Kate Stafford, Rebecca Woodgate, Kristin Laidre, Ann Froschauer, Bronwyn Hogan, Kimberly Dickerson, Jennifer Smith-Castro, Jonathan Reichard, Jeremy Coleman, James Goerz, Jared Oyster, Rich Harris, AJ Kroll, Claudine Reynolds, Josh Johnson, David Shaw, Caren S. Goldberg, Karen Pope, Nicolette Nelson, Jonah Piovia-Scott, Jessica R. Hale, Kristin L. Laidre, M. Tim Tinker, Ronald J. Jameson, Steven J. Jeffries, Shawn E. Larson, James L. Bodkin, Katherine Haman, Lisa Hallock, Lameace Kalisz, Ilai Keren, Jeff Harris, Patti Happe, Laura Hauck, Brooke Penaluna, Richard Cronn, Kevin Weitemier, Jessica A. Homyack, Matt Hane, Storm Beech, Michael J. Rochelle, Blake Hossack, Ken Honeycutt, Rebecca Mccaffery, Robin Russell, Iver T. Hull, Stephanie L. Berry, Chris Loggers, Timothy R. Johnson, Steven Jeffries, Dyanna Lambourn, Josh Oliver, Robert Delong, Sharon Melin, Pat Gearin, Tony Orr, Jeff Laake, Katie Jones, Glen P. Kalisz, Kelly Mcallister, Victoria Kaufman, Matthew Wilson, Tina Blewett, Travis King, Daniel Thornton, Jeffrey M. Kozma, Andrew J. Kroll, Jamie Thornton, Dyanna. M. Lambourn, Steve. J. Jeffries, Erin D'Agnese, Woutrina Smith, Kristin Wilkinson, Jessica Huggins, James Rice, Deborah Duffield, Michael Grigg, Stephen A. Raverty, Shawn Larson, Mark Leppin, R. B. Bury, Jeffrey C. Lewis, Jason Ransom, David Werntz, Anna O. Mangan, Jody C. Vogeler, Ian K. Breckheimer, Wendy M. King, Keith E. Bagnall, Katie M. Dugger, Brent M. Matsuda, Lorraine Andrusiak, Erin Clement, Purnima Govindarajulu, Katie Bell, Kurt Jenkins, Kim Sager-Fradkin, Thomas Mcintyre, Lisa Shipley, Stacey A. Nerkowski, Janet L. Rachlow, Lisette P. Waits, Stephanie M. Demay, Jon A. Gallie, Paul A. Hohenlohe, Jennifer R. Adams, Dawn P. Noren, Stephen Raverty, Joseph K. Gaydos, Judy A. ST. Leger, Gina M. Ylitalo, Stephen Nyman, Deanna H. Olson, Adrian Ares, Klaus J. Puettmann, Michael S. Parker, Kim M. Parsons, David S. Pilliod, Mark B. Hausner, Rick D. Scherer, Chad Mellison, Nathaniel D. Reynolds, Erik White, Stefanie Bergh, Eric Holman, Nicholle Stephens, James M. Wainwright, John Romansic, Matt Gray, Davis Carter, Deb Miller, Roger Rodriguez, Thomas J. Rodhouse, Pat Ormsbee, Kathryn Irvine, Jenny Barnett, Sarah Reif, Chris Rombough, Laura Trunk, Doug Sandilands, Hannah A. Sipe, Sarah J. Converse, Suzanne A. Stone, Stewart W. Breck, Jesse Timberlake, Peter M. Haswell, Fernando Najera, Brian S. Bean, Daniel J. Thornhill, Mira Sytsma, Laura Prugh, Beth Gardner, Tania Lewis, Austen C. Thomas, Jesse Howard, Phong Nguyen, Tracie A. Seimon, Kyle S. Tidwell, Brett A. Carrothers, Kristen N. Bayley, Lindsay N. Magill, Bjorn K. Van Der Leeuw, Andrew W. Trites, Jenny Urbina, Donelle Schwalm, Azzurra Valerio, Mariacristina Valerio, Luca Casadei, Matthew Vander Haegen, Christi Norman, Trina Bayard, Amanda Warlick, Eric Ward, Sandra O'Neill, Brad Hanson, Gina Ylitalo, Katy Weil, Logan Whiles, Jodi Wilmoth, Tlell Wolf, Jesse Short, Jay Bowerman, Christian Yarber, Caren Goldberg, Allan Pessier, Jesse Brunner, and Alexandre N. Zerbini

Subjects
Amphibian, Geography, biology, biology.animal, Wildlife, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vertebrate Biology, Archaeology, General Environmental Science
Published
2019
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