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This study investigates the current use of artificial intelligence (AI) for peer-to-peer support through a bibliometric analysis of 1113 records based on co-words. The research employs a four-phase exploratory design that involves co-word search, data charting, and result summation. It uses an inductive, relevant, and reflexive thematic approach (TA). The theoretical foundation is grounded in retention, attrition, and learning theories, including personal, social, emotional, constructive, and humanistic theories. The analysis aims to determine whether institutions leverage AI for peer-to-peer learning as part of peer support. The findings reveal a significant gap in direct research on AI's role in peer-to-peer support, underscoring the need for future studies on its impact on learning customisation, socio-emotional learning, and ethical issues in education.

Abstract Gas discharge and breakdown phenomena have become increasingly important for the development of an ever-growing number of applications. The need for compact and miniaturized systems within power, pulsed power, semiconductor, and power electronic industries has led to the imposing of significant operating electric field stresses on components, even within applications with low operating voltages. Consequently, the interest in gas discharge processes in sub-millimeter and microscale gaps has grown, as the understanding of their initiation and propagation is critical to the further optimization of these technologies. In this work, a computational study of primary ionization fronts has been conducted, which systematically investigated the role of voltage rate-of-rise in point-plane and point-point electrode geometries with an inter-electrode gap maintained at 250 $$\upmu$$ μ m and a needle radius of 80 $$\upmu$$ μ m. Using the hydrodynamic approach with the local mean energy approximation, along with simplified plasma chemistry, simulations have been performed under positive and negative ramp voltages, rising at 50, 25, 16.67, 12.5, and 10 kV/ns in synthetic air and in pure CO $$_{2}$$ 2 . Results on the developed electric field, electron densities, and propagation velocities are presented and discussed. Effects on the cathode sheath thickness scaling with voltage rate-of-rise have been additionally analyzed, the mechanisms behind these effects and their potential impacts are discussed. The work conducted in this study contributes towards an increased understanding of the gas discharge process, under fast-transients and nonuniform electric fields, with relevance to microelectromechanical, power, and pulsed power system design.

Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of craniotomy, compared with decompressive craniectomy (DC) in UK patients undergoing evacuation of acute subdural haematoma (ASDH).Design Economic evaluation undertaken using health resource use and outcome data from the 12-month multicentre, pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised, Randomised Evaluation of Surgery with Craniectomy for Patients Undergoing Evacuation-ASDH trial.Setting UK secondary care.Participants 248 UK patients undergoing surgery for traumatic ASDH were randomised to craniotomy (N=126) or DC (N=122).Interventions Surgical evacuation via craniotomy (bone flap replaced) or DC (bone flap left out with a view to replace later: cranioplasty surgery).Main outcome measures In the base-case analysis, costs were estimated from a National Health Service and Personal Social Services perspective. Outcomes were assessed via the quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) derived from the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level questionnaire (cost-utility analysis) and the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) (cost-effectiveness analysis). Multiple imputation and regression analyses were conducted to estimate the mean incremental cost and effect of craniotomy compared with DC. The most cost-effective option was selected, irrespective of the level of statistical significance as is argued by economists.Results In the cost-utility analysis, the mean incremental cost of craniotomy compared with DC was estimated to be −£5520 (95% CI −£18 060 to £7020) with a mean QALY gain of 0.093 (95% CI 0.029 to 0.156). In the cost-effectiveness analysis, the mean incremental cost was estimated to be −£4536 (95% CI −£17 374 to £8301) with an OR of 1.682 (95% CI 0.995 to 2.842) for a favourable outcome on the GOSE.Conclusions In a UK population with traumatic ASDH, craniotomy was estimated to be cost-effective compared with DC: craniotomy was estimated to have a lower mean cost, higher mean QALY gain and higher probability of a more favourable outcome on the GOSE (though not all estimated differences between the two approaches were statistically significant).Ethics Ethical approval for the trial was obtained from the North West—Haydock Research Ethics Committee in the UK on 17 July 2014 (14/NW/1076).Trial registration number ISRCTN87370545.

The encounter between Philip the deacon/evangelist and the Nubian official in Acts 8 has garnered much scholarly attention in recent decades. Numerous articles and monographs have explored issues of gender, race, and ethnicity in this pericope. This study takes a different tack by focusing on several textual issues as well as exploring unique narratival features adopted by Luke. Each character is developed within his individual trajectory in the account. After evangelizing in Samaria, Philip is directed to travel from Jerusalem along the road to Gaza. There he has a dramatic meeting with a man from Africa. Luke introduces him by using a character introduction formula adapted from the introduction of Potiphar in Genesis 39. The seven features of the formula are discussed seriatim. It is argued that understanding this formula’s use is key to interpreting the identity of the African man. He is deemed to be a circumcised Jewish man, a treasury official serving the Kandake of Nubia, not a eunuch from Ethiopia. After the Nubian official learns that Isaiah’s suffering servant is to be identified with Jesus, he believes and is baptized by Philip. The article provides a fresh reading that hopefully will advance discussion of why Luke placed this pivotal, divinely orchestrated meeting in Acts.

Abstract Background The field of violence prevention research is unequivocal that interventions must target contextual factors, like social norms, to reduce gender-based violence. Limited research, however, on the social norms contributing to intimate partner violence or reproductive coercion exists. One of the driving factors is lack of measurement tools to accurately assess social norms. Methods Using an item response modelling approach, this study psychometrically assesses the reliability and validity of a social norms measure of the acceptability of intimate partner violence to exert control over wife agency, sexuality, and reproductive autonomy with data from a population-based sample of married adolescent girls (ages 13–18) and their husbands in rural Niger (n = 559 husband-wife dyads) collected in 2019. Results A two-dimensional Partial Credit Model for polytomous items was fit, showing evidence of reliability and validity. Higher scores on the “challenging husband authority” dimension were statistically associated with husband perpetration of intimate partner violence. Conclusions This brief scale is a short (5 items), practical measure with strong reliability and validity evidence. This scale can help identify populations with high-need for social norms-focused IPV prevention and to help measure the impact of such efforts.

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest increasing cause of cancer death in Australia. A recent Australian consensus guidelines recommended HCC surveillance for cirrhotic patients and non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients at gender and age specific cut-offs. A cost-effectiveness model was then developed to assess surveillance strategies in Australia. Methods A microsimulation model was used to evaluate three strategies: biannual ultrasound, biannual ultrasound with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and no formal surveillance for patients having one of the conditions: non-cirrhotic CHB, compensated cirrhosis or decompensated cirrhosis. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses as well as scenario and threshold analyses were conducted to account for uncertainties: including exclusive surveillance of CHB, compensated cirrhosis or decompensated cirrhosis populations; impact of obesity on ultrasound sensitivity; real-world adherence rate; and different cohort’s ranges of ages. Results Sixty HCC surveillance scenarios were considered for the baseline population. The ultrasound + AFP strategy was the most cost-effective with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) compared to no surveillance falling below the willingness-to-pay threshold of A$50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) at all age ranges. Ultrasound alone was also cost-effective, but the strategy was dominated by ultrasound + AFP. Surveillance was cost-effective in the compensated and decompensated cirrhosis populations alone (ICERs < $30,000), but not cost-effective in the CHB population (ICERs > $100,000). Obesity could decrease the diagnostic performance of ultrasound, which in turn, reduce the cost-effectiveness of ultrasound ± AFP, but the strategies remained cost-effective. Conclusions HCC surveillance based on Australian recommendations using biannual ultrasound ± AFP was cost-effective.

Abstract Animal tolerance towards humans can be a key factor facilitating wildlife–human coexistence, yet traits predicting its direction and magnitude across tropical animals are poorly known. Using 10,249 observations for 842 bird species inhabiting open tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Australia, we find that avian tolerance towards humans was lower (i.e., escape distance was longer) in rural rather than urban populations and in populations exposed to lower human disturbance (measured as human footprint index). In addition, larger species and species with larger clutches and enhanced flight ability are less tolerant to human approaches and escape distances increase when birds were approached during the wet season compared to the dry season and from longer starting distances. Identification of key factors affecting animal tolerance towards humans across large spatial and taxonomic scales may help us to better understand and predict the patterns of species distributions in the Anthropocene.

Objective To establish a consensus on the structure and process of healthcare services for patients with concussion in England to facilitate better healthcare quality and patient outcome.Design This consensus study followed the modified Delphi methodology with five phases: participant identification, item development, two rounds of voting and a meeting to finalise the consensus statements. The predefined threshold for agreement was set at ≥70%.Setting Specialist outpatient services.Participants Members of the UK Head Injury Network were invited to participate. The network consists of clinical specialists in head injury practising in emergency medicine, neurology, neuropsychology, neurosurgery, paediatric medicine, rehabilitation medicine and sports and exercise medicine in England.Primary outcome measure A consensus statement on the structure and process of specialist outpatient care for patients with concussion in England.Results 55 items were voted on in the first round. 29 items were removed following the first voting round and 3 items were removed following the second voting round. Items were modified where appropriate. A final 18 statements reached consensus covering 3 main topics in specialist healthcare services for concussion; care pathway to structured follow-up, prognosis and measures of recovery, and provision of outpatient clinics.Conclusions This work presents statements on how the healthcare services for patients with concussion in England could be redesigned to meet their health needs. Future work will seek to implement these into the clinical pathway.

In recent years, the interest in nonthermal plasma dynamics has grown significantly, within both industry and research. This has been driven by the development of several novel cold plasma technologies across a wide range of different fields, for example, for plasma medicine, chemical processing, pollution control, and surface treatment. The optimization of these technologies relies heavily upon the understanding of gas discharge plasmas: their generation, electrical characteristics, and interaction with their surroundings. Moreover, the manifestation of nonthermal plasmas in the form of streamers is of high relevance and critical importance to high voltage insulation technology, and has further significance to geophysical research concerning atmospheric discharges. The present work describes the development of the StrAFE (Streamers on Adaptive Finite Elements) package, a dedicated Python library built atop the popular open-source FEniCS finite element software, designed with the objective to simplify and to automate the solution of ionization front models. The library features support for mesh adaptivity, distributed memory parallelism, and an intuitive programming interface, while providing an exceptionally high level of user configurability. This article presents the software implementation, describes its features, and presents several code verification studies performed within simple and complex domains. It is concluded that the numerical results gained from this open-source framework are comparable to other well-established software in terms of accuracy. Therefore, it further demonstrates the great potential for open-source software to make significant contributions to technologies involving nonthermal plasmas, ionization fronts, and gas discharges.

Several competing neuro-computational theories of autism have emerged from predictive coding models of the brain. To disentangle their subtly different predictions about the nature of atypicalities in autistic perception, we performed computational modelling of two sensorimotor tasks: the predictive use of manual gripping forces during object lifting and anticipatory eye movements during a naturalistic interception task. In contrast to some accounts, we found no evidence of chronic atypicalities in the use of priors or weighting of sensory information during object lifting. Differences in prior beliefs, rates of belief updating, and the precision weighting of prediction errors were, however, observed for anticipatory eye movements. Most notably, we observed autism-related difficulties in flexibly adapting learning rates in response to environmental change (i.e., volatility). These findings suggest that atypical encoding of precision and context-sensitive adjustments provide a better explanation of autistic perception than generic attenuation of priors or persistently high precision prediction errors. Our results did not, however, support previous suggestions that autistic people perceive their environment to be persistently volatile.

The control of eye gaze is critical to the execution of many skills. The observation that task experts in many domains exhibit more efficient control of eye gaze than novices has led to the development of gaze training interventions that teach these behaviours. We aimed to extend this literature by i) examining the relative benefits of feed-forward (observing an expert’s eye movements) versus feed-back (observing your own eye movements) training, and ii) automating this training within virtual reality. Serving personnel from the British Army and Royal Navy were randomised to either feed-forward or feed-back training within a virtual reality simulation of a room search and clearance task. Eye movement metrics – including visual search, saccade direction, and entropy – were recorded to quantify the efficiency of visual search behaviours. Feed-forward and feed-back eye movement training produced distinct learning benefits, but both accelerated the development of efficient gaze behaviours. However, we found no evidence that these more efficient search behaviours transferred to better decision making in the room clearance task. Our results suggest integrating eye movement training principles within virtual reality training simulations may be effective, but further work is needed to understand the learning mechanisms.

Abstract Background Approximately 1.3 million people die each year globally as a direct result of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Following an MVC some patients will remain trapped in their vehicle; these patients have worse outcomes and may require extrication. Following new evidence, updated multidisciplinary guidance for extrication is needed. Methods This Delphi study has been developed, conducted and reported to CREDES standards. A literature review identified areas of expertise and appropriate individuals were recruited to a Steering Group. The Steering Group formulated initial statements for consideration. Stakeholder organisations were invited to identify subject matter experts (SMEs) from a rescue and clinical background (total 60). SMEs participated over three rounds via an online platform. Consensus for agreement / disagreement was set at 70%. At each stage SMEs could offer feedback on, or modification to the statements considered which was reviewed and incorporated into new statements or new supporting information for the following rounds. Stakeholders agreed a set of principles based on the consensus statements on which future guidance should be based. Results Sixty SMEs completed Round 1, 53 Round 2 (88%) and 49 Round 3 (82%). Consensus was reached on 91 statements (89 agree, 2 disagree) covering a broad range of domains related to: extrication terminology, extrication goals and approach, self-extrication, disentanglement, clinical care, immobilisation, patient-focused extrication, emergency services call and triage, and audit and research standards. Thirty-three statements did not reach consensus. Conclusion This study has demonstrated consensus across a large panel of multidisciplinary SMEs on many key areas of extrication and related practice that will provide a key foundation in the development of evidence-based guidance for this subject area.

Abstract Background Access to human hosts by Anopheles mosquitoes is a key determinant of vectorial capacity for malaria, but it can be limited by use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). In Malawi, pyrethroid-treated LLINs with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were distributed to control malaria. This study investigated the blood-feeding patterns of malaria vectors and whether LLINs containing pyrethroid and PBO led to a reduction of human blood feeding than those containing only pyrethroids. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled inside houses from May 2019 through April 2020 by aspiration, pyrethrum spray catch, and light trap methods in two sites. One site (Namanolo, Balaka district) had LLINs containing only pyrethroids whereas the other (Ntaja, Machinga district) had LLINs with both pyrethroids and PBO. Anopheles species, their blood-meal host, and infection with Plasmodium falciparum were determined using PCR methods. Results A total of 6585 female Anopheles were sampled in 203 houses. Of these, 633 (9.6%) were blood-fed mosquitoes comprising of 279 (44.1%) Anopheles arabiensis, 103 (16.3%) Anopheles gambiae 212 (33.5), Anopheles funestus, 2 (0.3%), Anopheles parensis and 37 (5.8%) were unidentified Anopheles spp. Blood meal hosts were successfully identified for 85.5% (n = 541) of the blood-fed mosquitoes, of which 436 (81.0%) were human blood meals, 28 (5.2%) were goats, 11 (2.0%) were dogs, 60 (11.1%) were mixed goat-human blood meals, 5 (0.9%) were dog–human, and 1 was a mixed dog-goat. Human blood index (fraction of blood meals that were humans) was significantly higher in Namanolo (0.96) than Ntaja (0.89). Even though human blood index was high, goats were over-selected than humans after accounting for relative abundance of both hosts. The number of infectious Anopheles bites per person-year was 44 in Namanolo and 22 in Ntaja. Conclusion Although LLINs with PBO PBO may have reduced human blood feeding, access to humans was extremely high despite high LLIN ownership and usage rates in both sites. This finding could explain persistently high rates of malaria infections in Malawi. However, this study had one village for each net type, thus the observed differences may have been a result of other factors present in each village.

Eighty percent of cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF) occur following trauma and complicate 12 to 13% percent of all basilar skull fractures (Prosser, Vender, and Solares, 2011). An endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) is often the preferred method of repair with greater than 90% success rates (Prosser, Vender, and Solares, 2011). We report a case of a 37-year-old man who presented to our regional level 1 trauma centre with multiple facial injuries. Initial cross-sectional imaging revealed multiple, continuous anterior skull base fractures with associated pneumocephalus. Though initially managed conservatively, the patient represented five days later with unilateral left-sided rhinorrhoea. An endoscopic endonasal repair with a multilayer fat, tensor fascia lata, free mucosal graft, and vascularised local flap reconstruction was undertaken. This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion for delayed CSF leak in traumatic base of skull injury. The EEA enables meticulous dissection and thorough inspection of the skull base, facilitating multilayered repair and reconstruction of defects.

Abstract The integration of prior expectations, sensory information, and environmental volatility is proposed to be atypical in Autism Spectrum Disorder, yet few studies have tested these predictive processes in active movement tasks. To address this gap in the research, we used an immersive virtual-reality racquetball paradigm to explore how visual sampling behaviours and movement kinematics are adjusted in relation to unexpected, uncertain, and volatile changes in environmental statistics. We found that prior expectations concerning ball ‘bounciness’ affected sensorimotor control in both autistic and neurotypical participants, with all individuals using prediction-driven gaze strategies to track the virtual ball. However, autistic participants showed substantial differences in visuomotor behaviour when environmental conditions were more volatile. Specifically, uncertainty-related performance difficulties in these conditions were accompanied by atypical movement kinematics and visual sampling responses. Results support proposals that autistic people overestimate the volatility of sensory environments, and suggest that context-sensitive differences in active inference could explain a range of movement-related difficulties in autism.

We study an individual’s propensity for rational thinking; the avoidance of cognitive biases (unconscious errors generated by our mental simplification methods) using a novel augmented reality (AR) platform. Specifically, we developed an odd-one-out (OOO) game-like task in AR designed to try to induce and assess confirmatory biases. Forty students completed the AR task in the laboratory, and the short form of the comprehensive assessment of rational thinking (CART) online via the Qualtrics platform. We demonstrate that behavioural markers (based on eye, hand and head movements) can be associated (linear regression) with the short CART score – more rational thinkers have slower head and hand movements and faster gaze movements in the second more ambiguous round of the OOO task. Furthermore, short CART scores can be associated with the change in behaviour between two rounds of the OOO task (one less and one more ambiguous) – hand-eye-head coordination patterns of the more rational thinkers are more consistent in the two rounds. Overall, we demonstrate the benefits of augmenting eye-tracking recordings with additional data modalities when trying to understand complicated behaviours.

Abstract Background Rapid adoption of robotic-assisted general surgery procedures, particularly for cholecystectomy, continues while questions remain about its benefits and utility. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of robot-assisted cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease as compared with the laparoscopic approach. Methods A literature search was performed from January 2010 to March 2020, and a narrative analysis was performed as studies were heterogeneous. Results Of 887 articles screened, 44 met the inclusion criteria (range 20–735,537 patients). Four were randomized controlled trials, and four used propensity-matching. There were variable comparisons between operative techniques with only 19 out of 44 studies comparing techniques using the same number of ports. Operating room time was longer for the robot-assisted technique in the majority of studies (range 11–55 min for 22 studies, p < 0.05; 15 studies showed no difference; two studies showed shorter laparoscopic times), while conversion rates and intraoperative complications were not different. No differences were detected for the length of stay, surgical site infection, or readmissions. Across studies comparing single-port robot-assisted to multi-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy, there was a higher rate of incisional hernia; however, no differences were noted when comparing single-port robot-assisted to single-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusions Clinical outcomes were similar for benign, elective gallbladder disease for robot-assisted compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Overall, the rates of complications were low. More high-quality studies are needed as the robot-assisted technique expands to more complex gallbladder disease, where its utility may prove increasingly beneficial. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020156945

Amphiphilic peptides, such as Aß amyloids, can adsorb at an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). Based on previous work (vide infra), a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface is used as a simple biomimetic system for studying drug interactions. The ITIES provides a 2D interface to study ion-transfer processes associated with aggregation, as a function of Galvani potential difference. Here, the aggregation/complexation behaviour of Aβ(1-42) is studied in the presence of Cu (II) ions, together with the effect of a multifunctional peptidomimetic inhibitor (P6). Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry proved to be particularly sensitive to the detection of the complexation and aggregation of Aβ(1-42), enabling estimations of changes in lipophilicity upon binding to Cu (II) and P6. At a 1:1 ratio of Cu (II):Aβ(1-42), fresh samples showed a single DPV (Differential Pulse Voltammetry) peak half wave transfer potential (E1/2) at 0.40 V. Upon increasing the ratio of Cu (II) two-fold, fluctuations were observed in the DPVs, indicating aggregation. The approximate stoichiometry and binding properties of Aβ(1-42) during complexation with Cu (II) were determined by performing a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) standard addition method, which showed two binding regimes. A pKa of 8.1 was estimated, with a Cu:Aβ1-42 ratio~1:1.7. Studies using molecular dynamics simulations of peptides at the ITIES show that Aβ(1-42) strands interact through the formation of β-sheet stabilised structures. In the absence of copper, binding/unbinding is dynamic, and interactions are relatively weak, leading to the observation of parallel and anti-parallel arrangements of β-sheet stabilised aggregates. In the presence of copper ions, strong binding occurs between a copper ion and histidine residues on two peptides. This provides a convenient geometry for inducing favourable interactions between folded β-sheet structures. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy (CD spectroscopy) was used to support the aggregation behaviour of the Aβ(1-42) peptides following the addition of Cu (II) and P6 to the aqueous phase.

The properties of biological networks, such as those found in the ocular lens capsule, are difficult to study without simplified models. Model polymers are developed, inspired by “worm-like” curve models, that are shown to spontaneously self assemble to form networks similar to those observed experimentally in biological systems. These highly simplified coarse-grained models allow the self assembly process to be studied on near-realistic time-scales. Metrics are developed (using a polygon-based framework) which are useful for describing simulated networks and can also be applied to images of real networks. These metrics are used to show the range of control that the computational polymer model has over the networks, including the polygon structure and short range order. The structure of the simulated networks are compared to previous simulation work and microscope images of real networks. The network structure is shown to be a function of the interaction strengths, cooling rates and external pressure. In addition, “pre-tangled” network structures are introduced and shown to significantly influence the subsequent network structure. The network structures obtained fit into a region of the network landscape effectively inaccessible to random (entropically-driven) networks but which are occupied by experimentally-derived configurations.

El presente estudio examina como distinguir de manera significativa y sistemática los niveles de evaluación de conocimiento en aula entre profesores practicantes, utilizando un marco de progresión del aprendizaje. Guiados por principios nacionalmente reconocidos sobre el desarrollo y adquisición de evaluación en aula (CAL por sus siglas en inglés), el instrumento fue usado para identificar las diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas sobre evaluación de aula de educadores principiantes. Los resultados de rendimiento en la escala presenta nuevas direcciones para modelar el entrenamiento de los profesores practicantes y sus progresiones en este complejo ámbito. Los descubrimientos preliminares resultan relevantes para educadores que utilicen evaluaciones y estén interesados en usos diagnósticos y formativos del instrumento presentado para evaluar el crecimiento de los profesores practicantes.

Abstract Objectives This study examined if people with Parkinson’s and freezing of gait pathology (FoG) could be trained to increase preparatory weight-shift amplitude, and facilitate step initiation during FoG. Methods Thirty-five people with Parkinson’s and FoG attempted to initiate forward walking from a stationary position caused by a freeze (n = 17, FoG-F) or voluntarily stop (n = 18, FoG-NF) in a Baseline condition and two conditions where an increased weight-shift amplitude was trained via: (i) explicit verbal instruction, and (ii) implicit movement analogies. Results At Baseline, weight-shift amplitudes were smaller during: (i) unsuccessful, compared to successful step initiations (FoG-F group), and (ii) successful step initiations in the FoG-F group compared to FoG-NF. Both Verbal and Analogy training resulted in significant increases in weight-shift amplitude in both groups, and a corresponding pronounced reduction in unsuccessful attempts to initiate stepping (FoG-F group). Conclusions Hypometric preparatory weight-shifting is associated with failure to initiate forward stepping in people with Parkinson’s and FoG. However, impaired weight-shift characteristics are modifiable through conscious strategies. This current study provides a novel and critical evaluation of preparatory weight-shift amplitudes during FoG events. The intervention described represents an attractive ‘rescue’ strategy and should be further scrutinised regarding limitations posed by physical and cognitive deficits.

Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a rare form of malignant melanoma. DMs may present with a non-specific appearance which can make diagnosis difficult. Surgical excision with wide margins is the preferred treatment. DMs tend to be locally aggressive and adjuvant radiotherapy may improve local control of disease.

Capicua (CIC) is a tumour suppressor in oligodendroglioma. Here, the authors show that ERK activation mediates CIC regulation via ubiquitination and degradation by PJA1 and a degradation resistant form of CIC enhances efficacy of ERK inhibition in glioblastoma.

Summary: We report severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike ΔH69/V70 in multiple independent lineages, often occurring after acquisition of receptor binding motif replacements such as N439K and Y453F, known to increase binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and confer antibody escape. In vitro, we show that, although ΔH69/V70 itself is not an antibody evasion mechanism, it increases infectivity associated with enhanced incorporation of cleaved spike into virions. ΔH69/V70 is able to partially rescue infectivity of spike proteins that have acquired N439K and Y453F escape mutations by increased spike incorporation. In addition, replacement of the H69 and V70 residues in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7 spike (where ΔH69/V70 occurs naturally) impairs spike incorporation and entry efficiency of the B.1.1.7 spike pseudotyped virus. Alpha variant B.1.1.7 spike mediates faster kinetics of cell-cell fusion than wild-type Wuhan-1 D614G, dependent on ΔH69/V70. Therefore, as ΔH69/V70 compensates for immune escape mutations that impair infectivity, continued surveillance for deletions with functional effects is warranted.

We describe the development and implementation of a learning progression specifying transitions in reasoning about data and statistics when middle school students are inducted into practices of visualizing, measuring, and modeling the variability inherent in processes ranging from repeated measure to production to organismic growth. A series of design studies indicated that inducting students into these approximations of statistical practice supported the development of statistical reasoning. Conceptual change was supported by close coordination between assessment and instruction, where changes in students’ ways of thinking about data and statistics were illuminated as progress along six related constructs. Each construct was developed iteratively during the course of design research as we became better informed about the forms of thinking that tended to emerge as students were inducted into how statisticians describe and analyze variability. To illustrate how instruction and assessment proceeded in tandem, we consider progress in one construct, Modeling Variability. For this construct, we describe how learning activities supported the forms of conceptual change envisioned in the construct, and how conceptual change was indicated by items specifically designed to target levels of the construct map. We show how student progress can be monitored and summatively assessed using items and empirical maps of items’ locations compared to student locations (called Wright maps), and how some items were employed formatively by classroom teachers to further student learning.

From a measurement perspective, a variety of analytic approaches are fast emerging in the data mining and exploratory analytics branches of the field of data sciences. In particular, for learning analytics, more theory is needed showing how the analytical approaches are related to one another and to their respective purposes when measurement is involved. For example, machine learning acting on process data can yield sets of specific patterns as results, but the critical question from a measurement perspective is: What do these results mean and how can they be used successfully in learning analytics? That is, if the goal is to make an inference regarding some underlying variable or set of elements about a student (or a teacher, school, or other agent or program within an educational setting), what claims are being made regarding the evidence and how can learning analytics contribute? In this paper we introduce techniques that move toward theory extensions that need to be developed at the intersection of learning analytics with measurement technology. For elucidating potential theoretical components from a measurement perspective, we draw on a type of case study research in the computer science domain, specifically employing “use cases.” A use case in computer science describes a scenario of use for software. Different use cases can describe different situations in which software may have utility. Like other multi-case designs, use cases can offer a means of exploring relationships and advancing potential theories by comparing similarities and differences among the cases. Here we explore three LA use case examples that differ purposively in critical ways. Examining their similarities and differences highlights potential dimensions that distinguish among emerging LA use cases at the intersection of data science and measurement technology.

Background: Mindful walking (MW) interventions employ mindfulness training combined with physical activity. Wearable mobile devices have been increasingly used to measure outcomes of physical activity interventions. The purpose of this study was to understand MW participants’ attitudes towards MW and the use of mobile devices in health promotion interventions, including barriers and facilitators of intervention engagement and adherence. Few qualitative studies have documented participant experience with these two types of interventions. Method: The pilot study involved a randomized MW intervention including 38 participants with self-reported inadequate physical activity. Half of them were randomized to receive MW intervention plus a FitBit device and the other received the FitBit device only. We used a qualitative thematic analysis of the narrative data collected through open-ended survey questions at three time points. Participants in the MW intervention were asked to describe their experiences with MW, while all participants were asked to describe their experience with wearing the FitBit to track their step counts. Results: Participants reported a broad range of perceived benefits and challenges related to adopting the MW intervention and using the mobile device. Participants were generally willing to try to adopt the recommended MW practice and to see value of MW in increasing physical activity and improving overall health. Participants reported using a variety of additional device features beyond goal setting and step counts, indicating using the devices may have been effective in providing additional motivation for participants in meeting physical activity goals in both the control and intervention groups. While most of the feedback about MW (in the intervention group) and the device (all participants) was overwhelmingly positive, a minority of participants reported barriers such as lack of patience with meditation and discomfort with wearing the device. Conclusion: Most participants in the MW intervention see the health benefits of this program and most participants using the wearable physical activity tracking device reported the motivational benefits of this device. Issues with the MW intervention (e.g., lack of patience) and the wearable device (e.g., discomfort with wearing) need to be addressed in future interventions.

A number of factors are at work as they relate to divine guidance in the life of a Christian. Examples of odegeology – the neologism given to this dimension of practical theology – are discussed in this article around the scriptural topos of hindrance as a motivation in Paul’s guidance. Four examples are considered that are drawn from the book of Acts and from his own letters. The circumstances related to these hindrances are discussed, and relevant applications are drawn from them. The article closes with a contemporary example of hindrance resulting from the coronavirus pandemic of 2019. It looks at lessons Christians are learning about the hindrances caused by this virus as they cope with restrictive stay-at-home orders. These are suggested as somewhat analogous to Paul’s two extended imprisonments. Contribution: This article is the first to explore systematically all the texts regarding hindrance as a motivation for guidance related to Paul in the book of Acts and his letters. Guidance in the Christian life remains an important dimension within Practical Theology, a theological discipline within the journal’s publishing tradition.

Objectives The Australian Ageing Semantic Differential (AASD) survey was developed to quantify medical student attitudes towards older people. The purpose of this study is to examine psychometric properties of the survey and confirm its factor structure of four composites.Design A cross-sectional study.Setting Three medical schools in three Australian states: Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia.Participants Third-year or fourth-year medical students (n=188, response rate=79%).Outcome measures In the previous AASD study, exploratory factor analysis supported a four-factor model consisting of ‘Instrumentality’ (I), ‘Personal Appeal’ (PA), ‘Experience’ (E) and ‘Sociability’ (S). Congeneric one-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to examine model fit for factors using a new student sample (n=188).Psychometric properties of survey items and factors.Post-hoc analysis of pooled data from this study and earlier AASD study (n=509).Results Indices of fit (Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardised root mean square residual (SRMR)) for data to the factor model were: PA adequate fit (CFI=0.94, TLI=0.89, RMSEA=0.11 and SRMR=0.05), I good fit (CFI=0.99, TLI=0.99, RMSEA=0.04 and SRMR=0.03), S good fit (CFI=0.98, TLI=0.95, RMSEA=0.06 and SRMR=0.03) and E excellent fit (CFI=1.0, TLI=1.0, RMSEA=0.00 and SRMR=0.01).The AASD was internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha=0.84), without difference in mean student scores by institution. Mean AASD score was positive for medical students outside New South Wales (73.2/114).Mean I score for all Australian students was negative, with female respondents’ mean E score significantly higher than their counterparts. A positive correlation between student age and I score was noted.Conclusions The AASD is internally consistent and generalisable within Australia, with acceptable structural validity for measuring medical student attitudes towards older people within a four-factor model. Student attitudes were positive globally and within all factors except I. Female students rated older persons E more positively. Older students recorded more positive attitudes towards I of older people.

Telomeres are repeat sequences of non-coding DNA-protein molecules that cap or intersperse metazoan chromosomes. Interest in telomeres has increased exponentially in recent years, to now include their ongoing dynamics and evolution within natural populations where individuals vary in telomere attributes. Phylogenetic analyses show profound differences in telomere length across non-model taxa. However, telomeres may also differ in length within individuals and between tissues. The latter becomes a potential source of error when researchers use different tissues for extracting DNA for telomere analysis and scientific inference. A commonly used tissue type for assessing telomere length is blood, a tissue that itself varies in terms of nuclear content among taxa, in particular to what degree their thrombocytes and red blood cells (RBCs) contain nuclei or not. Specifically, when RBCs lack nuclei, leucocytes become the main source of telomeric DNA. RBCs and leucocytes differ in lifespan and how long they have been exposed to ‘senescence' and erosion effects. We report on a study in which cells in whole blood from individual Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) were identified using flow cytometry and their telomere length simultaneously measured. Lymphocyte telomeres were on average 270% longer than RBC telomeres, and in azurophils (a reptilian monocyte), telomeres were more than 388% longer than those in RBCs. If this variation in telomere length among different blood cell types is a widespread phenomenon, and DNA for comparative telomere analyses are sourced from whole blood, evolutionary inference of telomere traits among taxa may be seriously complicated by the blood cell type comprising the main source of DNA.

The primary objective of this study was to examine the impacts associated with implementation of overdose preventions sites (OPSs) in Victoria, Canada during a declared provincial public health overdose emergency. A rapid case study design was employed with three OPSs constituting the cases. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 staff, including experiential staff, and 12 service users. Theoretically, we were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. This framework, combined with a case study design, is well suited for generating insight into the impacts of an intervention. Zero deaths were identified as a key impact and indicator of success. The implementation of OPSs increased opportunities for early intervention in the event of an overdose, reducing trauma for staff and service users, and facilitated organizational transitions from provision of safer supplies to safer spaces. Providing a safer space meant drug use no longer needed to be concealed, with the effect of mitigating drug related stigma and facilitating a shift from shame and blame to increasing trust and development of relationships with increased opportunities to provide connections to other services. These impacts were achieved with few new resources highlighting the commitment of agencies and harm reduction workers, particularly those with lived experience, in achieving beneficial impacts. Although mitigating harms of overdose, OPSs do not address the root problem of an unsafe drug supply. OPSs are important life-saving interventions, but more is needed to address the current contamination of the illicit drug supply including provision of a safer supply.

Lomentospora prolificans is an emerging pathogen that is difficult to treat due to its intrinsic resistance to currently available antifungal agents. Current evidence demonstrates synergy between Azoles and Terbinafine against L. prolificans infections, while adjunct use of antifungal agent-loaded bone cement has also shown favourable outcomes. We report a case of an immunosuppressed adult with rheumatoid arthritis who developed L. prolificans osteomyelitis in his right wrist following trauma and subsequent exposure to commercially available fertiliser. The infection was successfully eradicated via a combination of aggressive, staged surgical source control, antifungal therapy using voriconazole and Terbinafine, and insertion of voriconazole-loaded bone cement into the wrist and carpus. The utility of this approach supports the synergistic effects of voriconazole and Terbinafine and, more broadly, the clinical benefits of antifungal-loaded bone cement, as demonstrated in previous case reports and in vitro studies. As such, combination antifungal therapy and voriconazole-loaded bone cement should be considered the therapy of choice in cases of osteomyelitis where L. prolificans is proven to be the causative organism.

This paper gives an example of how to address the challenge of designing a learning progression that describes student thinking, with the necessary specificity to align instructional opportunities and assessment tools. We describe the Conceptual Underpinnings of Evolution project and the iterative process of developing a novel learning progression theory, while critically testing that theory using structured interview data analyzed with Rasch models. We investigate elementary students’ capacities for reasoning in biology, specifically focusing on microevolution as a strategic core idea for students between the ages of seven and nine. The learning progression theory informed the design of two instructional modules which aimed to build on students’ intuitions. The modules provided opportunities for students to engage in scientific practices framed to develop more adequate explanations about how organisms may change over time, in accordance with environmental changes. Aligning the learning progression, instructional activities, and structured interview assessment was critical for meeting two of our underlying assumptions: that students’ reasoning capacities rely on instructional opportunities; and that students’ assessment scores must be interpretable in terms of learning progression levels. We share both initial and late-stage versions of the learning progression and describe how item-level information and Rasch analyses helped both to specify the learning progression levels and to define the two underlying dimensions.

This article introduces the neologism ‘odegeology’ to encompass theological discussion concerning divine guidance, a significant issue for spiritual formation and discipleship in the church. Jesus’ promise of power and his commission to be witnesses in Acts 1:8 establish the theme for the book called Praxeis in the Greek text. Acts is replete with examples of guidance for completing that mission, particularly in the ministries of Peter and Paul. Can Paul’s experiences with guidance, whether natural or supernatural, be considered a matter of praxis for Christians today? In answering that question, this study will use Paul’s missionary journeys in Acts as a heuristic model for decision-making. The article will discuss the place of divine guidance in publications by Pentecostal/charismatic publishers and whether it is a subject addressed in the faculties of practical theology in their theological schools. The article closes with a discussion whether odegeology as practised in Acts should be normative for Christians today.

High energy X-ray diffraction can be combined with containerless techniques to provide information on the atomic arrangements in glass-forming liquids in stable and metastable regimes. The high incident energies provide bulk diffraction data to high values of scattering vector which enables significantly more robust analysis of the local and medium-range order that influences important physical properties such as viscosity and crystal nucleation.These combined techniques have been applied to a range of oxide liquids. In this contribution we illustrate addition of further dimensions to phase space by controlling the partial pressure of oxygen that permits the study liquids containing iron. The advantages of rapid data acquisition are also demonstrated in a study of tellurite glass-forming systems where a transition from ergodic to non-ergodic regimes in the deeply supercooled liquid is shown. Finally we demonstrate how descriptions of the liquid structure can be developed by combining HEXRD with molecular dynamics simulations. Keywords: X-ray diffraction, Containerless techniques, Liquid structure

Two code files and one dataset related to Olympic Twitter activity are the foundation for this article. Through Twitter's Spritzer streaming API (Application Programming Interface), we collected over 430 million tweets from May 12th, 2016 to September 12th, 2016 windowing the Rio de Janeiro Olympics and Paralympics. We cleaned and filtered these tweets to contain Olympic-related content. We then analyzed the raw data of 21,218,652 tweets including location data, language, and tweet content to distill the sentiment and emotions of Twitter users pertaining to the Olympic Games Kassens-Noor E. et al., 2019. We generalized the original data set to comply with the Twitter's Terms of Service and Developer agreement, 2018. We present the modified dataset and accompanying code files in this article to suggest using both for further analysis on sentiment and emotions related to the Rio de Janeiro Olympics and for comparative research on imagery and perceptions of other Olympic Games. Keywords: Olympic, R rdata, Twitter, Emotion lexicon

This article discusses Paul’s visit to Derbe contextually within the first journey as well as his subsequent visits to this minor Lycaonian city. It reviews the difficulty of earlier travellers and scholars such as Davis, Sterrett, and Ramsay to localise the site. The discovery of two inscriptions naming Derbe have more precisely situated the site, yet some ambiguity remains. Paul’s projected routes between Lystra and Derbe as presented in maps and atlases are reviewed. The authors’ autopsy of this area provides fresh insights into Paul’s route between the two cities. The article closes with a suggested reason why Paul visited Derbe on his first journey and thereby founded a community of believers there.

This article introduces a new framework for articulating how educational assessments can be related to teacher uses in the classroom. It articulates three levels of assessment: macro (use of standardized tests), meso (externally developed items), and micro (on-the-fly in the classroom). The first level is the usual context for educational measurement, but one of the contributions of this article is that it mainly focuses on the latter two levels. Co-ordination of the content across these two levels can be achieved using the concept of a construct map, which articulates the substantive target property at levels of detail that are appropriate for both teacher planning and within-classroom use. This article then describes a statistical model designed to span these two levels and discusses how best to relate this to the macrolevel. Results from a curriculum and instruction development project on the topic of measurement in the elementary school are demonstrated, showing how they are empirically related.

Multidimensionality is common in psychological and educational measurements. This study focuses on dimensions that converge at the upper anchor (i.e. the highest acquisition status defined in a learning progression) and compares different ways of dealing with them using the multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model and scale alignment methods. Assumptions underlying the four approaches studied are (a) ignoring the convergence, (b) recognizing the convergence of the dimensions, (c) treating convergence as a new dimension, and (d) separating the within-category multidimensionality and treating convergence as a new dimension. A learning progression about micro-evolution is used as an example, including model fits, step difficulties, and associations between dimensions, Wright maps are drawn, and inferences are made under the four building blocks of measurement development. Finally, the usefulness and weaknesses of the four approaches are discussed.

A viscoelastic turbulence model in a fully-developed drag reducing channel flow is improved, with turbulent eddies modelled under a k–ε representation, along with polymeric solutions described by the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic-Peterlin (FENE-P) constitutive model. The model performance is evaluated against a wide variety of direct numerical simulation data, described by different combinations of rheological parameters, which is able to predict all drag reduction (low, intermediate and high) regimes with good accuracy. Three main contributions are proposed: one with a simplified viscoelastic closure for the NLTij term (which accounts for the interactions between the fluctuating components of the conformation tensor and the velocity gradient tensor), by removing additional damping functions and reducing complexity compared with previous models; second through a reformulation for the closure of the viscoelastic destruction term, Eτp, which removes all friction velocity dependence; lastly by an improved modified damping function capable of predicting the reduction in the eddy viscosity and thus accurately capturing the turbulent kinetic energy throughout the channel. The main advantage is the capacity to predict all flow fields for low, intermediate and high friction Reynolds numbers, up to high drag reduction without friction velocity dependence.

From the establishment of the Department of the Environment, in 1970, to the launch of the Green Party in 1973, the first few years of the 1970s saw environmental issues move to the centre of British society. This article discusses environmental awareness in this period, with specific reference to the BBC science fiction series Doomwatch. Placing this series within the wider context of 1970s Britain, it argues that this series was part of a burgeoning environmental discourse. First airing in February 1970 and considered “years ahead of its time,” Doomwatch was popular with the public, regularly receiving over 10 million viewers. Using Stuart Hall’s “encoding and decoding,” the impact of the programme on the public is assessed in this paper. The BBC Audience Research Reports reveal viewers’ feelings and show that the programme did strike a chord with the public and reflected concerns about contemporary environmental problems. This article thus analyses the contribution of the series to environmental awareness in Britain, and highlights the importance of considering television, and the public’s response, when assessing the “greening of Britain”.

Existen puntos de vista marcadamente distintos en muchos contextos, desde la ciencia, pasando por las aulas, hasta el mercado. Lo que podría ser sorprendente es que pueden hallarse tanto disonancias divergentes como armonías convergentes en sistemas productivos del mundo real. El valor de los resultados de evaluación generalizables depende de que estos sean innovadores a la vez que estandarizados. Estas tensiones aparentemente opuestas pueden reconciliarse en términos de objetos de demarcación, entidades compartidas por distintas comunidades que los usan y los ven de modo bastante diferente. Más aún, desde hace largo tiempo se ha considerado que la ciencia ocurre dentro de un continuo que va desde el pensar y el actuar cotidiano a la lógica y a los métodos formales; por lo tanto, no debiera ser una sorpresa que este rango se manifieste también en la investigación psicométrica. Describimos métodos y resultados en los cuales ejemplares modelados psicométricamente, conocidos como mapas de constructo y mapas Wright, funcionan como objetos de demarcación y sirven de base para analogías productivas en la evaluación educacional de las siguientes formas: (a) preservando estructuras relacionales, (b) generando mapeos isomorfos entre sistemas y (c) facilitando la sistematicidad, comprendida como sistemas de mapeo de estructuras relacionales de orden superior (Nersessian & Chandrasekaran, 2009). En este contexto conceptual, presentamos una aplicación del Sistema de Evaluación BEAR [BEAR Assessment System] y su software asociado, los que facilitan la traducción de estructuras relacionales entre sistemas, apoyando así las alianzas prácticas entre la enseñanza, la legislación, la evaluación y desarrollo curriculares, la psicometría y las tecnologías de la información (TI).

We propose a conceptual framework that highlights the importance of logistics, collaboration, sourcing, and knowledge management in achieving supply chain resilience. This framework is developed after extensive literature review of relief supply chains, supply chain resilience, and disaster management disciplines. This review reveals that our understanding of supply chain resilience for food supply chains in a disaster scenario is still in its infancy. We note the lack of any consolidated framework or generalized theory in this area. Different topics related to resilience are usually discussed in isolation; hence, this research has attempted to combine different concepts drawn from various areas into one framework. We postulate that food supply chains can develop certain capabilities such as agility, adaptability, and alignment within the four supply chain domains of logistics, collaboration, sourcing, and knowledge management. Supply chain orientation and risk management culture plays the facilitating role in this framework. Adopting this systems approach would allow greater insights into how food supply chains can become more resilient to natural disasters.

Paul uses the hapax legomenon ίλαστήριον in Romans 3:25. Pauline scholars have discussed the background for Paul’s use of the word, whether from the LXX, Second Temple practice or pagan inscriptions. Two altars were found in the Asian city of Metropolis in the early 1990s with the dedication Καίσαρος ἱλαστηρίου. This article discusses their discovery, the history of Metropolis and the possible relationship of Paul to the city. It explores the date of the erection of the altars by establishing a viable sitz im leben early in the reign of Augustus. It then traces the semantic history of the ίλαστήριον and attempts to establish its possible meaning within Pauline theology. Finally, the question whether ίλαστήριον should be added to the vocabulary of imperial ideology in Paul’s writings is addressed.

Commentators on Revelation routinely note that the content of the seven seals in chapter 6 corresponds closely with Jesus’ apocalyptic Olivet Discourse found in each of the Synoptic Gospels. This article first reviews the literary similarities between Jesus’ teaching in the Discourse and John’s first judgment cycle of seven seals. It then looks at historical parallels between these and the account of Josephus in The Jewish War. Postulating an early date for Revelation, the article then explores the possibility that erchomai-nia has broken out in the churches in Asia. Evidence for political and economic disturbance in the province of Asia in the late 60s CE is presented. Jesus’ prophetic teaching about the fall of Jerusalem, seemingly fulfilled in the war in Judea and the encirclement of Jerusalem by Roman troops, has provoked a mind-set of eschatological imminency in some Asian believers. John’s Apocalypse, particularly in the seven seals, seeks to address this alarmist perspective and to present a different timetable related to Jesus’ second coming.

En este artículo se exploran algunas de las complejidades conceptuales que guardan relación con el desarrollo de una progresión de aprendizaje en donde su objetivo final se representa como un ciclo. A modo de introducción a esta revisión conceptual y teórica, primero se describen algunos de los conceptos que subyacen al trabajo del Centro BEAR en pos de desarrollar progresiones de aprendizaje. Al centro de todos estos desarrollos está el mapa del constructo, el pilar principal del sistema de evaluación BEAR (SEB). Después de presentar el concepto de una progresión de aprendizaje, se resumen los elementos del SEB, al tiempo que se recalca la función central del mapa del constructo. Luego, se describen diferentes maneras de interpretar la relación entre la idea de un mapa de constructo y la idea de una progresión basada en ciclos. Asimismo, a lo largo del artículo se discuten algunas fortalezas y debilidades de estos conceptos, con un enfoque en los temas relacionados con la educación y la medición. Finalmente, se concluye con algunas reflexiones generales

The purpose of this study was to explore whether mental toughness varies across a 30-day training block and whether such variability is associated with specific antecedents. This exploratory case study research investigated mental toughness variability using the Mental Toughness Index (MTI) with thirteen elite master runners across a series of self-selected training sessions, followed by interviews and follow-up questionnaires, to identify primary influencers of variability. There were significant differences in the MTI scores between baseline (before the training period), and the minimum and the maximum reported score over five self-selected training sessions (p’s < 0.004). The proceeding follow-up interviews and questionnaires then provided insights into factors influencing this intra-individual variability. These higher-level themes included foundational wellbeing, specific preparation, and actions utilized in the moment. This study is the first to demonstrate within-person MTI variability across specific training sessions and provides initial insights for both athletes and practitioners into potential influencers of mental toughness.