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Leveraging Weiner's attribution theory of intrapersonal motivation at the micro level and varieties of capitalism theory at the macro level, we conduct a multi‐country and cross‐level study examining whether individuals' career goals (i.e., perceived importance of learning and development), behaviors (i.e., proactive career behaviors), and outcomes (i.e., perceived employability) as well as the relationships between these variables, differ between different market economies. We challenge extant literature that focuses on the agentic role of individuals and understates the role of context (i.e., market economy influence) in an individual's career development. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, we draw on a survey of 15,201 individuals between 2014 and 2016 from 22 countries representing four different varieties of capitalism. The results showed that workers in hierarchical (HME) and Mediterranean (MME) market economies systematically differed from individuals in coordinated (CME) and liberal (LME) market economies in proactive career behaviors and perceived employability. Moreover, while the positive relationship between perceived importance of learning and development and proactive career behaviors was stronger in CMEs and LMEs compared to HMEs and MMEs, the positive association between proactive career behaviors and perceived employability was weaker. Our study bridges the micro‐macro gap in career studies, adding new insights into the ongoing conversation of contextual influence in individuals' career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is concern, especially in certain feminist circles, that capitalism disfavors women. This could take many forms, for example, lower wages for the same work, reduced career opportunities, disparities in ownership, and the upholding of traditional gender roles, and it could result in capitalism conferring more life satisfaction on men than on women. We test empirically whether this concern is justified. Using the epidemiological approach to rule out reverse causality, we first confirm previous findings that most areas of economic freedom (legal quality in particular, but also monetary stability, openness, and regulation) are beneficial for general life satisfaction. When looking at women and men separately, we find virtually no statistically significant differences, and in the cases we do, the estimates reveal a more beneficial outcome for women. Hence, we conclude that capitalism does not seem to favor men more than women in terms of life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial activities are at the forefront of human relationships with other people and with society. For this reason, trade has a long history, as long as the history of mankind. Human beings, as a socio-cultural beings, meet a significant part of their needs through commercial activities, and thus, make achieves an important step towards achieving peace. In other words, the individual who cannot meet his needs becomes unhappy and uncomfortable. This leads to a society consisting of unhappy and restless individuals who also do not create a peaceful and secure environment. Trade therefore, plays a significant role in ensuring peace and security in society. For this reason, all ruling systems have given importance to trade, and they have introduced certain sets of rules which ensure the efficiency and order of commercial activities. Aiming at the happiness of human beings both in this world and in the hereafter, Islam has also laid down certain rules in the relations between man and society and their commercial activities, as well as in the fields of faith, worship, and morality. It is a fact that the Qur'an and the Sunnah, which are the main references to Islam, have important regulations and provisions in the field of trade. These rules and regulations, which represent the basic rules of trade, have over time been transformed into a voluminous accumulation that we can call "Islamic commercial law," in the corpus of fiqh over time. When Islamic precepts and their accumulated interpretation are examined, it is seen that market economy is adopted in Islamic commercial law. One of the important conditions that the market economy naturally requires is undoubtedly the existence of free competition throughout all commercial activities. Although in the classical fiqh corpus, or in modern terms, the subject of commercial competition in Islamic law has not been dealt with separately, the existence of this competition in Islamic commercial law is understood by inductive methods. All of the steps, precautions, and prohibitions focusing on the stability of the market in commercial activities from the beginning lead to this conclusion. In this study, the issue of competition in Islamic commercial law is discussed in general, based on the nass (divine decree) and principles. Based on the analytical method, the study concludes that Islam's understanding of trade is dominated by the free market economy and therefore free competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the Jiu Valley, located in the southern Carpathians, shepherding was the main occupation of peasants, even after coal mining began in the area. Coal mining led to rapid economic development both in the early twentieth century and during the communist period (1945-1989). Often discouraged by the authorities, the peasants—nicknamed momârlani by the townspeople—continued to raise animals while working simultaneously in the mine. After the 1989 Revolution, during the difficult transition to a democratic regime and market economy, peasants struggled to find their place in a new market: that of purebred animals, which hold significant economic value, especially in an area further impoverished by mine closures imposed by European “green” policies.

In the old days, taxing a commodity meant setting its price (i.e., its "rate") through negotiation, to keep it within the reach of as many people as possible. Taxation was an exceptional measure granted by royal authority to the public, who cherished it. In the name of a freedom that would be enjoyed only by merchants, the Enlightenment movement argued that taxation was theft, and the Revolution rigorously prohibited it from the outset. Prices soared. Whereas yesterday we taxed a product to prevent it from going up in price, today the tax is what increases the price to the benefit of the State or a community. History has changed the meaning of words.

The current article analyses general problems of the processes of introducing BIM-technologies (building information model) in the construction industry of developing countries. The impact of the concept of scientific and technical progress on the development of information modelling in construction has been determined. The impact of introducing information BIM-technologies into construction processes at various stages of building an investment project is reflected – from development and design to commissioning, subsequent use and, if necessary, demolition of the object. The arguments justifying the need to develop BIM-modeling in investment processes of construction and design are presented. The modern interpretation of the concept of information modelling in the construction industry of developing countries is given. The author has described the main activities contributing to the development of the progress of implementing BIM-technologies in construction and domestic business in general. The goals and objectives of the digitalisation of the economy, including in construction, are considered and systematised. Also, the article discuses functions of design in construction, perspective variations of improving the quality of construction objects and reducing the level of risks and costs of the project.

Feminist thought is often articulated as a series of categories such as liberal feminism, socialist feminism, Marxist feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, etc. These categories have aided the development of feminist thought, but their prevalence limits discussion to predictable parameters. Meanwhile, feminists often have notably divergent responses to the rise of the market economy. In particular, we differ about the liberating possibilities of participating in a capitalist market economy. Some feminists emphasise that the market economy provides an opportunity for women to free themselves from gender restrictions expressed in family and kinship traditions. But many other feminists are sceptical, from varying perspectives, that participation in the capitalist market results in freedom for women (or in other benefits to women, men or the world). This article draws on work by Linda Nicholson and Karl Polanyi to show that thinking through the historically changing relations between market, kinship, family and politics provides a different way of conceptualising feminist thought. Unlike the older alternative, this new approach has the advantage that it is grounded directly in thinking about women's experiences around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cambodia, currently classified as a lower-middle-income developing country, aspires to reach upper-middle-income status by 2030. To achieve this ambitious goal, the Cambodian government has embraced an open market economic system and prioritized attracting foreign investments as well as encouraging final consumption expenditure (FCE) and stimulating the level of industries, including construction. This study aims to find out the influences of the fluctuations of foreign direct investment (FDI), FCE, and industry (including construction) (IIC) on gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Cambodia and to identify the key factors that can increase FDI, FCE, and IIC growth. The study employs descriptive and correlational analysis, mainly focusing on statistical analyses by constructing an econometric model. The results indicate that Cambodia’s GDP is directly and positively impacted by the FDI, FCE, and IIC, according to the analysis of the specification of the econometric model using a linear mathematical equation. The study concludes that the Cambodian government’s attention to strategic policies and initiatives in promoting FDI, FCE, and IIC, ultimately leading to a higher overall economic growth rate, is crucial. Factors such as political stability and governance, regulation and legal framework, infrastructure, human capital development, market access, publicprivate partnership, fiscal policy, and social protection should be at the forefront of the Cambodian GDP development roadmap.

Full economic independence of business structures places special requirements on the financial management quality. Its main task is to ensure self-sufficiency and self-financing as the basis for liquidity and market stability of the business. Taking into account the role of agro- industrial enterprises in the socio-economic development of the region and the specifics of the organization of their activities, coordination of the actions of the state, as the owner of the land, and its lessees in this process is of parti- cular importance. By leasing the most important resource, the goals of the state should be the following: preservation of soil fertility, its effec- tive use, compliance with the optimal structure of crop rotation, ensuring employment of eco- nomically active rural population, ensuring food security in the region, price stability for a socially significant range of food products, and ensuring socio-economic development in general. The article examines the activities of one of the leading agricultural organizations in the region. Its liquidity and market stability were determined, factors that had a negative impact on its activities as a whole were identified.

The trade-off between environmental degradation and economic growth is occurring at various global scales due to the use of non-renewable energy. In developed countries, the majority of this issue has been the focus of research and attention. Currently, there is a research gap regarding the material footprint in the relationship between economic development and climate change in emerging markets. This research used a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model to analyze the causal effects of foreign direct investment, economic development, and material footprint in emerging Southeast Asian economies using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression. This analysis employs five variables, namely the Annual Growth Rate of Real GDP per Capita at Constant 2015 $ (GDP), Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CDE), Material Footprint (MF), Direct Economic Loss Attributed to Disasters (DEL), and Domestic Material Consumption (DMC). The study’s data collection spans from 2000 to 2021. The results of this study provide evidence for the existence of correlations between economic phenomena and climate change in Southeast Asian nations. Material footprints and energy consumption contribute to environmental deterioration. Economic expansion necessitates acknowledging the trade-off that arises from the increased CO2 emissions released into the environment. A 1% increase in economic growth leads to the release of more than 9% of CO2 emissions into the environment. Conversely, there is a significant relationship between the amount of environmental pollution and the material footprint. This indicates that the growing consumption of input materials and the inefficient use of these resources are contributing to environmental pollution in rising economies. Natural catastrophes account for more than 3% of the economy’s CO2 emissions. Given the ongoing efforts to lessen the impact of climate change, the study recommends that policy solutions concentrate on restructuring economic growth and improving energy efficiency in industrial operations.

AbstractPolitical economy reforms have generated significant economic development in many countries in the last few decades. We explore the impact of changing political and economic freedoms on income inequality, and how different income groups were affected by this economic growth. Particular attention is paid to the income levels of middle class in response to expanding trade freedoms. Data from 248 countries over a period of 25 years is analyzed using OLS estimation after identifying middle and other classes using absolute and relative approaches. Models include interactions of different classes with levels of political and economic freedoms as well as the level of economic development. Results suggest a positive impact of trade freedom across all income groups. The impact was higher in percentages for lower incomes groups, but insufficient to reduce income inequality. The effects of other freedoms varied with level of development of a country and with its different income groups: For middle-income countries, free trade created large middle classes. Rule of law and regulatory efficiency resulted in positive and limited government in negative impacts across quintiles. Political freedom positively impacted the income of upper quintiles in middle-income and lower classes in high-income countries, and negatively for upper classes in high-income countries. Policy makers can consider the results in prioritization of the reforms to gauge political support from various income groups, and in devising approaches to remedy the negative implications on income levels for certain groups.

Neoclassical economic theories form the basis of modern economics, along with the principles of Keynesian economics. As part of economic theory, the main direction that reveals the functioning mechanism of a market economy is the neoclassical direction. In this regard, identifying the peculiarities of the relationship between the subject and method of the neoclassical direction is an urgent task, since it will make it possible to more clearly define the place of the neoclassical direction in modern economic thought, identify the theoretical basis and applicability of practical recommendations of neoclassics, in particular, more clearly define its capabilities as a theoretical basis for the formation market economy in different countries. In this article, the authors analyze the difference between neoclassical macroeconomics and microeconomics. It is shown that the microeconomic aspects of neoclassical theory have much greater theoretical and applied significance than neoclassical macroeconomics. They largely reflect real economic processes and determine the economic behavior of economic entities. The work examines, in a microeconomic aspect, the theoretical approaches of the main representatives of neoclassical theory, such as A. Marshall, L. von Mises and other representatives, to the analysis of economic processes. The authors note the importance of limit analysis, which has not only theoretical but also practical significance. The work also examines the approaches of representatives of neoclassical theory to assessing the value and price of goods and economic resources. In the real economy, markets of imperfect competition predominate, which are characterized by their own characteristics that influence the economic behavior of firms in commodity and resource markets, as evidenced by the use of marginal analysis to substantiate the position of the authors. The article assesses the views of representatives of the neoclassical school on the differences between market and planned economies. Their approach to the process of economic monopolization is characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slagmark is the property of Aarhus University, Department of Philosophy & History of Ideas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia is the property of S.G.E.E.I.P.C., Secretaria de Estado de Comercio, Ministerio de Industria, Comercio y Turismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economica: Revistă Ştiinţifico-Didactică is the property of Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) / Academia de Studii Economice din Moldova (AESM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Young Intellectuals / Genç Mütefekkirler Dergisi is the property of Journal of Young Intellectuals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The COVID-19 pandemic's global effects significantly disrupted supply chains, with the critical Malaysian haulage industry bearing the consequence of the impact. This study delves deeper, exploring the unique challenges faced by these companies beyond the initial disruptions. By leveraging secondary data from government reports and scholarly articles, the research identifies key issues impacting operational efficiency, economic viability, market dynamics, and workforce availability. The study has two main objectives. First, it comprehensively assesses the distinct challenges posed by COVID-19 on the Malaysian haulage sector. This goes beyond initial disruptions and explores the long-term ramifications. Second, the research evaluates the coping mechanisms adopted by haulage companies during the pandemic, assessing their effectiveness and identifying areas for improvement. This research's significance lies in its contribution to a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by the Malaysian haulage industry. By informing policymakers, industry stakeholders, and scholars, the findings can facilitate the development of adaptive strategies to build resilience and ensure continued growth in the face of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformation toward a sustainable future requires an earth stewardship approach to shift society from its current goal of increasing material wealth to a vision of sustaining built, natural, human, and social capital-equitably distributed across society, within and among nations. Widespread concern about earth's current trajectory and support for actions that would foster more sustainable pathways suggests potential social tipping points in public demand for an earth stewardship vision. Here, we draw on empirical studies and theory to show that movement toward a stewardship vision can be facilitated by changes in either policy incentives or social norms. Our novel contribution is to point out that both norms and incentives must change and can do so interactively. This can be facilitated through leverage points and complementarities across policy areas, based on values, system design, and agency. Potential catalysts include novel democratic institutions and engagement of non-governmental actors, such as businesses, civic leaders, and social movements as agents for redistribution of power. Because no single intervention will transform the world, a key challenge is to align actions to be synergistic, persistent, and scalable.

Introduction. Science in modern reality is closely intertwined with the cultural attitudes of the consumer society, and this connection is becoming stronger every year. The market economy, which underlies the culture of modern society, is a fairly flexible system, balancing like a tightrope walker between dynamically changing demand and consumption. Theoretical analysis. In order not to end up on the periphery of the economic system, scientific knowledge needs to show the same properties that a market economy does and, above all, flexibility. Science, becoming a branch of production, before producing must evaluate the results and think over the mechanisms for marketing the “product”, i.e. acquired knowledge or innovative technologies. Conclusion. Thus, scientists, choosing the topics for their scientific research, must clearly understand that there will be a consumer ready to “buy” the proposed research product. At the same time, it is important not to forget about the “product packaging”. It is necessary to present your research in such a way that the target audience does not doubt the need for its acquisition. Financing is received by those projects that were able to interest the commission and off era competitive product. The values of the consumer society inevitably act as markers of the productivity of scientific research.

In the Jiu Valley, located in the southern Carpathians, shepherding was the main occupation of peasants, even after coal mining began in the area. Coal mining led to rapid economic development both in the early twentieth century and during the communist period (1945-1989). Often discouraged by the authorities, the peasants--nicknamed momârlani by the townspeople--continued to raise animals while working simultaneously in the mine. After the 1989 Revolution, during the difficult transition to a democratic regime and market economy, peasants struggled to find their place in a new market: that of purebred animals, which hold significant economic value, especially in an area further impoverished by mine closures imposed by European "green" policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the socio-philosophical legacy of Friedrich von Hayek, one of the founders of neoliberalism and a representative of the Austrian School of Economics. In this regard, this text is an attempt to rethink Hayek's work in three main aspects: as an initiator of the return of liberalism to its ideological foundations from the Enlightenment, as an ideologue of neoliberalism and as a consistent critic of Keynesian capitalism and socialism. Here are some weaknesses in his teaching, both in terms of capitalism and in terms of social liberalism and socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are states with a state religion as well as confessionally pluralistic states. Religions refers to the rules and values that should be respected. The subject of this scientific work is religious beliefs, social values, as well as their influence on the way of doing business and business culture. A number of the most developed countries, forming a working environment that encourages accuracy and precision on religious postulates, created the conditions for the development of economy and society. Religion is part of the soft power of a state, and overall it should promote peace. The paper used a deductive research method, for research related to Germany, Japan and soft power. An inductive research method was also used, thanks to which the most important conclusions and results were reached. After comparing the business characteristics of Germany and Japan, it was concluded that they have in common discipline at work, dedication to work, precision and accuracy, compassion, integrity and honesty. They also share a common concern for the entire social life and responsibility towards the planet Earth. Religion is part of the soft power of a state, and as such it should promote peace. The aim of this scientific paper is to show the influence of religion on economic behavior in a market economy. The paper indicates that religion influences the shaping of international economic relations and that it plays a major role in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjects of the economic activity, whether they are natural persons or legal entities, are obliged to exercise their activity in good faith, according to honest usages, respecting the interests of consumers and the requirements of fair competition. Based on the principles of freedom of trade and freedom of competition, any merchant has the right to attract the clientele of his competitors. Thus, the act of competition, even if it causes damage to some economic agents, is not illegal by itself, but only if the means, acts or facts used to attract customers are unfair. A basic principle/inherent condition of the market economy is the competition between the companies carrying out economic activity on the respective market, of course when this competition is by the customs and provisions governing the rivalry of competitors. The present study is intended to analyze the phenomenon of competition through the legislation of the Republic of Moldova that regulates competitive relations, including, addressing issues related to the identification and responsibility of the actors/ subjects of competitive relations, the types of legal liability, and the impact of unfair competition on the competitive environment in general and, on the rights and interests of natural and legal persons, but also of the society in particular. The authors analyzed the provisions of competition legislation to identify the regulatory framework’s quality and its deficiencies. For this purpose, the authors analyzed the provisions of the competition law no. 183/2012 and the Republic of Moldova’s administrative, contraventional, and criminal Code. The conclusions reached by the authors revealed a series of legislative loopholes, but also new research directions that would constitute the basis for certain recommendations and proposals for improving the analyzed normative framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the process of formation and development of market economy in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in the period from 1991 to 2001. The author analyzes the key stages of this process, factors that facilitated or hindered the development of market relations, as well as the impact of global and regional changes on the economic situation of the republic. The article also presents the main achievements and problems faced by Karakalpakstan during the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luigi Einaudi's economic and political thought is thoroughly valued and studied. However, his contributions to the construction of a European neo-liberal canon in the 1930's and 1940's are often overlooked. This paper aims to shed light on the point, in order to reassert early neo-liberalism's identity as well. We will focus, then, on Einaudi's and European neo-liberals' shared belief in the need to rearrange the framework of free market economy, while criticizing some aspects of contemporary western civilization and facing the challenge of developing a liberal approach to mass democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important competition law in Israel is the Restrictive Trade Practices Law, 5748-1988 (“RTP Law”). Based mainly on the European model and inspired by US antitrust laws, the RTP Act gives the Antitrust Authority (“Authority”) the power to monitor restrictive practices, mergers, monopolies, oligopolistic practices and more; allows the Director General to impose administrative sanctions or to prosecute violators in criminal proceedings; and also allows private enforcement through civil actions. Recently, the RTP Law, as well as further competition legislation in Israel, has undergone significant changes with the aim of providing the Antitrust Authority and the Director General with unprecedented tools to address the competitive challenges arising in the Israeli economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: The market serves as the convergence point of supply and demand and represents the process through which market relations between economic units materialize. From a global perspective, the focus shifts to the world market, which is the fundamental structure on which the global economy is based. The world economy operates as a very complex ecosystem. When it is exposed to the extremely damaging effects of a global pandemic, the term of a pandemic economic crisis becomes relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Korean authorities have the responsibility to protect (R2P) their people from starvation. Yet, reports of death from starvation in North Korea have been consistent since the widespread famine during the so‐called "Arduous March." According to Amartya Sen, in a society with massive starvation and food refugees, famine crises are not merely due to food availability decline (FAD). Instead, the dominant variable in such crises is the food entitlement decline (FED) of vulnerable social groups. Therefore, since the repeated failure of the North Korean government to fulfill its responsibility justifies and obliges the international community to act, the "food entitlement" of the North Korean people needs to be further explored from social, economic, and political perspectives to help clarify and validate such international responsibility. Focusing on Kim Jong‐un's leadership since 2012, this paper explores the substance and causes of FAD and FED in North Korea and monitors any changes. To seek effective commitments from the international community, including South Korea, the current research also analyzes the impact of the persistent violation of the people's right to food on the North Korean economic‐social system and political regime, and the ensuing influence on the human rights situation with reference to the cases of Vietnam, China, and Mongolia in terms of the dichotomic social differentiation, beginnings of the civil society, and political change in the late‐communist stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ORDO: Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The market serves as the convergence point of supply and demand and represents the process through which market relations between economic units materialize. From a global perspective, the focus shifts to the world market, which is the fundamental structure on which the global economy is based. The world economy operates as a very complex ecosystem. When it is exposed to the extremely damaging effects of a global pandemic, the term of a pandemic economic crisis becomes relevant.

The second part of the translation of the interview, which was taken in October 2020 from the German historian Dr. Markus Böiсk by the YouTube blogger Ole Nymoen on the channel "Wohlstand für alle", is presented to the attention of readers. In the second part of the interview, there is a discussion of corruption scandals related to the work of the Treuhandanstalt, an organization for managing the privatization of East German enterprises. M. Böiсk demonstrates all possible positions from different points of view, different participants and witnesses of those events. Such a multi-level and multi-sided view of a scandalous and controversial historical topic may prove to be suitable material for future philosophical and methodological research concerning the ethical assessment of historical events and political decisions.

The article deals with the problem of ethical assessment of the liquidation of the GDR as a state structure and its integration into the political and economic space of the FRG. According to a number of historical and sociological sources, “reunification” was not the reason for the search and finding of a common language between West and East Germans, but, on the contrary, the reasons for discord and deep mutual distrust and rejection. On this basis, the work analyzes the views of both sides, and also conducts a philosophical reflection on the value bases (ethical axioms) of the key evaluative positions of both East and West Germans regarding the actions of the West German government, the conditions for concluding a monetary union of the two Germanys, as well as in relation to privatizations East German companies.

The approaching middle of the 20th electoral period in Germany was marked by significant fluctuations in the electoral popularity of established parties, which were recorded by numerous surveys of leading German demoscopic institutions. Respondents' moods were influenced by a variety of factors. According to the author of the article, the main problems were numerous problems in the state of the national economy, including the decline in the international competitiveness of the German socio-economic space (Standort). It was they who largely led to the growth of protest moods, reflected in the record high ratings of the Alternative for Germany party. The author substantiates the position that negative processes in the economy, including deindustrialization, high inflation, lack of qualified personnel, problems with digital and energy transformation, are associated with the inefficient policy of the current cabinet of ministers. In this context, current trends in the preferences of German voters, the processes taking place in the parties of the government coalition and the opposition are analyzed, and a forecast is made for the further development of partypolitical life in Germany.

The readers are presented with the first part of the translation of an interview that was taken in October 2020 from the German historian Dr. Markus Böick. The interview is devoted to the history of such an organization as Treuhandanstalt, through which the privatization of East German enterprises was carried out after the liquidation of the GDR as a state structure. The first part of the interview talks about what Treuhandanstalt was originally created for, what it later turned into, as well as what problems East Germans faced in the new united Germany.

The article examines the influence of Protestant churches on the process of democratic transformation of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic & Slovakia after the fall of the communist regime. The author analyzes the specifics of the Protestant understanding of economic, social & political political spheres of life in the context of building a free market, civil society & democracy in post-Soviet countries. The reasons for their victories & failures in Eastern Europe, their potential, evolution and place in society are revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the problem of the development of Protestantism due to the influence of traditional record churches, xenophobia, secularization and violation of principles of religious freedom. Also their role in instilling society with Western models of behavior and the correlation between religious consciousness and crisis are conditioned.

The article highlights the problem of financing state budget expenditures in the conditions of the war and post-war market economy, which, for objective reasons, has a significant social burden. The study found that the new paradigm of public financing in the conditions of the war and postwar social-oriented market economy should solve three key tasks: to sufficient finance the defense sector of Ukraine, modernization of the army of Ukraine; to ensure the systematic growth of the main macroeconomic indicators, in particular, the inflow of new foreign investments and, as a result, and, as a result, guarantee an adequate and fair social security system for vulnerable segments of the population and certain social categories of citizens, including those participating in hostilities. The main macroeconomic indicators and indicators of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2018-2023 were studied, and the thesis of significant social pressure on the country’s budget was confirmed. The authours tracked changes in the structure of budget expenditures in 2018-2023 in various key sectors of the economy, in particular, a significant increase in expenditures from the State budget for the defense sector, which was caused by the war. In this regard, an attemt was made to analyse the best practices of foreign countries that faced the situation of limited budgetary funds, crisis tendencies in the economy, accumulation of social pressure and escalation of the military conflict. In particular, the experience of Israel, Turkey and China was analysed. Based on the analysis of the experience of other countries, the authours proposed a model of public-private partnership in the development and support of the post-war socially oriented economy of Ukraine. The model identifies the key participants and the relationship between them on issues of interaction in filling the main budget items, financing key investment-intensive sectors of the economy. The state investment platform «Advantage Ukraine» identifies the following investment-intensive sectors: logistics and infrastructure of 30 projects; defense-industrial complex from 10 projects; energy from 50 projects; agro-industrial complex from 300 projects; pharmaceuticals of 30 projects and others. Therefore, we can conclude that the state and the government are already moving in the outlined direction of public-private partnership, which actually makes the proposed model relevant. As a result of applying the proposed model of public-private partnership, its economic effect was determined, which boils down to the systemic macroeconomic growth of Ukraine, the scaling of investment projects, the development of science in Ukraine, and the overcoming of socio-economic contradictions in the development of Ukraine.