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27. Infant iodine status and associations with maternal iodine nutrition, breast-feeding status and thyroid function.

Author

Næss, Synnøve, Aakre, Inger, Strand, Tor A., Dahl, Lisbeth, Kjellevold, Marian, Stokland, Ann-Elin M., Nedrebø, Bjørn Gunnar, and Markhus, Maria Wik

Subjects
THYROID gland physiology, MOTHERS, THYROID gland function tests, LACTATION, BREAST milk, NUTRITIONAL requirements, BREASTFEEDING, IODINE, SECONDARY analysis, CHILDREN
Abstract

Adequate iodine nutrition during infancy is required for normal thyroid function and, subsequently, brain development. However, data on infant iodine status in the first year of life are scarce. This study aimed to describe infant iodine status and further explore its associations with maternal iodine nutrition, breast-feeding status and thyroid function. In this cohort study, 113 infants were followed up at ages 3, 6 and 11 months in Norway. Infant and maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC), maternal iodine intake, breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC), breast-feeding status and infant thyroid function tests were measured. The median infant UIC was 82 µg/l at the age of 3 months and below the WHO cut-off of 100 µg/l. Infant UIC was adequate later in infancy (median 110 µg/l at ages 6 and 11 months). Infant UIC was associated positively with maternal UIC (β = 0·33, 95 % CI (0·12, 0·54)), maternal iodine intake (β = 0·30, 95 % CI (0·18, 0·42)) and BMIC (β = 0·46, 95 % CI (0·13, 0·79)). Breastfed infants had lower median UIC compared with formula-fed infants at ages 3 months (76 v. 190 µg/l) and 6 months (105 v. 315 µg/l). Neither infant UIC nor BMIC were associated with infant thyroid function tests. In conclusion, breastfed infants in Norway are at risk of insufficient iodine intake during the first months of life. Maternal iodine nutrition is important for providing sufficient iodine intake in infants, and awareness of promoting adequate iodine nutrition for lactating women should be prioritised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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28. Jodkokeboka

Author

Aarsland, Tonje Eiane, Markhus, Maria Wik, and Dahl, Lisbeth

Published
2021

29. Additional file 1 of Diet quality in the population of Norway and Poland: differences in the availability and consumption of food considering national nutrition guidelines and food market

Author

Janowska-Miasik, Ewelina, Waśkiewicz, Anna, Witkowska, Anna Maria, Drygas, Wojciech, Markhus, Maria Wik, Małgorzata Elżbieta Zujko, and Kjellevold, Marian

Subjects
humanities, eye diseases
Abstract

Additional file 1: Table S1. Polish and Norwegian recommendations of macronutrients intake for adults (18–64 years). Table S2. Polish and Norwegian recommendation of micronutrients for adults (18–64 years). Table S3. Polish and Norwegian recommendation of vitamins for adults (18–64 years). Table S4. Comparison of national dietary recommendations for adults in Norway and Poland.

Published
2021
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31. Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake?

Author

Aakre, Inger, Solli, Dina Doblaug, Markhus, Maria Wik, Mæhre, Hanne K., Dahl, Lisbeth, Henjum, Sigrun, Alexander, Jan, Korneliussen, Patrick-Andre, Madsen, Lise, Kjellevold, Marian, Aakre, Inger, Solli, Dina Doblaug, Markhus, Maria Wik, Mæhre, Hanne K., Dahl, Lisbeth, Henjum, Sigrun, Alexander, Jan, Korneliussen, Patrick-Andre, Madsen, Lise, and Kjellevold, Marian

Abstract

Background: Seaweeds and kelps, also known as macroalgae, have long been common in the East-Asian diet. During recent years, macroalgae have entered the global food market, and a variety of macroalgae products are now available for consumers. Some macroalgae species are known to be particularly rich in iodine, but little data regarding the iodine content of macroalgae-containing foods exists. Objective: The aim of this research study was to analyse the iodine content in a large variety of commercially available macroalgae-containing foods and supplements and to evaluate whether such products are sources of adequate dietary iodine. Design: Ninety-six different products were collected after surveying the Norwegian market for commercially available macroalgae products, collected from three categories: 1) wholefood macroalgae products (n = 43), 2) macroalgae-containing foods (n = 39), and 3) dietary supplements containing macroalgae (n = 14). All products were analysed for iodine content by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The iodine content in one portion of wholefood macroalgae products ranged from 128 to 62,400 µg. In macroalgae-containing foods, the iodine content ranged from 30 to 25,300 µg per portion, and in supplements it ranged from 5 to 5,600 µg per daily dose. The species with the highest analysed iodine content were oarweed, sugarkelp and kombu, with mean iodine levels of 7,800, 4,469 and 2,276 µg/g, respectively. For 54 products, the intake of one portion or dose would exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iodine. Discussion and conclusion: The iodine content in the included products was variable and for most products high, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) if consumed as a serving or portion size. The labelling of macroalgae species included, and declaration of iodine content, were inadequate or inaccurate for several products. As macroalgae-containing products are unreliable iodine sources, inclus

Published
2021

40. Weeks in Pregnancy on Maternal Iodine Status and Infant Neurodevelopment: Mommy's Food, a Randomized-Controlled Trial

Author

Markhus, Maria Wik, Hysing, Mari, Midtbø, Lisa Kolden, Nerhus, Ive, Næss, Synnøve, Aakre, Inger, Kvestad, Ingrid, Dahl, Lisbeth, and Kjellevold, Marian

Abstract

Background: Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency is still present in many countries, particularly in pregnant women. Observational studies suggest that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with impaired thyroid function and child neurodevelopment. Randomized-controlled food trials to increase iodine status are scarce. We assessed the impact of an increased intake of cod during pregnancy on maternal iodine status and infant neurodevelopment. Methods: In this randomized-controlled trial, pregnant women in Bergen, Norway, recruited through Haukeland University Hospital, were randomly assigned (1:1) to an intervention of 200 g of cod twice a week for 16 weeks (gestational week 20–36) or to continue with their standard diet (control group). Randomization was done by lottery. Primary outcome was urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (spot samples from six consecutive days) measured postintervention. Secondary outcome was infant neurodevelopment assessed by the cognitive, language, and motor scales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental third edition (Bayley-III) at 11 months of age. In addition, maternal thyroid function was measured (thyrotropin [TSH], free triiodothyronine [fT3], free thyroxine [fT4]) at baseline and postintervention. Results: Between January 2016 until February 2017, 137 women were recruited. Postintervention UIC was higher in the intervention group (n = 61) [median (interquartile range, IQR) 98 (64–145) μg/L], compared with control (n = 61) [median (IQR) 73 (52–120) μg/L] (p = 0.028), also after adjusting for baseline UIC (p = 0.048). Infants of mothers in the intervention group had a lower cognitive composite score on the Bayley-III compared with the control group (p = 0.045). There were no group differences in the Bayley III language- or motor composite scores. Maternal thyroid hormones (TSH, fT3, fT4) did not differ between the groups postintervention. Conclusions: Increased cod intake during pregnancy improved the iodine status in women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, however, did not affect thyroid function. The negative effect on cognition should be followed up to assess whether this is a stable effect over time. More studies are warranted to enable good health advice on iodine nutrition in pregnancy. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02610959. Registered November 20, 2015. publishedVersion

Published
2020

41. Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Author

Aakre, Inger, Evensen, Lidunn Tveito, Kjellevold, Marian, Dahl, Lisbeth, Henjum, Sigrun, Alexander, Jan, Madsen, Lise, Markhus, Maria Wik, Aakre, Inger, Evensen, Lidunn Tveito, Kjellevold, Marian, Dahl, Lisbeth, Henjum, Sigrun, Alexander, Jan, Madsen, Lise, and Markhus, Maria Wik

Abstract

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) µg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) µg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

Published
2020

42. MOESM1 of Validation and reproducibility of a new iodine specific food frequency questionnaire for assessing iodine intake in Norwegian pregnant women

Author

Næss, Synnøve, Aakre, Inger, Kjellevold, Marian, Dahl, Lisbeth, Ive Nerhus, Midtbø, Lisa, and Markhus, Maria

Abstract

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Overview of methods used in validation of the I-FFQ in Norwegian pregnant women. Table S1. Number of food items specified in the I-FFQ and the food diary, and number of frequency alternatives in the I-FFQ.

Published
2019
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45. Additional file 2: of Fatty fish intake and cognitive function: FINS-KIDS, a randomized controlled trial in preschool children

Author

Jannike ØYen, Kvestad, Ingrid, Midtbø, Lisa, Graff, Ingvild, Hysing, Mari, Stormark, Kjell, Markhus, Maria, Baste, Valborg, Livar FrøYland, Koletzko, Berthold, Demmelmair, Hans, Dahl, Lisbeth, ØYvind Lie, and Kjellevold, Marian

Abstract

Table S2. Dietary intake (background diet) presented as number of meals per week at pre- and post- intervention and mean change. Figure S1. Percentages of the participants (n = 197) who comply with the different recommendations in the diet score at baseline. Figure S2. Overview of the percentage of participants (n = 197) with diet score sums from zero to eight points at baseline. (PDF 452 kb)

Published
2018
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46. Iodine status during pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 18 months post‐partum.

Author

Aakre, Inger, Morseth, Marianne Sandsmark, Dahl, Lisbeth, Henjum, Sigrun, Kjellevold, Marian, Moe, Vibeke, Smith, Lars, and Markhus, Maria Wik

Subjects
CHILD development deviations -- Risk factors, BREASTFEEDING, CHILD health services, CONFIDENCE intervals, FOOD habits, INFANT development, INGESTION, IODINE, LONGITUDINAL method, PREGNANCY complications, PREGNANT women, PRIMARY health care, PUERPERIUM, QUESTIONNAIRES, REGRESSION analysis, RESEARCH funding, RISK assessment, STATISTICS, THYROID diseases, URINALYSIS, SECONDARY analysis, BODY mass index, DATA analysis software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, IODINE deficiency, ODDS ratio, PREGNANCY outcomes, DISEASE risk factors, PREGNANCY
Abstract

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post‐partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine‐containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post‐partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post‐partum (n = 915), 6 months post‐partum (n = 849), 12 months post‐partum (n = 733) and 18 months post‐partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post‐partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post‐partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post‐partum and gradually improved with increasing time post‐partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine‐containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post‐partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine‐containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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50. Iodine content of six fish species, Norwegian dairy products and hen’s egg

Author

Nerhus, Ive, primary, Wik Markhus, Maria, additional, Nilsen, Bente M., additional, Øyen, Jannike, additional, Maage, Amund, additional, Ødegård, Elisabeth Rasmussen, additional, Midtbø, Lisa Kolden, additional, Frantzen, Sylvia, additional, Kögel, Tanja, additional, Graff, Ingvild Eide, additional, Lie, Øyvind, additional, Dahl, Lisbeth, additional, and Kjellevold, Marian, additional

Published
2018
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