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INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are thought to be caused by a dysregulated immune response in the digestive tract, amongst other factors (environmental, genetic predisposition, microbiota). Data on acute viral hepatitis (AVH) infection outcomes in patients with underlying IBD are scarce. We aimed to investigate the relationship between IBD and outcomes of patients with AVH. METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study of patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of AVH (A,B,C,D,E). We retrieved data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases from the years 2016 to 2019 using ICD-10 CM codes for AVH. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed in patients with IBD to estimate the effect of IBD on the primary outcomes of mortality, hospital utilization, and acute hepatitis complications, adjusted for patient and hospital confounders. A T-Test and Chi Square test were performed to compare baseline characteristics in patients admitted for AVH with and without a secondary diagnosis of IBD. We used STATA® Version 17.0 Software (STATACORP, TEXAS, USA) for analysis. The p-value was set at p < 0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 47614 adult patients with a primary diagnosis of AVH were identified; four hundred twenty five (0.9%) had a secondary diagnosis of IBD. Most were middle-aged (mean age: 44 years), male (53%) white (78%), and were admitted in large sized (51%) and teaching hospitals (68%). There was no statistically significant change in the length of stay or total healthcare cost associated with the presence of IBD. Having IBD was associated with no change in the risk of fulminant hepatitis (OR = 0.55, p= 0.262, CI: 0.19 - 0.55), hypoglycemia (OR = 1.14, p= 0.904, CI: 0.13 - 9.56), thrombocytopenia (OR = 0.46, p= 0.209, CI: 0.14 - 1.53), and coagulopathy (OR = 1.22, p= 0.781, CI: 0.29 - 5.12). No case of mortality, hepatorenal syndrome or liver transplant was reported. DISCUSSION Despite the fact that IBD is associated with a dysregulated immune response in the digestive tract, our study showed that the presence of IBD in patients affected by acute viral hepatitis does not carry a significant impact on the outcomes of IBD (hospital utilization, morbidity, mortality). Broader studies are required to establish an association between IBD and AVH outcomes.

Venous vascular diseases are an important clinical entity estimated to affect several million people worldwide. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common venous disease with a population variable prevalence of 122 to 160 persons per 100,000 per year, whereas pulmonary embolism (PE) affects up to 60 to 70 per 100 000 and carries much higher mortality. Chronic venous diseases, which cause symptoms like leg swelling, heaviness, pain, and discomfort, are most prevalent in the elderly and significantly impact their quality of life. Some estimate that chronic vascular diseases account for up to 2% of healthcare budgets in Western countries. Treating venous vascular disease includes using systemic anticoagulation and interventional therapies in some patient subsets. In this comprehensive review, we discuss endovascular treatment modalities in the management of venous vascular diseases.

INTRODUCTION Crohn’s disease (CD) has been known to cause transmural inflammation of the gastrointestinal wall with manifestations including ulcers, abscesses, and fistula. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is most commonly caused by Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) use &/or Helicobacter pylori infection. Possible complications of PUD include perforation, bleeding, and cancer. There is no established relationship between the presence of CD and the outcomes of PUD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the outcomes of PUD in patients with CD. METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study of patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of CD in the United states (US) from 2016 to 2019, using data from the nationwide inpatient sample (nis) database. A T-Test and Chi-Square were performed to compare baseline characteristics of patients with a primary diagnosis of pud, with and without a secondary diagnosis of CD (table 1). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the primary outcomes of mortality, length of hospital stay (LOS) and total hospital charges (THC), and morbidity (ibd complications) adjusted for patient and hospital confounders. We used STATA® Version 17.0 Software (STATACORP, Texas, USA) for data analysis. The p-value was set at p < 0.05 for statistical significance. RESULTS A total of 582,710 adult patients with a primary diagnosis of PUD were identified; among them, 0.9% (n= 3415) had a secondary diagnosis of CD. Baseline characteristics are detailed IN TABLE 1. When compared to patients without cd, patients with CD were younger (mean age: 61 years), with more females (54.5% vs 48.8%, p=0.0000) and whites (79% vs 70.9%, p=0.000), and a lower prevalence of alcohol use (4.9% vs 10.9%, p=0.000). A statistically significant increase in LOS by 1.33 days (p = 0.000), and THC by 19,273 US Dollars (p = 0.010) was seen in patients with CD. Having CD was associated with no change in mortality (OR = 0.58, P = 0.206), or PUD complications, including anemia (OR = 1.07, P = 0.407), peptic ulcer bleeding (OR = 1.15, P = 0.490), perforation (OR = 1.76, P = 0.115), hypovolemic shock (OR = 1.00, P = 0.115), septic shock (OR = 1.15, P = 0.667), and blood transfusions (OR = 0.92, P = 0.411) (Figure 1). No case of gastric malignancy was identified in our study population. DISCUSSION The presence of CD does not carry a significant impact on PUD outcomes in terms of mortality and acute PUD complications. However, hospital utilization appears to be higher in patients with CD. In order to identify a possible relationship between CD and gastric malignancy, studies over longer periods would be necessary .

INTRODUCTION Several risk factors have been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including genetic, environmental, gut microbiota and immune dysregulation. Psychiatric disorders have been linked to IBD. However, the question of whether psychiatric conditions affect the severity of patients with IBD remains unanswered. We aimed to investigate the relationship between mood disorders and IBD outcomes. METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study of patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of IBD. Data was retrieved from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases of the years 2016 to 2019 using ICD-10-CM codes for IBD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the effect of mood disorders on the outcomes of IBD (mortality, complications and hospital utilization), while adjusting for patient and hospital confounders. A T-Test and Chi Square test were performed to compare baseline characteristics in patients admitted for IBD with and without a secondary diagnosis of mood disorder (table 1). We used Stata® Version 17.0 Software (Statacorp, Texas, USA) for analysis. The p-value was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 374745 adults with a primary diagnosis of IBD were identified; less than one fifth (21%) had a documented mood disorder. A significantly higher proportion of females (66%, p-value=0.000) and Whites (81%, p-value=0.000) were noted in the mood disorder group. Having a mood disorder was associated with no statistically significant change in mortality (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, p = 0.461), anemia (OR = 0.99; p = 0.891), gastrointestinal bleed (OR = 0.99; p = 0.910), inflammatory polyps (OR = 0.79; p = 0.452), toxic megacolon (OR = 0.79; p = 0.664), colorectal cancer (OR = 0.70; p = 0.133), primary sclerosing cholangitis (OR = 1.34; p = 0.228), and pyoderma gangrenosum (OR = 1.01; p = 0.945) (figure 1). A statistically but non clinically significant reduction in the risk of intestinal abscess (OR= 0.81; p = 0.024), stenosis (OR= 0.68; p = 0.000), and fistula (OR= 0.84; p =0.012), was noted in patients with mood disorder. However, an increased hospital utilization was noted in patients with mood disorder (length of stay: 0.59 days, p-value = 0.000; total healthcare cost: 3372 US Dollars, p-value = 0.000). DISCUSSION IBD patients demonstrate a higher prevalence of mood disorders when compared to the general population, especially in females and Whites. Our study showed that the presence of mood disorder concurrently with IBD does not significantly affect the outcomes of IBD in terms of mortality, or morbidity. A multidisciplinary approach of patients with IBD including diagnosis and management of the underlying psychiatric disorders could help optimize the hospital utilization of patients with IBD.