Search

Innovation in pharmaceutical science has become a particular concern for individual health. For a long time, the practice of "One-Size-Fits-All" medication has been common in healthcare services worldwide, making analytical methods crucial to drug analysis in biological matrices. Suitable methods for determining drug levels in biological matrices aim to prevent medication dosage errors. Every person's condition is different, and their diseases vary, caused by genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Personalized medicine is often described as "the right patient, the right drug, at the right dose, at the right time." This study used a qualitative literature review method, where sources or literature in national and international journals were searched through online media. The analysis results explain that the role of the biological environment is more significant than others in vector-borne diseases, and the role of the genetic nucleus is more significant than others in hereditary diseases. Due to the numerous ecological interactions, we can often change the spread of disease by changing certain aspects of human interaction with their environment without direct intervention in the cause of the disease. The implementation of the science from "Bench to bedside" and "From clinic to community" assumes the provision of long-distance healthcare services by healthcare professionals using information technology, where the implementation of telemedicine (Systematic Review) in healthcare services is crucial, considering some of the problems that arise from manual services. One of the technical implementations of telemedicine is to optimize personalized medicine, which also involves implementing pharmacogenetics approaches in hospitals.

Background We explored the outcome of convalescent plasma (CP) treatment in patients with moderate and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and investigated variables for the design of further trials in Indonesia. Methods Hospitalised patients with moderate (n = 5) and severe (n = 5) COVID-19 were recruited and transfused with CP from donors who recovered from mild (n = 5), moderate (n = 5), or severe (n = 1) COVID-19. Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) to the virus were measured at the end of the study using a surrogate virus neutralisation test as an alternative to the plaque reduction assay. Clinical improvement was assessed based on the modified World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint six-point scale, Brixia Chest-X-Ray scoring, and laboratory parameters. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04407208). Findings CP transfusion in three doses of 3 mL/kg of recipient body weight at 2-day intervals was well tolerated. Good clinical improvement was achieved in all patients with moderate disease and in two patients with severe disease. Most patients at baseline had detectable NAbs with median inhibition rates comparable to those of the donors (90·91% vs. 86·31%; p = 0·379). This could be due to the unavailability of pre-donation NAb testing and postponed CP administration that required communal consent. Interpretation This study highlights the safety of CP therapy. Although improvements were observed, we could not conclude that the outcomes were solely due to CP treatment. Further randomised controlled trials that cover different disease stages with pre-donation NAb measurements using locally applicable strategies are warranted. Funding The study was supported by PT Bio Farma, Indonesia.